Ibisenge no gutondekanya: Gushyira mu bikorwa, Ibiranga imiterere, amahame yo guhitamo imwe cyangwa ubundi bwoko bwibisenge. Igisenge cy'ibisenge byashizweho.
Turakomeza uruziga rw'ingingo rwahariwe mu iyubakwa ry'inzu y'igihugu yigenga. Ikoreshwa ryibinyamakuru byacu byari nko guhitamo umushinga, urufatiro, inkuta no guhumurizwa. Noneho reka tuvuge kubyerekeye ibisenge.
Amaherezo, inkuta z'inzu zashyizweho, zirashyirwa hejuru, igihe kirageze cyo kwihuta no kubaka igisenge. Birakenewe kurinda inzu imvura, gushonga, kuva kumahindagurika, uhereye kumahindagurika rikarishye mubushyuhe, umuyaga, urumuri rwinshi kandi rwuzuyemo urumuri rwinshi, kubura ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'itumba. Kunyurwa, gufunga inyubako hejuru, ahanini ni ubwoko bubiri:
- ingazi cyangwa Umutekano;
igorofa cyangwa Bescane aho igisenge hamwe nigiti cyuzuzanya gihujwe (icyitwa coatary ihujwe). Uwa nyuma agizwe nimiti utwara (urugero, ibiti cyangwa gushimangirwa ibimenyetso bifatika icyarimwe bakora imikorere ya selile) na tapi yamasoko yamazi.
Kugira ngo imvura yo mu kirere, igisenge gihora gikora ahantu. Ukurikije ibikenewe kugirango igishushanyo mbonera kirimo indi mpumuro nziza no gukingira ubushyuhe. Igorofa IHURIRO RYINSHI rikoreshwa cyane mu iyubakwa ry'ububiko bw'inkomoko n'imisumari, mu nyubako z'ibikorwa by'inganda n'ubuhinzi. Gabanya ubwoko bwa cottage mumyitozo yo murugo ni gake cyane. Birumvikana ko hari igisenge cy'indege na curvilinear, haratunganijwe, urugero mu bidendezi, siporo na imurikagurisha na pavi.
Ku mazu ya cottage, nk'ubutegetsi, koresha Umutekano cyangwa Ibisenge bya Scope . Bigizwe nigice cyo hejuru (igikonoshwa), bitwa igisenge, base (ibisanduku cyangwa hasi cyangwa bishyigikira mu buryo butaziguye igisenge, kandi ubusanzwe bushingiye ku rukuta rwo hanze n'imbere.
Igisenge kigomba gutangwa mubikoresho byashoboye kwihanganira ibihe byinshi kandi byigihe kirekire, urwane ibitonyanga byubushyuhe, ibintu bikaze bikubiye mukirere kidashyizwe mubihingwa. Ibisenge birarenze ibindi bintu byinzu bikorerwa inyongu yikirere, kandi ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga no gusana kigaragarira cyane mugiciro cyimikorere yinzu yose. Kubwibyo, ibishushanyo byinzu ntibigomba kugira iramba no kuramba, bihuye nicyiciro cyo kubaka. Ubwoko bwingenzi n'ubwoko bw'ibisenge byashizweho, ibice byabo, amazina n'aho biherekanwe mu gishushanyo.
Kugabanya ibiciro byubwubatsi byinzu no kugabanya ibihe byubwubatsi, ibikorwa byinshi kugirango umusaruro wacyo urashaka kwimurira ibihingwa, imikoreshereze yagutse ibintu byibanze. Usibye umutwaro uhoraho uva muburemere bwacyo, igishushanyo cyinzu kigomba kwihanganira imitwaro yigihe gito: igifuniko cya shelegi (umutwaro uregwa mumatsinda yo hagati yuburusiya kugeza kuri 200kg / M2 gutemba gutambuka); Umuvuduko wumuyaga kuruhande rwumuyaga no gusuka, hamwe nimpande. Gutera igisenge kigomba kwihanganira imitwaro ituruka ku gikorwa (gusana, gusukura urubura n'abandi).
Ibisenge (amashanyarazi) bigizwe nindege zifatika, igisenge cyagenwe. Ubunini bw'imisozi buterwa na gahunda, ubugari bw'isuku n'ibigize ubwubatsi bw'inyubako, uhereye ku bikoresho byo mu gisenge, bivuye mu kirere cy'ahantu ho kubaka.
