Ingazi zimbere: Amahame yo kubakwa, ibintu byubaka nuburyo bizatwara umukiriya.
Kwerekana umurimo w'ubuhanzi, ingazi yasubiye mu nzu y'umujyi n'inzu y'igihugu yigenga. Ni ayahe mahame y'ubwubatsi bwayo, nigute ashobora gutungura kandi bizatwara angahe?
Ingendo, uruziga n'imigozi
Muri iki gihe, igikoresho cya ingazi yimbere birashimishije kuri benshi: Umuntu wizewe ushaka "urubanza rwe kugira" mu biganiro hamwe nubwubatsi n'abamwubatsi; Umuguzi w'inyungu z'uburebure bw'imirenge ibiri "ihumure ryinshi"; Nyir'igorofa yashaje aheruka, yiyemeje kubaka atike; Nyir'amagorofa abiri aherereye hejuru yundi, kurota abahuza mu kigo gisanzwe; Kandi munzira, n'andi matsiko yose.Duhereye ku bwinshi n'ubwoko, mbere ya byose, tekereza ku ngazi nini kandi ifashanya ku bufatanye bwa 30-45 - byibura kubera impamvu ari yo "kwiruka" kandi akenshi ifatwa nk'amakarita yasuye murugo cyangwa amazu.
Ingazi ziri mu nzu ziragenda, zizenguruka kandi zizunguruka. Ibishushanyo mbonera by'imiterere y'urukiramende bikorwa ingaragu, bibiri, bike kenshi - inshuro eshatu. Werurwe irashobora kuba igororotse, yamenetse, curvilinear. Mu ntangiriro n'iherezo, kimwe no kuzunguruka, ingazi zitondekanye kwidagadura no kumanuka - mubisanzwe kare, urukiramende cyangwa igice cyangwa semiccular. Niba ingazi ziva kurubuga zigabanyijemo ibice bibiri, bavuga ko ifite amashami abiri. Ihamagarwa binyuze, niba itara rinyuze hagati yikinyura hejuru yuburebure, kandi gifunguye, niba impande zombi (umusaya wo hanze) udashidikanya kurukuta.
Uruziga na staircaircall zikora imirimo ifasha munzu akenshi ni ibikorwa bimwe byubuhanzi nkibyingenzi (imbere). Imbaraga zabo ziri muri 30-75. Ihuriro ryo kwidagadura ntiritangwa hano. Kwimuka ku ntambwe, inkoni ifite ubugari butandukanye, birashobora kuba ikibazo kubasaza, abana bato, bafite ubumuga.
Uruziga rutandukanye na screw: Iya mbere ifite ibyanjye bizengurutse hagati, uwaya kabiri yashizwe ku nkingi ishyigikira (Guhagarara hagati).
Ku ngazi z'intego idasanzwe - Abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro, abaselizi, atike - Ntabwo tuzahagarara uyu munsi. Ingazi nziza ntabwo zateguwe kandi zikorerwa kubicuruzwa kugiti cye, ahubwo byaguzwe mububiko bwihariye (niba uburebure bwa gisenge hamwe nubunini bwo gufungura hamwe no gufungura guhuza ibipimo byemewe).
Kuva Balyasina kugera Kourow
Ubuhanzi bwubatswe ni muri ibyo kandi bigizwe nuko ingamba nini kandi ikomeye yaremwe na we isa neza, urumuri numwuka. Kwimuka kuri byo bigomba kuba byiza kandi ntibigaragaza akaga. Isukura nziza nuburyo bwo gutunganya bigerwaho muburyo butandukanye.
Dukurikije uburyo bwo gufunga intambwe, ingazi zitandukanye muri cososter no gukura, kuri bolsters (bidafite ishingiro, cantilever, kumanika), monolithic.
Inzitizi zombi nintambwe zizenguruka zirashobora guteranwa hejuru yicyuma hagati cyangwa beto, kimwe no kubyuma hinge Rower. Iyanyuma ituma bishoboka kohereza intambwe munsi yinguni wifuza. Igishushanyo nuburyo bwo guhambira intambwe zifatirwa hashingiwe ku gahunda yubatswe, intego rusange hamwe n'imiterere y'ubwubatsi. Niba icyumba cyagutse kandi ntabuza imiterere yacyo, ingazi nziza cyane kumyanya yimbaho cyangwa ibyuma. Urugendo kuri kool yo hagati ya kooker cyangwa ubwoko bwa hinge kosoo nibyiza aho ibibazo byo kwizirika kurenganurwa hejuru n'inkuta (cyangwa ukurikije ibisabwa). Birashoboka koroshya igishushanyo, gukuraho burundu kubuyobozi. Muri uru rubanza, byaba byiza urugendo rwo kugenda cyangwa kugenda-screw stairse kuri parodes. Ku nyubako shingiro, igishushanyo mbonera cyubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose gishobora gutabwa mumisaruro uhereye kumiterere yashizwemo hamwe no gutombora inkwi cyangwa ibuye ryo gushushanya kuri proces.
