Amasezerano yo guswera: Abakora, ibikora imyambarire muburyo, ibyifuzo kubakiriya.
Abantu batandukanijwe nuko bamenyere vuba, undi ntazibuka undi. Kuri kimwe cya kane cya kane cyikinyejana cya makumyabiri, ikiremwamuntu cyasinyutse cyane, kikanda ikuzimu hagati yubwiherero bwigihe gito, biboneka gusa kubatoranijwe gusa, kandi bidafite isura ", nkabandi. Ntabwo demokarasi nyayo?
Ubwiherero hamwe nibikoresho bisanzwe (Gukaraba-ibishishwa, ubwiherero, Bidets nibindi) byagaragaye kandi ntibikwirakwiza bitarenze imyaka 150 ishize. Mbere y'ibyo, ndetse n'aho hantu, "aho umwami yarengaganywa," yari umwanya runaka udakora hagati y'imiryango aho "vase y'ijoro" yari (mu ngo zikize - rwose - rwose kuva ku mapaji). Birazwi ko Louis Xiv yari ifite inkono idasanzwe ya porcelain hamwe na monogramu. Ibyuma byabayeho, nk'ubutegetsi, kumugaragaro: Bafite umugaragu muri uyu muhango, maze uruganda rujya ubwo. Kandi ikinyejana cya makumyabiri gusa cyatanze inzira zose zisuku hamwe nibanga ryuzuye, gukora isuku "aho kwiba kure" ahantu ho gutura. Nibyo, twimukiye "inzira yacu" mu Burusiya kandi tuzi igikundiro cyubwiherero bwahujwe; Noneho, ku giti cyanjye, kugeza ubu mu bwubatsi gusa, ariko bisubira mu nzira igezweho y'ibihugu bigezweho - "ubwiherero kuri imwe".
Hafi ya buri nyirubwite arashaka guhitamo no kugura ibikoresho murugo rwe, rimwe na rimwe biragiriwe inama nubwubatsi kubibazo bya tekiniki. N'ubusa! Urashobora kubika cyane umwanya wo guhaha, niba uhuye n'ubushobozi bwawe kandi ukeneye mbere, ubifashijwemo nububiko bwihariye no gusubiramo. Uyu munsi, uyu munsi tuzasuzuma ibikoresho byo kwizirika mu bakozwe mu bubi, mu bwijeze (mu buzima bwa buri munsi - Sanayans) na farcelain.
Ibikoresho bya siyansi
Sanopay asa ninyamanswa, gusa ikubiyemo munsi yubunini bwo hejuru, kandi kurasa byacyo bibaho mubundi buryo. Igihangano cya Scords, gikurura ubushuhe, gikurura umwanda n'impumuro, aho kidakiza rwose ingufu zose zo mu isuku (ibuka ubwiherero rusange bwashize). Gukora ibicuruzwa bivuye mu byo byari byiza, bitwikiriye glazes cyangwa enamel (mu mucyo, ibirahuri byera). Nkigisubizo, impunzi zitari inzobere muri farcelain ntabwo itandukanye: kandi igiciro ni ibimenyetso bimwe, nibimenyetso byo hanze (ibara, amajwi). Hagati aho, abakora benshi bakarishye ko ibicuruzwa byabo ari amabarafi cyane. Gerageza kudafatwa kururugo rwo kuroba. Inyigisho ntabwo igomba kugura bihendutse kuruta porcelain! (Cyane cyane ko ari ibikoresho bihendutse kuri we bikunze gutumizwa mu Bushinwa, icyubahiro n'imigenzo yabo ya Porcelain!) Kandi ko amatsiko ya DM ibihumbi bibiri muri stark bikabije, kimwe n'Uburusiya kuva Kaluga akarere ku manza 600, - Iherezo rya Ceramic muri rusange!Impinduramatwara idashidikanywaho muri Stemmanism yabaye hafi imyaka imwe nigice ishize. Tekinike nshya yo guteka umushinyaguzi, yemeza ingaruka zamaswa: Gutonyanga bike muburyo bwo guhuza igikoresho kandi, uhita ubivugaho, ukurikije enamel yibisekuru, ukurikije ibyo ubushuhe bwose bukwirakwira). Uwa mbere hamwe no kumazi amashyi yakozwe n'ikoranabuhanga ryavuzwe haruguru, yaje ku isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu Villeroyboch na Duravit; Mu rugendo rwa 2000, Kerarag irakusanyirijwe, kandi kuri bo "bagontoma" ubuziranenge. Ikimenyetso cyagaciro cyo mubyondo ni $ 60 kuri buri kintu. Mu buryo bweruye no gukoraho, ntibishoboka kumenya uyu mutungo. Kubwibyo, mugihe ugura, bisaba icyemezo no kureba amatangazo yihariye: Kashe yatetse C-Plus kuri Villeroyboch na Vicker ya Gliss kuri Duravit.