Twabibutsa ko gutandukana, imyizerere yumwimerere yinzu, dome, amahema nabandi byari ibintu biranga ubwubatsi bwuburusiya. Birahagije kwibuka kuri termes, amatorero, Meadowers, hamwe na gari ya moshi, nk'urugero, leningrad i Moscou.
Igisenge kigaragaza silhouette munzu ya kazute, nkaho ikambike, itanga isura yarangije no kwerekana igisubizo cyubwubatsi. We, nk'ingofero nziza, yuzuye kandi isobanura ishusho yumuntu wimyambarire.
Ndashaka kwizera ko mubwubatsi bugezweho bwo kubaka amazu bwa kijyambere, mugihe ububyutse bwihariye bwubatswe bwatangiye, mumishinga mishya ninyubako zurusenge zigaragarira cyane.
Mugihe utezimbere urupapuro rwumurongo winzu, kwitabwaho kurushaho bigomba kwishyurwa, harimo no kureshya.
Muri icyo gihe, ntigomba kwemererwa no kwerekana ibintu bigoye cyane hejuru y'inzu, bitigeze kumera neza inzu, bigoye kumvikana, birahenze kubaka, gukora no gusana. Birashobora kandi gutuma hashyizweho imifuka minini yurubura hejuru yinzu kandi nkigisubizo cyo kumeneka.
Kubogama kw'inzu byerekana impamyabumenyi ku bijyanye n'ubuso butambitse, urugero, 27, 45 cyangwa ijanisha. IHURIRO RYINSHI hamwe no kubogama hejuru ya 3-5% byitwa neza. Rimwe na rimwe bubakwa kuri bose, harimo n'ububiko bwinshi, urugo cyangwa hejuru y'agace kayo. Ibisenge nkibi birashobora gukoreshwa munsi yinteko, siporo, ibibuga, ubusitani, ubusitani, nibindi. Urugero rwibikorwa nkibi birashobora kuba igisenge cyinyubako izwi cyane yubatswe muri Marseille kumushinga wububiko bwa le Corbusic (yiswe "inzu yumucyo"). Ku gisenge cyacyo hari ubwoko bwiza nibikinyira bikiniramo, pisine "hasi" ndetse na japel.
Mugihe uhisemo ishusho yinzu, ugomba kwitondera cyane amahirwe yo kwihuta no kurangiza imvura no gushonga amazi. Kugabanya imitwaro ya shelegi (hiyongereyeho, urubura rusanzwe rurenze 100kg / m2) na Rosas hamwe nibyinshi byagaragaye ko bikabije bingana no kubogama birenga 30. Nkuko imyitozo nini yerekanye, umubare munini wa shelegi arundanya Inkoni itwikiriye ibisenge ifite kubogama 30, kuva hamwe na skate yumuyaga, urubura ruvuza umuyaga, wimurirwa binyuze mu ifarashi no kubitsa ku miterere ya kashe. Ariko, kumenyera imishinga yamazu ya Cottage yerekana ko mubihe byinshi, ibisenge, bibabaje, bifite aho biborohereza 30 (wenda byoroshye gushushanya amakara). Ku gisenge, ahantu harenze urugero kuruta 30, ingano ya shelegi izaba mike, kubera ko ifite ahantu hahanamye, urugero na 45, urubura runyerera hejuru y'inzu, kandi iyo umuyaga woroshye. Igomba kandi kwishimirwa ko niba ibiti byimbitse birinda umuyaga gukura hafi ya karusage, imyanda ikomeye ya shelegi ikorwa hejuru yinzu.
Urubura ruryamye hejuru y'inzu rufata rufite ubushyuhe, harimo kwinjira mu gice hejuru y'inzu, buhoro buhoro ndumirwa buhoro buhoro, uhindagurika ufite amazi yashonze. Amazi, yashishikarije igisenge cyiza, gikonjesha ku kurota gukonjesha igisenge no gukora nondes hamwe nuduce. Kugabanya kugwa kwa shelegi no gushiraho kugiti, kimwe na compante muri atike, birakenewe kugirango utegure ubwitonzi bwihariye na gace munsi yacyo (rubberaid, ibumba libricant, nibindi) hamwe no gukomera cyane. Gutwara (guhumeka bisanzwe) bitanga umwobo udasanzwe munsi ya kombike no mu musozi w'inzu, kimwe no kumva Windows ku nkoni, imbere n'inzugi. Idirishya ryafunzwe hamwe na shitingi, rikubiswe cyangwa inkombe nka "impumyi", zikaba zigoye kumvikana kandi bikagora kwinjira mumazi yimvura.