Intambwe - igice kinini cyintambwe. Ukurikije imiterere, ziragororotse, zigororotse, kwiruka na ascuate. Amafaranga yabo muri Werurwe agomba kuba byibura atatu kandi atarenze 18. Iyi mibare nigisubizo cyo kwiga bimaze no kunywa nimbaraga zabantu bitewe numusozi hamwe numubare wintambwe kumurongo wose.
Hamwe nibyiza cyane muri boas zose - 30 - Ingano nziza yimizingo na sticking - 17 na cm 17 na 29. Kwiyongera muburebure bwicyiciro kuri mm 1 bisaba kugabanuka mubugari bwa mm 2. Ubugari bwa stikiki isanzwe ikorwa kuri cm 3-5 yibice bya plajection ya stage yatewe nubujurire kubwo kwitaho.
Uburebure bw'uruziga na screw ingazi, nk'itegeko riva kuri cm 18 kugeza kuri 20, ubugari bwabyo, bipima umurongo wa SM. Intera y'intambwe za cm Duhereye ku nkingi igomba kuba byibuze cm 10. Inkombe yintambwe ya tangent yoroshya ubugari bwabo.
Abashitsi, bashushanya ingazi, bayoborwa mu kazi kabo n'amahame n'amabwiriza ahora buri gihe mu Burusiya no mu Burayi. Nk'uko byanze en 4174, hariho ubwumvikane bukurikira bwuburebure bwamagorofa nubunini bwintambwe (kuri iki gihe, Abarusiya bari bamenyekanye cyane).
Uburebure bwiza bwintambwe mu mucyo bigomba kuba byibura m 2. Ubugari bwa Werurwe muri kugenda ni umuntu umwe - cm 60, cm karemetero 110 kuri batatu. Iyo igikoresho cyamasaha yisaha imwe, intera iri hagati yinkuta zihuriweho ni byibuze cm 110.
Uburebure bw'amaboko (bipimye bikabije kuva hejuru) nibura cm 90. Urwego rw'abana rwakozwe ku butumburuke bugera kuri 60.
Ingazi ngufi ya Spiral Spiral hamwe na CM 50 irashobora kubakwa ku bunini bwamafaranga hamwe na diameter ya cm 140. Ikoreshwa gusa kubafasha. Inzu nyamukuru ya screw, ubugari bwa Werurwe nibura cm 80, kandi diameter yubuso ni kuva kuri cm 200. Hano hari igitekerezo cyintambwe ya spiral ikiza akarere. Ibi ni ukuri gusa hejuru yuburebure bwa metero 3 cyangwa irenga, kuva muriki kibazo, urubuga rwagati rurasabwa kubishushanyo mbonera no guhindukira mumwanya.
| Uburebure bwa hasi, m | Ingazi zibiri | Isaha imwe, amasaha abiri na curvilinear ukurikije ingazi | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahantu hasanzwe | Ahantu hahanamye | Ahantu hasanzwe | Ahantu hahanamye | |||||
| Umubare w'intambwe, PC. | Intambwe z'uburebure, reba | Umubare w'intambwe, PC. | Intambwe z'uburebure, reba | Umubare w'intambwe, PC. | Intambwe z'uburebure, reba | Umubare w'intambwe, PC. | Intambwe z'uburebure, reba | |
| 2.25. | - | - | 12 | 18.75 | 13 | 17.30 | - | - |
| 2.50 | cumi na bine | 17.85. | - | - | cumi na batanu | 16,66. | 13 | 19,23 |
| 2.625. | - | - | cumi na bine | 18,72. | cumi na batanu | 17.47. | - | - |
| 2.75 | cumi na gatandatu | 17,2 | cumi na bine | 19,64. | - | - | cumi na batanu | 18.33 |
| 3.00. | cumi n'umunani | 16,66. | cumi na gatandatu | 18.75 | 17. | 17.64 | - | - |
Igiti, icyuma cyangwa beto?
