Inkuru yerekeye bumwe mu buryo bushoboka bwo gukora atitike mucyumba cya stalin.
Kugeza ubu, ibyaremwe biri mu nzu ya kabiri - Atic mu cyumba cya Tico cy'urugo rwa Stalinist ni verisiyo nyayo y'igisubizo cy'imiturire ibihumbi n'ibihumbi by'Abayuda. Ingingo yacu ivuga imwe mu nzira ishoboka yo kurema inzu nk'izo.
Turashaka nka Kaya na Gerda
Intwari z'umugani G. H. Andersen "umwamikazi wa shelegi" Kai na Gerda, nk'uko ubizi, "yabayeho mu ngo zitera imbere. Yoo, nkuko nashakaga mubwana bwanjye byibuze gato mubana neza kandi tuziranye gusa kubitabo bya atike! Kubwamahirwe, we nkuwishingiweho bwubwubatsi bwa capitalismu bwasohozwaga rwose muri gahunda yubatswe arsenal akirana.Ariko hariho ubushake buteye ubwoba! Hamwe n'inuma zabaze, hamwe n'injangwe ihindagurika, hamwe n'imirase ishyushye, itemba binyuze mu madirishya yubushakashatsi, abaturage ba Veyari bashaje bamenyereye kubura karande.
Umwanditsi kuri stage!
Amateka yategetswe kugirango aho utuye muri atike yitwa izina ryati yitwa Abanditsi b'Abafaransa (1598-1666). Parisman uwo ari we wese azakubwira kubyerekeye intangiriro ya cotic mu mujyi. Ikigaragara ni uko Louis Xiv, yita ku busugire bw'igice cyamateka yumujyi, ibibujijwe gushira murugo. Icyakora, igiciro cy'ubutaka hagati ya Paris kuva mu mwaka kugeza ku mwaka cyakuze cyane. Hanyuma hanyuma ukoreshe Bourgeois, ukoresheje ubutware bw'Urukiko F. Mansar, wemeje Louis, ko ihinduka ry'ibiti mu bibanza byo gutura atari iyubakwaho hasi. Mu 1635, F. Mansar yakoze iyubakwa ry'ikigo cya cyami muri blois, aho bwa mbere habaye inyubako zo gutura munsi y'inzu. Ibikoresho nkibi byakiriye izina rye. Byendagusetsa, ariko inkuru yongeye kuvaho nyuma yimyaka 250 i Moscou.Imyaka icumi irashize, umukozi uva mu wunga, kuba yumvise ijambo "atike", ahita asubiza "(nubwo nta na rimwe babayeho), bakavuga ko banze inyandiko zabujijwe) ko attike itaranga Uwiteka isura yamateka yimijyi yu Burusiya. Ntibisanzwe, nkuko bisanzwe, byemeje itegeko. Ikibazo cyo kubura imiturire cyagerageje gukemura binyuze mu nyubako nshya zihenze. Ibintu byahindutse hamwe no guteza imbere isoko ryimitungo itimukanwa. Nk'uko by'impuguke zibikeshaho, mu Burusiya gusa mu rwego rumwe rw'inyubako zisanzwe zimaze gutanga amazu miliyoni 1. Guhindura umwanya wa gike wamazu yuruhererekane rwambere rwinganda zo kubaka urugo mu nyubako yo guturamo no mu biro bigura igihe kimwe nigice gihendutse kuruta ubwubatsi bushya. Ukurikije Umuyobozi wa Moscow, Yu. M. Luzhkov yakoraga ku ya 2 Nyakanga 1996, N49 / -Mi "ku gikoresho cya Manseration ku nyubako zo guturamo i Moscou" iyubakwa ry'igiti mu mujyi cyatanzwe Icyatsi kibisi. Twateje imbere kandi twemeje ko kubaka aho batuye mu bwoko bwa kantu mu nyubako zo guturamo i Moscou, "Ibisabwa n'amategeko by'ubwubatsi n'abafite amazu, bigenga uburyo bwo gutanga ibyangombwa.
Muri usssr, iterambere ryumwanya wa stic hamwe niterambere rya mansard hashize imyaka cumi nine ishize gutangira kwishora mu itsinda ryumushinga iyobowe nubwubatsi bwisomo L. V. HICLUKHI. Muri iki gihe, abamamaza rya poropa ba ngombwa ko amazu y'imijyi na Manor ari ibintu by'ingenzi bya Windows hamwe n'ibikoresho byo gusakara - Uburusiya na Exelux na Enterprises Braas-DSC-1.