Mubihe byinshi, imiterere yinzu yubunini bwingenzi bwumukadiri Kabiri . Iherezo ryayo rirashobora kurangizwa nurukuta rwamatafari vertical of trangalar organice kuruhande rwibigori hejuru numukamakara hepfo, nibyo, kugirango ukemure muburyo bwimbere. Birumvikana ko atari kera, nka, hejuru yinsanganyamatsiko ya bolshoi i Moscou cyangwa urusengero rwa Parfenon muri Atenayi, ariko agaragaza cyane, birashoboka hamwe na idirishya. Kurangiza kurukuta rwanyuma biragufasha gutanga amazi meza no guhumeka mu nzu, kandi bigatuma inyubako zishyizwe mu buryo bumwe, nubwo rizimya ubwiyongere bw'amatafari.
Indi verisiyo yinzu hejuru kurukuta rwanyuma Igisubizo cya Valm , ni ukuvuga, hamwe na skangile yashakaga. Igisenge cya Guterura, cyuzuye gifite ikibuno ku mpande zombi, cyitwa Walmova. Igabanya gato ingano yububiko bwamatafari, ariko kubaka rafter biragoye, amaguru ya diagonal aragaragara. Rimwe na rimwe, kurugero, na gahunda yubwubatsi, ahantu hararangiye bicibwa nimpande zose zumurongo urusenge, ariko igice cyo hejuru cyangwa hepfo cyangwa hepfo. Muri iki gihe, amaherezo ya skat ituzuye yitwa umusatsi-umusatsi, kandi igisenge ni kimwe cya kabiri.
Uburebure bwa atike bugenwa n'ubugari bw'inzu, umusozi, kubaka igisenge ndetse no gutanga ibikoresho by'umuriro ufite uburebure bufite uburebure bwa metero 1.6. Ni ngombwa gukurikira kugirango tumenye ko uburebure bwa cotic ahantu habi, mu rukuta rwo hanze, yari byibuze 0.4 m kuva hejuru cyane yo hinduka hejuru ya Mauerlat. Ibi nibisabwa kugirango ugenzure igihe no gusana ibice byo hepfo yimvura, ukoreshwa cyane, gukonjesha, gukonjesha, gucogora, hamwe no kumutekano wumuriro. Menya ko urusaku rwinshi rurenze urubura rwatinze, rukakwemerera gukoresha umwanya wa atike neza.
Imiterere ishyigikira ibisenge bitijwe nibisenge biva mubikoresho (tile, slate, impapuro za asbetike nibindi byinshi) ni sisitemu ya rafter cyangwa sisitemu ya rafter.
Sisitemu yitwa "ibyuma bizunguruka" kandi bigizwe ninzuki nyinshi zo mu giti zikaba zigomba kuba antisetate kandi zikabasiwe n'umuti wa flame. Amaguru maguru, nibindi, ni ukubarwa (byongeyeho hamwe nubunini bwa 50, 100 nuburebure bwa 120, 150, 200m, 200m) byashyizwe kumurimo uhwanye nigisenge cyinzu hejuru yikisenge , kandi bashingiye kumpera yo hepfo kuri Mauerlae, kandi hejuru-hejuru. Mauerlats ashyigikira utubari twa horizontal (100100, 150150mm), yashyizwe kuri Bell Gasket (kugirango yinjire ku rukuta rw'intoki ku ibuye, no gukwirakwiza umutwaro muri Stropilin kuri bose urukuta. Hagati (50100, 50150mm) bashyizwe ku modoka (100100, 150150mm), muri soot cyangwa ku miterere mito ya mpandeshatu, bitera Ram-fader. Gucungura byubaka bidasanzwe, gucamo gahunda kandi gahunda ushobora kubona mumashusho. Kongera gukomera no gushikama, guhuzwa hagati yimiyoboro kandi biruka mu cyerekezo kirekire cyashyizweho nindi mizingo. Inguni hagati ya rack na pitch ntibigomba kurenza 45.