Ntabwo bishoboka ko umuntu wese uzatongana nukuntu ingazi murugo ari ibintu byubwubatsi nuburyo bwubuhanzi. Akenshi ni stylist yiganje kandi ingingo nyamukuru yimbere. Niba umwubatsi n'abashushanya bamwigeze bamwitaho, umucungayi w'inzu ntabwo asa neza kandi ararangira. Hifashishijwe ingazi, urashobora gutunganya zoning yibyumba bimwe cyangwa byinshi mubyiciro bitandukanye byinyubako. Iragufasha kugenzura inzu no kuba maso mu kirere mu ngingo zitandukanye. Niba ingazi ari umurimo wimbere wubuhanzi, ibintu byimiterere nubuhanzi bwibintu bisa byubuhanzi bihujwe.Mubumwe buke cyane, ntigikwiye kugaragara stilistique. Niba igishushanyo gisabwe mu mwuka wa kera, ibintu bya kera nabyo bigomba no gutsinda hafi yacyo. Naho ubundi. Ibihugu byinshi binini bituma bigezweho, ariko muriki gihe ibintu by'amahanga nibintu byo kurangiza birashobora kwegeranya ku ngazi, urugero, uburyo bwo hejuru. Ku rundi ruhande, imiterere y'imbere mu nzego zitandukanye z'inzu irashobora kuba itandukanye. Mu bihe nk'ibi, ingazi itanga inzibacyuho yoroshye kuva ku bidukikije bimwe ku rundi. Iki kibazo cyakemuwe hakoreshejwe itara, amabara, gushiraho ingingo yintambwe, nibindi.
Imitako y'intambwe y'ibiti itangiye iki? Mbere ya byose, guhitamo ibiti byinzu yifuzwa hamwe nuburyo bwo gushyigikira inzego no kurangiza. Kugenda byombi ubwoko bworoshye (pinusi, injangwe, Laghch), kandi bikomeye (igiti, intebe, maple, ivu, imyerezi). Iyanyuma irahagije, ariko kandi igura byinshi. Kurangiza birashobora gukorwa mu biti by'inzoka zidasanzwe - amakenga, cheri, Cypress, mogano, ingwate nziza hamwe na parit hamwe na gare bikoreshwa. Muburyo bwo kwifata ntibishoboka guhuza ibiti bitandukanye, kugira coeffice ya probre zitanga umusaruro mugihe ihinduka ryubushuhe, ibintu byo hejuru byo kumurongo wibiti bitandukanye birashoboka.
Ukurikije imiterere, igishushanyo gikwiye cyatoranijwe. Kurugero, ku majoro yegereye ingazi ku majyambere gakondo na kondesi, kugera - imiterere idahwitse, yishyigikira. Tugomba guhora twibukwa ko bidashoboka gutanga icyifuzo cyo gushushanya neza kubangamira imirimo ikenewe. Ni akaga kwirengagiza ibyangombwa byubwubatsi muburyo bwo gufunga: kurugero, kubashyiraho kugirango tutagereranywa imbere yimbere yikintu.
Imitako ibiranga biratandukanye cyane. Hamwe nigiti cyo gukora uruzitiro no kurangiza, kubahiriza, guta imirongo isudi hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwibirahure bya galvanike birashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwikirahure n'amabuye y'agaciro, amabuye y'agaciro, beto yo gushushanya. Muri make, ingazi ni ikintu kidasanzwe cyubaka kandi cyubuhanzi cyimbere, gikurura ibitekerezo bidasanzwe nibisubizo byubatswe.
Hamwe n'inzu ye hari umurongo runaka. Ubusanzwe, gushushanya cyangwa ibishushanyo bimanitse ku rukuta mu ngazi zo mu rubuga: Ibishushanyo by'imiryango cyangwa ahantu nyaburanga, ndetse no guhiga ibikombe ndetse n'intwaro ya kera. Kurubuga rwo hasi no hejuru, ibihangano byimboga birashobora kuremwa mu rukuta ku rukuta. Igishushanyo cyintambwe nyamukuru bisobanura kuboneka ku bwinjiriro bwibishusho cyangwa amatara; Hejuru, ku mbuga, - Indorerwamo. Umukunzi wawe hagati ya Werurwe cyangwa igiti cyintambwe y'uruziga igomba kuba umuyoboro woroshye. Kuri balkoni na antlesole bashyizwe mu isanduku y'intambwe, ibikoresho byo kwidagadura n'ibikoresho (intebe, ameza) rimwe na rimwe bishyirwaho. Gukemura imiterere ya screw mubisanzwe biracibwa gusa kurangiza inkuta: kugenda kuri byo bisaba kwitabwaho bitagomba kurangazwa nibintu byubuhanzi.