Kwiga kw'igihugu
Geografiya yuwabikoze ya plamber yatangwaga mwisoko ryacu irashimishije: kuva muri Porutugali kuri Singapore. Ibicuruzwa byabo rwose bitwara umuco w '"umuvandimwe" ": Mu bihugu bitandukanye bifitanye isano n'aho gutura, ku kwiherera, ku isuku. Kutavuga igishushanyo mbonera cyamashuri yishuri! Kubwibyo, Ikirusiya gifite amahitamo menshi yo guhura nabasinziriye, imiterere, amahirwe.
Kugeza ubu, ntibishoboka guhamagarira umuntu uwo ari we wese umuyobozi. Ariko dufite ibyo dukunda kandi bikwiye. Kurugero, Ceki Jika ntabwo yigeze ava ku isoko ryu Burusiya. Amazina ya Serie ye Lyra, Dino imyaka myinshi yari ay'umwe hamwe no guhumurizwa no kuba mwiza kuri 1/6 ya sushi. Byashimishije cyane ko vuba aha Jika nziza yahindutse neza. Ku musarani ubu hariho imbarutso nziza. Hamwe nigiciro gito, Emech Emech ni ubuziranenge, byoroshye gukaraba hamwe nigisubizo cyisabune (ifu ntikugereranywa!).
Ahari umunywanyi wenyine kuri cezham, ukora ku giciro kimwe, - Finnish Ido. Nta gishushanyo gishimishije, ariko isosiyete itanga impinduka nyinshi zo muri Onniaze (urukurikirane rwa Trevi): Kubamugaye, hakurwaho ibimuga byinshi, kugirango ibyo umwobo ubanza hasi), hamwe nibishoboka guhuza umuyoboro wa drain wa washbasin cyangwa imashini imesa.
Gerageza cyane gufata chekhov hamwe na finns traks. Nubwo VITRA ari isosiyete ifite uburambe, itanga ibicuruzwa miliyoni 4 (!) Ibicuruzwa bya buri mwaka ku giciro cyiza, kiracyari inyuma. By the way, Sanikish Sanisdili ntabwo byanze bikunze zahabu iranga zahabu irangara kuruhande, ariko kandi ikozwe muburyo busobanutse bwakozwe nabahanga mu Burayi na Amerika.
Umubare gakondo ku bwiza utera impungenge za Gustavsberg. Urukurikirane rutatu rwa Gustavsberg rwateguwe kubantu bafite ibyifuzo bitandukanye: Nordic - 1998 yo kugurisha mu Burusiya, kandi scandic ni ingirakamaro kandi bigezweho, ibishoboka byose byashushanyaga muri Suwede ubwabyo. (Biragira amatsiko ko impungenge zahimbwe gukora Pinas hamwe na "intego" hagati: "Kugira ngo abantu badake cyane, mu gutoroka mu gisarurwa. Gustavsberg yatunguye abantu bose, atangiza uwambere mwisi mwisi ... inkari zabagore!)
Undi sosiyete yo muri Suwede - Indo - ifite patenti ya Metalism ya plum ebyiri, ubukungu, kimwe nubuyobozi bwayo. Udushya twa tekinike - Konk yiyi sosiyete. Nubwo "Smart" mu musarani w'ikirere, hamwe na electronics, hamwe na electronics, hamwe na electronics ($ 420), bimaze igihe kinini byakozwe, biracyari kure cyane yo kwegeranya cyane.