Ibice byashyizweho kurukuta rwimbere buri 3-4m, mugihe munsi ya mocks, umurongo uturutse kubamba (lit) kandi gusa. Amaguru yometse yashizwemo buri 0,8-2.0, bitewe nigice cyambukiranya, ibikoresho byo hejuru nibindi. Impera yo hepfo ya crafter yinyenzi binyuze muri imwe igomba gushirwa kurukuta hamwe ninsinga zigoretse kugirango zirinde igisenge cyamenetse numuyaga mwinshi. Impinduramatwara ikosorwa ninkoni cyangwa abatsinze, yatsinze igitego muri kashe ya Masonry saa 250-300mm munsi ya Maurolat.
Ku gikoresho cyibiti, gusakara no mu majyambere, kugirango ukize akabari nini, iherezo ryo hepfo ukuguru kwinshiba (40100mm), kandi nabyo byoroshye gusimbuka ku matafari. Kugirango hategurwe umuyaga mwinshi, amaguru ya diagonal arategurwa, kandi kumuhogo Rafyled (pepiniyeri). Guhuriza hamwe ibintu muri lafters bikozwe nimigozi, imisumari cyangwa ibiraku.
Ku birenge by'imyenda, imisumari idoda isanduku, igizwe n'ubusanzwe kuva utubari twa cranial (5050mm), agera kuri buri 33-600mm, bitewe no gusiga ibintu bikabije, hamwe no gukodesha ibintu bikomeye (50120, muri 50200m) ahantu hateye akaga, kubeshya, gukata imiyoboro, skate. Ibikoresho byo gusakara byashyizwe kumurongo (ibinyabiziga bya panels ya compond) na trim.
Usibye ibiti byometseho, hari inyubako zisa na beto. Ibiti byambere bikabije kandi byashimangiwe mu nganda zakozwe mu nganda zo mu mafro ku giti cye zegeranijwe mu gishushanyo kimwe, kigabanya cyane kubaka. Mu manza aho abapolisi bashingiye ku nkuta ebyiri gusa (niba nta mfashanyo iri hagati), bitwa kumanika kandi nuburyo bworoshye bwamashyirahamwe yimyenda, nimwe) ari urugingo.
Muri Rafters Rafters, hamwe na 6m zirenga 6m hagati yimpera yo hejuru ya rafter, nyirakuru (ibiti bya vertical) arakanda. Kugirango wirinde igishushanyo cyubwubatsi kugeza kumpera yo hepfo ya nyirakuru, gukomera kwa horizontal no kwiruka kugirango ushyigikire imirasire ya aguti yahagaritswe ahagarikwa akoresheje clamp. Kugera kuri 12m mubishushanyo, rafter yatangijwe na pompe igabanya uburebure bwa metero zuzuye.
Ibikoresho byinshi birashobora gukoreshwa kubikoresho birimo hejuru yikibanza cyitwa ubwoko bwa attic. Icyumba cya Mansera-cyitwa The Archite yubatswe Xviv. Francois Manzar, watangiye kumenyera munsi y'ibiti binini by'ibisenge bya gothic mbere. Kubwamahirwe, igiti cyititi cyari kinini cyane kwisi.
Igisenge cyatiti ni ubwoko bwa duplex igisenge. Kugirango ukoreshe neza, umwanya wa atike ukunze gukorwa hamwe na mugitondo mugice cyambukiranya. Icyo gice cyinzu, kigira uruhare runini rwinkuta zucyumba cya giti, kirakenewe, bitandukanye nigisenge gihwaho, ubushishozi. Kumena igisenge bitandukanya igice kinini cyinkoni na rafter kuva hepfo. Hamwe na hamwe, ibisenyuka bishyira biruka aho gushushanya igisenge cyiki gisenge hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bufite ubukana. Kwiyongera kubisubizo byigisenge cyati na kimwe gifatwa hejuru.
Ibisenge by'ibisenge byashizweho
Ibikoresho byo gusakara bitandukanye bikoreshwa kubisenge bireba igisubizo cyubwubatsi bwinyubako, iramba ryayo no gukora neza. Rero, kuri garage na sheste, birumvikana kugirango ukoreshe ibisenge hamwe na boas ntoya kuva kumupaka.
Imbonerahamwe yerekana ahantu hateganijwe hejuru yinzu hejuru yinzu y'ibisenge bitandukanye bitewe numubare wibice, kashe, gufunga isanduku, base na rafyles.