Yateguwe kandi yubatswe hakurikijwe amategeko agenga ubwubatsi no gushushanya, ingazi zitanga imyaka. Koresha no kwishimira ubwiza bwe bizaba ibisekuru byinshi byabatuye inzu, umuryango wawe.
Itumanaho
Isoko ry'Uburusiya ryerekana abakora urwego runini rw'i Burayi rwibiciro bitandukanye - kuva ku ntore kugera ku bicuruzwa by'uruhererire. Mubihe byinshi, igishushanyo cyatanzwe mumahanga ni igiti, kurwego ruto - icyuma gifite beneete cyangwa kuri beramic, marble, ceramit, ikirahure, ibyuma.
Urutonde rwamahanga yamahanga-abakora batanga ibicuruzwa byabo muburusiya ni kinini. Bose bahagarariwe mu Burusiya Abacuruzi, hamwe no kugurisha urwego rwatumijwe mu mahanga, bakora imirimo y'imbere: "Ishuri Rikuru ry'Abanyakanada", "PODITA", "CM-Square", "Hobbit", nk-Ubuhanzi, Klafs, itsinda ry'Abahunda, n'ibindi, Rjk + JLC, TPK +, LLC "LLC" , "Ch.P." (Moscow), ibicuruzwa bihendutse. Umusaruro wo mu gihugu wizitizi z'icyuma (Ekho Vels, Ooo "Guhisha LLC, nibindi).
Ibigo byihariye ntabwo bitera gusa imishinga yumwanditsi gusa, imiterere nigishushanyo cyacyo nihariye, ariko nanone ikorana nibicuruzwa bisanzwe. Ingazi zimwe zitangwa muri kataloge yabakora amahanga izwi cyane ntibusa neza kandi nziza kuruta mercedes cyangwa imodoka za porsche, zizwi nanone igice. Birahagije kuzana urugero star staircase ya vania moderi ya Vania na Delta 2 / AF ikorwa nigipimo cya alfa, imiterere nziza nindege kuri bolshams yibishushanyo hamwe na conmony serile ziva kuri ke.
Igihe kirageze cyo gusobanura uko umukiriya azaba atwikiriwe na divaire yintambwe. Reba ako kanya: Ibi byishimo ntabwo bihendutse. Niba ibyifuzo byabakiriya bigarukira gusa ku cyifuzo cyoroshye cyo kwimuka ku rwego rumwe ujya mu kindi, ingazi imwe n'intambwe imwe y'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kugeza kuri m 3 n'ubugari bwa metero 1. Niba ukora kimwe hanze kandi usaba akazi k'ubuhanzi - igiciro kiziyongera ku bihumbi birindwi. Ibitumizwa mu mahanga Diameters 140 cm na m 3 ndende ihagaze kuva kuri bibiri nigice (icyuma) kugeza ku bihumbi bine (ibiti). Ingazi zujuje ubuziranenge zuburusiya bwumuhanda, kimwe no gutumizwa mu mahanga, ahubwo ni urukurikirane rwo mu gihugu - inshuro ebyiri zihendutse. Nk'itegeko, mu cyumba gihamye cy'intambwe, hari ingazi nyinshi, bityo ikiguzi cyazo zose, ukurikije ibishoboka byose bya nyirurugo, mu manza ibihumbi bidasanzwe - amadolari ibihumbi magana.
| Inganda | Firime | Screw | Ibiti | Ibyuma | Abandi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Igipimo cya Alfa (Ubutaliyani) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Alpini COntanot (Ubutaliyani) | - | +. | +. | - | - |
| Igipimo cya Fantozzi (Ubutaliyani) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Scala (Ubutaliyani) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| T.a.i.l. Di Dusi Kom. G.amp; c.s.n.c. (Ubutaliyani) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Nilur (Ubutaliyani) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Freewa (Ubudage) | +. | - | +. | +. | - |
| Henke Redeppen (Ubudage) | +. | +. | +. | +. | - |
| Kengott (Ubudage) | +. | +. | +. | +. | +. |
| Columbus Theppen (Ubusuwisi) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Lopeir (Ubufaransa) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Swn (Otirishiya) | +. | +. | +. | +. | - |
| Coffman (USA) | +. | - | +. | - | - |
| Ibiti byo guhanga (Kanada) | +. | - | +. | - | - |
Abanditsi bashimira ikigo "Putzodite" kugirango bafashe mugutegura ingingo.