Abayobozi benshi bizera ko isoko ryacu mubyifuzo byabaguzi bisa cyane nubutaliyani, bityo ibicuruzwa bivuye muri apennine igice cya apennine birasa neza. Mubyukuri, Abataliya bari bahimbye cyane kandi bumva neza impinduka muburyo bwo kubaguzi. Twagiye muri zahabu yashushanyije ku murabura "Troika", bahinduye ferash yoroheje yoroshye, ariko bagoretse kuri milimetero ya milimetero, aho ikintu cyingenzi ari umukino wibisobanuro.
Gushakisha guhora kubipimo bishya bidasanzwe, imiterere yinzerere nurwego rushyira mu gaciro bigaragazwa cyane muburyo bwayo Geramica Cravena. Igishushanyo cyo mu Butaliyani rimwe na rimwe gishaka kwitwa Mannered. Iki nikibazo cyiza, ariko kandi ntizibagirwa gukoresha ubukungu bwumwanya. Urugero rero, Isosiyete Ceramic Gatalano yateje imbere icyegeranyo bitatu bitandukanye: sisitemu kubice binini, biciriritse kandi bito cyane. Ubusanzwe, abagurisha benshi bagira inama abiteguye, urugero, gukoresha amadorari 400 ku musarani, ariko ntakunda ibintu byihariye (bifuza gusa kubona ikintu cyiza), bourse. Na - Roca. Kandi, uko bigaragara, ntabwo ari impfabusa: iki nikibazo kinini, gitanga ibikoresho byinshi byiza. Bavuga ko ubwiherero bwa Pyrenean busaba kwishyiriraho neza (nubwo ntabwiza bitababaje amazi). Vuba aha, Roca yashimishije umusemu, udafite umwanya murugo kuri Bidet, ikintu cyamayeri - Bidet yumusarani aho hari imiterere yumuyaga n'amazi ashyuha; gucunga ibya nyuma uhereye kuri microchip yubatswe; Umutekano wuzuye w'amashanyarazi.
Nibyiza, niba ushaka ikintu mu rugero umwimerere kandi ufatika, - Baza ibicuruzwa bya Gala: Bimwe mu byegeranyo byayo byatetse intoki.
Umusaruro wo gukora uhagaze kuva kera urumuri rwa kera uzwi, nk'amategeko, koherezwa mu buzima, bishingiye ku migenzo y'igihugu, bikabikwa mu rukuta rw'ibihingwa byabo, nta kinyejana cyabyo. N'ubundi kandi, uyu musaruro umaze kwambarwa (bamwe bambaye kugeza ubu) amazina ya cyami.
Mu Bwongereza, iyi ni Tweford. Ituze, umutuzo wa Alnor Legy Ceramics nibyiza kumazu ya dandy nyayo.
Kuva mu gifaransa ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane na Jacol Delafoni, Selles - Kuroroshye bworoshye bwo kugenzurwa, bitabaye ibyo nta gihome nyacyo gihari.
Ingoro, ihuriro ry'ingoma zikomeye kandi ryiza rya Otimagant, igice kimwe muri Jenima Lauzen. Muri Arsenal ye - haba muburyo bwa kijyambere ndetse nabari munzu za Vergertzog Ferdinande. Ituze, uburyo bwiza bworoshye ni sphinx, Ubuholandi.
Nukuri, vuba aha (Byukuri kumwaka - bibiri) hariho impinduka nini mubucuruzi. Kurugero, Jika yunze ubumwe na Laufen, na Soude y'Abanyamerika ashyira amategeko yayo ku bimera ku isi.
Ikiganiro kidasanzwe gikwiye kubanya uwumunyagihugu b'amarondolaya - Ubudage. Icyo navuga, ubwiza bwamaye yubudage burashobora guhaza uburyohe bwizaha. Diishet izwi cyane - Villeroyboch, Duravit na Keragra, - nta gushidikanya, murashobora gusarwa "societe yo hejuru" mwisi yubukorikori. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, buri wese muri bo afite "niche". Villeroyboch ni, mbere ya byose, ubuziranenge buhebuje. N'amateka akungahaye. Bavuga ko amayeri ye ahagarara mu ngoro y'itumba, yari afite "Titanic" ndetse agace ko yabitswe muri theatre ya Bolshoi. Impungenge zishakisha ikiguzi cyumusaruro kugirango gihuze nigiciro cyumusaruro wacyo, gitanga ibiciro byinshi byiza bifite ubuziranenge.