Igisenge cyateguwe ni kimwe muri kera cyane. Birarambye, umutekano mu muriro, ntibikenera gusana kenshi no gushushanya. Akazu hamwe nigisenge cyanditseho, ibumba ryatwitse cyangwa sima-umucanga, rirasa neza kandi rikize, kandi ubuzima bwumurimo butarenze imyaka 100. Menya ko sima-umucanga Tile yatangiye gukoreshwa mu nyubako zigezweho zo guturamo, urugero, mu karere ka Moscou wa Mitino.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa tile (byoroshye muburyo, buhendutse) na groove.
Ribbon iringaniza - Izi nizo zingana na 36515mm, cyangwa 400220mm, zifite munsi ya spike kugirango ikomeze hamwe na karata. Kugira ngo birinde kumeneka, bagomba gushyirwa mu bice bibiri kugirango byuzuye byuzuye. Ibi biganisha ku kwiyongera kubikoresho, hamwe nuburemere bunini muri 60-80KG / M2, nibibazo bikomeye byigisenge nkicyo. Bisa nibisenge byavuzwe haruguru biva mumabati meza ya asibesitos-sima na Eatterite no gushushanya.
Tile Ifite ibiboneza ku mpande ndende za Greove, hari n'ijisho (umurongo ufite umwobo wa wire) hamwe n'ibimamara bidasanzwe, bitanga guhuza. Kubwibyo, igikoma cya kabiri gishyizwe murwego rumwe. Binyuze kumurongo (uburemere bwa 40kg / M2), kugirango wirinde guta umuyaga, ubashye amashyiga imizi yiziritse mu tubari. Nyuma y'amezi 2-3 nyuma yo guhindura igisenge, iyo yashizwemo, hamwe nimbere yikibanza, igishushanyo kibarirwa mu burebure. Ifarashi n'imbavu z'imikanda byuzuyemo amabati adasanzwe. Ubuntu bwibikoresho byo kurakara, gukingira amadirishya, amadirishya yubushakashatsi, imiyoboro yumuyoboro wurukuta yashizwemo impapuro zo hejuru.
Igisenge cy'impapuro za Asvyetique , ikoreshwa cyane mubwubatsi buke, bugizwe nimpapuro zisanzwe kandi zizamurwa. Impapuro zuburyo busanzwe bwa 12008005.5mm zipima hafi 9Kg zishyizwe ku mufuka w'imbaho n'utubari (5050m), kandi buri murongo w'impapuro ugomba kubeshya byibuze bitatu. Igisenge cy'amabati manini rw'umwirondoro (1750 na 200010006-8mm) ashyirwa ku bibari bya beto byashimangiwe, bigera kuri MM igera kuri 800, cyangwa ku gice cy'ibiti. Impapuro nyinshi zihutisha umusaruro ibikorwa byo gusakara, shiraho amasangano make, yizewe mubikorwa.
Amabati ya Way yashyize umurongo wo hejuru wa spete hejuru hejuru kuri 120-200mm. Umusozi muremure, muto. Umubare munini w'imigabane ku mpande zemezwa no kwimurwa n'umuhengeri umwe (150mm).
Ubwoko bwibisenge, imbavu no kunyerera bikorwa ukoresheje icyuma gisenge. Impapuro zigomba kuba zifatanije na screw garuka cyangwa imisumari hamwe ningofero nyinshi.
Ibisenge biva mu bikoresho byazungurutse Hano hari ibikuza (rubbumiid) na kwuba (gusa nibibi byayo). Bagomba gukoreshwa cyane cyane ku nyubako zubukungu, nka gagarazi, hamwe ninzura ntoya yinzura, kubera ko bitumen, ibintu bibi, kimwe nibihembo (mastike) munsi yubushyuhe buhoro buhoro. Ibisenge bizunguruka bifite imbaraga zoroheje, ariko bafite imishinga mike yubushyuhe, bafite uburemere buke, mubwubatsi, birashobora kubabara kubera amabara kubera amabuye y'agaciro, ukanze mukidodo. Igisenge cyuzuye kuri sima ikomeye kandi yoroshye, beto cyangwa ibiti (byo mu biti bibiri by'ibibaho byahindutse ku ya 30-45). Igomba kwitondera ko hamwe nitandukaniro rito mugihe cyo gukaraba ibinure bisaba imirimo imwe kubikoresho byayo, kimwe na rubburoid iramba, ariko nubwo itarenze ibyo Imyaka 30.