Icyubahiro cya Muravit gishingiye ku mazina y'abashushanya, yahamagaye bikurwa mu byishimo: Philippe Standck, indyo, indyo, imva ya Franchael, imva za Michael. Biro nziza yo gushushanya ikorera iyi sosiyete, kuko ibona ko buruse iba igice cyuzuye cyubwubatsi.
Kerarag afata umwanya wihariye. Ibikoresho byisosiyete ntibyigeze biruta abo abakora interineti bavuzwe haruguru. Igerageza neza hamwe nabashya ba tekiniki nibishushanyo mbonera. Kurugero, ugereranije, ariko icyarimwe kuvumburwa neza kuva Matteo Thun, kurohama na Bidet yacyo ifite sisitemu yo kuzenguruka clou, igufasha gusenyuka mumazi meza gusa.
Inganda zo mu rugo nazo zitanga neza iterambere rusange hamwe na sanifier hanyuma utangira kumenya ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo kwizihiza ubukungu ku baguzi basanzwe. Ibigezweho muri byose byicyitegererezo "Elissa" w'igihingwa cy'ishuri Kera, "Guhumuriza" na "Ihumure" .
Imyambarire
Vuba aha, icyerekezo, harimo igishushanyo mbonera cyibintu nko kurohama, cyane cyane umusarani, uhoraho - ntibishobora guhinduka, nta kurenga imirimo. Imyitozo yahakanye aya magambo. Ikusanyirizo riheruka ryinkoni ni kimwe no gutandukana nabandi bababanjirije, nkimodoka yambere kubanjirije ubu yatanzwe kubacuruza imodoka-2000. Hano hari classique, hari avant-garde, hari urukurikirane rukunzwe, kandi hari urusahurero.Gushushanya ibiciro. Kugirango umenye igiciro kiri imbere yawe, reka tuvuge ko umusarani, gusa: niba umuyoboro wa Plum "utasomye", bivuze ko ufite ikintu kitazatwara amafaranga atarenze 200.
Nta myambarire ku isi y'ibintu ntishobora gukora. Nubwo imyambarire iriho atari amabwiriza, iracyahari. Ubwa mbere, hari icyifuzo gisanzwe cyo kugwiza no kwihitiramo uburyo, rimwe na rimwe ndetse nongerewe (nka Espagne Hejuru, Gala). Irasobanurwa numuntu kubisanzwe kamere, aho impande zose kandi zityaye. Imirongo y'ibikusanyirizomwe yavuzwe nkana na nkana (Marina Villeroyboch, vuga ku nsanganyamatsiko ya TWYford, Fleur Yakobo Delafoni, n'ibindi).
Ubwiherero ni ahantu hamwe cyane mutuje, guceceka, guhumurizwa. Kubwimpamvu imwe, harenze 90% byabaguzi kumazi kwisi yose uyumunsi ukunda ibara ryera. Byongeye kandi, ibyo bita "byera byera" - nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubusumba n'isi yose imbere. Impinga yo gukundwa kw'amazi y'umukara n'indorerwamo tile, yaje kuri 80, yasaga nkaho igana bidasubirwaho mu cyi. Ibara iryo ariryo ryose mu bwiherero risaba imbaraga zidasanzwe zumwuga, kugirango zitareba ubwoba (niba, byanze bikunze, intego zimwe na zimwe zidakurikiranwa).
Icya kabiri, imyambarire idahwema irangwa kuri retro. Ikibazo cya filozofiya kivuka: Niki mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya makumyabiri kugirango gisuzume retro? Mwaramutse hagati yikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda, soma neza mu cyegeranyo cya Romamik cya Com Sosiyete ya Saramik, cyangwa kutaringaniye (deconstation, igereranya ite mu burengerazuba), indyo ya sichael na Michael Michael imva ya Isosiyete ya Duravit, ntiyigeze rifite uruhare rwa Cubism, igipimo cya metero 20 z'ubuki cyo mu kinyejana cya 20? Na nini nini, urukurikirane rwombi rwa Starck narwo na retro verisiyo. Kwibuka ibihe iyo byakoreshejwe indoket aho gukoresha ibikombe byo mu musarani, pelvis aho kuba igisitaza no gutumiza aho kwiyuhagira. Nkuko babivuga, uwo ugomba kuryoherwa. Abakora hafi ya bose bakomeye b'inkoni bari mu cyaro cyabo icyegeranyo mu mwuka utabogakaye hakurikijwe imigenzo y'igihugu y'igihugu cyabo. Ngomba kuvuga ko usibye gukundwa no guhagarikwa, hari ubwiherero bwa monoblock (Metro ya Duravit, Isosiyete ya Ariosa, "yahujwe" hamwe na tank kuri yose. Nubwo ari ibintu byoroshye, ariko kutoroherwa kwabo ni uko iyo yangiritse kumurongo umwe, birakenewe guhindura ibikoresho byose.
Imiterere "yiyandikishije", ibikoresho n'uburyo bwo kwiyuhagira ku mayeri "yiyandikishije". Ibi ntibisobanura ko utabishobora gukora. Gusa byoroshye cyane iyo umuntu amaze kuguhishurira byose kuri wewe. Bibaho ko ibikoresho byikusanyirizo rimwe ari byiza kubandi. Kurugero, axor roucets yateje imbere standck ni nziza cyane ifatanije nicyitegererezo cyiza x-l. Rimwe na rimwe, bibaho ko kugurisha ceramic nshya byatinze kubera mixers ibizamini bisaba igihe kinini. Ibi bibaho hamwe na Giorn Massimolosa Ikusanyirizo rya Chini ya Duravit, abakunzi ba minimalism bamaze igihe kinini bategereje no kutihangana.
Abc umuguzi
Kubona Santeredics nikintu kigoye gisaba uburambe runaka.
Niba bishoboka, birakenewe kuvugana nububiko bwihariye bwo guhaha, aho hari abayobozi bahuguwe babigize umwuga, kandi rimwe na rimwe abubatsi. Ku masoko nabyo bigurishwa ibicuruzwa byinshi byiza kandi "Brande", ariko biragoye kubona umugurisha ubishoboye. Nubwo hano, mugihe kugura "bibiri" (ubwoko bwa tulip + umusarani) cyangwa urupapuro rwinshi "Troika" (Bidet, umusarani) uzahabwa kugabanyirizwa.
Akenshi imbere yibara ryifuzwa (usibye umweru). Noneho ugomba gutegereza gutanga: Kuva mububiko - mubyumweru 2, uhereye ku wabikoze - 8. Urashobora gutumiza cyane niba urukurikirane rusobanura uburyo busa. Kurugero, inguni irarohama, ebyiri, hamwe nakazi, hamwe nimpande zigeze.
Ubwiherero buringaniye (ubwoko bwisahani ubwabwo bwarangije buri bwoko bwa Soviet gisanzwe) muburengerazuba, ntabwo bikoresha icyamamare - shingiro ryimbitse bikunzwe aho. Iya mbere ntabwo ari urusaku, ariko amazi menshi arasaba, naho kabiri ni ibinyuranye. Kubwibyo, "Kuko umusozi" gukaraba neza bikoreshwa gusa kubikorwa byihariye byisuku kandi byisuku (mubitaro, amazu yita ku bana,.
Guhitamo umusarani, ni ngombwa kuzirikana ubwoko bwayo (ni ukuvuga ikibanza kuri yo nozzle aho gutaka amazi yoherejwe mu tungarungano. Irekura iringaniye (vertical) zerekeza hasi; oblique (ku mpande zombi); uruhande (horizontal). Kugura igikoresho cyo mu mujyi, ugomba kuzirikana ubwoko bw'imiyoboro y'imyanda mu rugo rwawe - munsi y'igorofa cyangwa inkuta. Ku rubanza rwa mbere, uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo ni ubwinshi, ariko gukosorwa bigomba kuba ubunini bunini.
Amazu menshi yuburusiya ni umusarani hamwe no kurekurwa. Guhagarikwa biba mumazu amwe inyubako zigera kuri 1953 kandi zigenda zikoreshwa mu kazu gashya. Abakora ibihugu benshi b'Abanyaburayi bakora ubwiherero n'abo n'andi amoko, kandi harashobora gufungurwa mu buryo butambitse birashobora guhinduka gukoresha ibintu bifatika kugeza ku ngabo cyangwa oblique, ariko ntibishoboka kuvuga ihagaritse ku zindi.