Ku manywa mbere yo gutangira akazi, kwiruka cyangwa igikoresho bigomba kuzunguruka, gabanya ibice ku burebure bwa skate, wongeyeho 250mm kugeza ku ifarashi n'imbibi. Ibikurikira, spatula, brush ikomeye, cyangwa hamwe na kerosene, usukure kuruhande, usukurwa na talc, kandi uturutse hanze kugirango ushireho ubudozi bwubugari bwa 100mm.
Ibisenge by'icyuma Kora ahanini hejuru yinzu ya gahoro gahoro (biramba cyane) hamwe nabatari zinc (umukara) ibimasa bya kashe 3.5-6.5KG / M2, hamwe nimpapuro za kashe (umwirondoro muto) ndetse na Impapuro zashizwe zahabu (kurugero, kurusengero rukize rwa Kristo Umukiza muri Moscou). Ibisenge by'icyuma bihenze cyane, bisaba ibikoresho byihariye nu gihe cyujuje ibisabwa. Kubwibyo, muburyo bugezweho, impapuro za galike zirasabwa gukoreshwa gusa kugirango zikore igisenge kitoroshye, kubikoresho bya kornice sigrons hamwe na pisine, amadirishya, hamwe na. Impapuro zifite zinc kumpande zombi, ubugari bw'impapuro - 710, uburebure, 1420, ubunini kuva kuri 0.45 kugeza kuri mm 1. Amabati ashyirwa kuri CODED yimbaho (5050mm), kugenda kuri rafaline. Ku nkombe y'inzu, yambaye ubusa afite igorofa ikomeye mu bibaho kugeza ku bugari bwa 700mm, no ku nkovu n'imbavu by'inzu - imbata ebyiri. Amabati yo hejuru yihuza hamwe na hamwe yitwa inkumi, zitambitse, kubeshya, hakurya ya skate (kugirango amazi yoroshe) akiruka kumurongo. Gusenyuka kw'imigabane bigenwa nimirongo yo mu bwoko bwibumoso bwa galivage hafi yo guhagarara nyuma ya 500-700m. SVES SVE ikomezwa ninkoni ya T-shusho itobora imisumari kumurima.
Iyo igikoresho cyo hejuru cyuzuye ari cyiza kugirango ufate akajagari gakomeye k'ibibaho hamwe na gazeti kuva Pergamine. Igipimo nkiki kidahenze cyane, ariko kirinda uruhande rwo hasi rwimpapuro zinyamaswa kandi zongera ubuzima bwa serivisi mubihe 2-3.
Igisenge cyicyuma kidatatanye amabati ashushanya amavuta kuri buri 3. Igisenge cy'impapuro zihamye zirashobora gusiga irangi mumyaka 8-10 nyuma yo kurambika.
Mu myaka yashize, ibikoresho byinshi byo gusakara bishya byagaragaye, haba mu rugo ndetse no mu mahanga. Kurugero, icyuma cyicyuma hamwe na polymer cyangwa gufunga, igisenge cya gahoro gahoro hamwe na fibreglass nyinshi, igisenge cyumurongo wa alumini hamwe nabandi. Ibigo bitanga imyanya yuzuye hamwe nibintu byose bikenewe mumabara atandukanye. Mugihe habaye imanza, ibisenge, kwigana tile karemano, biramba, isuku, irwanya umuriro kandi ifite uburemere buke bwa 5-10 km.
Twubatse inzu, cyangwa ahubwo, agasanduku kwubaka. Noneho ugomba gusuzuma ibintu bitandukanye, nkintambwe, inyamanswa, inganda, inzugi na Windows. Birakenewe kwita kubwiza bwinyumbuka hamwe ninyuma. Reka dukemure ibi mumateraniro yacu akurikira.
| Ubwoko bw'igisenge | Inguni yakozwe na Skate N'indege itambitse muri dogere |
|---|---|
| Kuva ibikoresho byazungurutse (rubberoid, igisenge, nibindi) hamwe numubare wibice byibura 2, bishyirwa kuri mastic | 3- 8. |
| Kimwe, ariko bine-, bitanu-hamwe nigice kirinda amabuye, kwisunika muri mastic gishyushye | 0-22 nibindi byinshi gusa mubice bitandukanye byinzu |
| Kuva urupapuro rwibiti hamwe nububiko bumwe | 16 cyangwa byinshi |
| Kimwe no kubirimo kabiri | 12 cyangwa arenga |
| UKWIZERA MU BIKORWA BY'UMWANA Usanzwe | 18-30 |
| Kimwe | 14-45 |
| Yashyizeho (bitewe n'ubwoko) | 27-45 nibindi |