Mu gutumiza mu mahanga ya plastiki nyinshi, kandi umuguzi w'Uburusiya akunze kwitiranya. Ku ruhande rumwe, mubyukuri ntabwo aribyo cyane, iyo duravit na kerarag impimbano muri "yitwa" moderi yo gusiganwa ceramics bunch, ikora gusa hamwe nigifuniko cya plastike imbere. Ku rundi ruhande, uburyo bwa plastike burasana cyane ndetse buramba cyane (cyane cyane n'amazi yacu ya chloinated!). Ni nako bigenda kuri imiyoboro. Ubwoko bwabo buhimbaza buzaba ingirakamaro mugihe bimuye umusarani (birumvikana, mubipimo bifatika), mugihe ubwiherero bwacunguwe. Byongeye kandi, kwishyiriraho amazi yo kweza amazi ni ingirakamaro cyane - haba ku nzu yose, cyangwa mbere ya buri tanga ibikoresho. Ibikombe bimwe bya suede tomes bimaze kubaka mesh. Ibigo byamahanga hafi ya byose biha umusarani wumusarani hamwe na buto ebyiri (buto ebyiri) cyangwa ubukungu (urujya n'uruza ruhagarara rusubirwamo ukanda). Ubusanzwe ikadiri irahinduka. Menya ko ukurikije amahame yacu, amajwi ya tank agomba kuba byibuze litiro 6.5. Ibitumizwa mu mahanga Ntoya (kuri litiro 4) ntibishobora gutanga imiyoboro yuzuye, yuzuyeho gufunga imyanda, cyane cyane mu kazu k'igihugu (mu mazu yo mu mijyi, uko ibintu bikosora igitutu cy'amazi aturanye muri rusange).
Ubwato bwashizwemo na Bidet burakundwa. Bazigama umwanya kandi bamerewe neza mugusukura. Birashoboka kubishyira ku rukuta rw'abasirikare: haba mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa hamwe n'icyuma. Nibyo, kwishyiriraho nibyiza kwigisha inzobere muri serivisi yemewe kugirango byibuze birinda igice nabaturanyi, imirongo iraba!
Ibiciro byo kuvoma bigizwe nigiciro cyibintu. Witonze utekereze ibisobanuro byose, birashoboka kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura kimwe cya gatatu. Reka tuvuge, urashobora gucunga umwanda-udukoni twibasiye gusa ahantu hakenewe cyane. Cyangwa kugura condacts zitari hafi y'urukuta. Glossy enamel ihendutse matte; Itandukaniro gusa niyo mashini. Igishushanyo kigufi cyicyitegererezo kihenze hamwe nigiti cyangiza umwanda nigiciro cyakazi ku kwishyiriraho bizagura bihendutse kuruta kugura inyongera yinyongera - tank. (Ku cyitegererezo kidahenze, iri tegeko ridakurikizwa.)
Ihame rimwe ry'ubukungu ni ryiza kandi bijyanye na sinks. Zifatanije ninyuguti, cyangwa ku inanga kurukuta, cyangwa rero, nibindi. Urashobora kugarukira gusa kumera niba hari umwanya winjira cyangwa igice (bakorera nkinkunga yinyongera). Bitabaye ibyo, nibyiza gukoresha imitako niba urukuta rukwiye kwishyiriraho. Ariko nibindi byizewe gutera imbere, gushimangira urukuta cyangwa kugugura ikipe.
Ikintu nyamukuru nukwibuka ko ushobora kugura moderi ihendutse, ntabwo iri munsi yubwiza bwa nshuti! Na nyuma: iyo gusana, kugura stemmmdiste byibuze. Kandi umwiteho, witondere! Ntibishobora gushobora gushobora gufatwa na chlorine birimo ibicuruzwa byogusukura kwamamaza ntabwo biva muri ecrevio yacu.
Abanditsi barakoze andrei makarov (igishushanyo mbonera nuburinganire bwimbere) hamwe nimbere yoroheje (inzu yubucuruzi ya Laverna) kugirango itegure gutegura ibintu.