Gushiraho amagorofa yumujyi bikorwa binyuze mu kubaka kwiyubaka-igisenge cyinzu no gukoresha ibiboneka. Imirimo ikorwa udakuraho abaturage murugo.
Yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu 1997 na Velux ishyingiranwa ry'ubushakashatsi bw'inyubako y'amagorofa ane i Lytkarino hafi ya Moscou yongeyeho imisumari ku rubuga rufite impinduka mu gisenge mu kubaka iki cyerekezo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umujyi wakiriye amazu 9 kugeza kuri 44 kugeza 72 M2 buri wese, ikiguzi cyacyo cyari gifite 40% munsi yikiguzi cyamazu mashya.
Mu bushakashatsi mu mujyi wa Lytkarino, gahunda eshatu zitandukanye zo kwiyubaka zasabwe, zahinduwe ubumwe bwo guturamo, ubumwe bw'ibintu bibiri na bitatu na bitatu na bitatu na bitatu kandi bitatu (1-3). Intego nyamukuru yibi byose kwari ugushaka igisubizo kigufasha kubona ahantu ho guturamo gutura. Usibye itandukaniro muri geometrie yinzu, nibyingenzi kugirango ikureho imiterere ya perimetero yambere yinzu, kandi ifatwa nkibisobanuro bya konsole ntoya hamwe nigishushanyo ntarengwa cyinyongera hamwe na Igikoresho cya Erker mu nzu munsi.
NIKI CYIZA: Gusubiramo icyumba cyateganijwe cyangwa Kugura Inyubako Nshya-Urwego? Nibyo, kwiyubaka. Ubona gute ugura inzu ihendutse munsi yinzu no kudagura urwego rwa kabiri - atike ahendutse? Mubyukuri, niba hari inkuta nigisenge, ibyahinduwe bikenewe ntibishobora gushinga ibirenze inkuta zikomeye zuzuye, zikwirakwira, udashishikarijwe, "igisenge," Birumvikana, cyane cyane biterwa aha hantu hapajwe, ibyiciro byamazu, amasoko yisoko. Ariko, uku kwiyubaka hamwe nigikoresho cyo murwego rwa kabiri muri atike bizagutwara impuzandengo ya gatatu ihendutse kuruta inzu nshya yakarere. Bwa mbere mu mateka y'urubanza rw'imitungo itimukanwa, usaba amazu yagaragaye mu magorofa yanyuma y'inzu ya Stalin.
Ububiko bubiri
Guhindura umwanya wateganijwe muri atike ukoresheje ibintu bisanzwe, ibisanduku nibisasu bitanga ibyiringiro. Muri iki cyerekezo, ikigo cyubwubatsi bw'Uburusiya-Buligariya gitera imbere ibikorwa byacyo, inkuru yabo ifite ibisubizo byinshi byiza kandi igenamigambi ku mishinga y'amahindu. Ibibazo bisanzwe byo kwiyubaka muburyo bwihariye kandi byagaragaye uruhushya rwabo, tuzareba urugero rukurikira.
Gutegura ibisubizo. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwiyubaka? Ibice binini byo mu mirima biva mu biti by'urutare, gukomera kw'ibiti (umugozi) bivuye ku murongo munini, uduce duto twa asbestos, tutishyurwa inuma, dupfukaho ikote "ritwikiriye" .
Umwubatsi V. E. Loskutov na Designer A. Yu. Zakhovayev Iyi shusho ntabwo yari ifite ubwoba. Igenamigambi n'imyanzuro minini byafashwe na bo ni inyungu zidashidikanywaho kubatuye inyubako z'amagorozi y'inkuru eshanu, ibihumbi mirongo birukanwa nyuma y'intambara ukurikije imishinga isanzwe. Amazu yo guturanwa yashizweho na Archites ni inzu, urwego rwa kabiri rwacyo ruri mumwanya wa stic. Ibibanza biri hasi yinzu (85 M2) bifitanye isano natike (42 m2) ya marshavo imitako. Ibiti bisa mubyumba byateganijwe byiyi nzu ntabwo. Intego y'abashushanya ni ugutanga abaturage b'ejo hazaza igihe ntarengwa ntarengwa cyo kwiyubaka. Gucungura igorofa yo hepfo yinzu bikorwa mbere na mbere kugirango ukore ubutumwa bworoshye hamwe na atike. Igice cyurukuta kuruhande rwicyumba cyo kuraramo cyakozwe concave, gikora igice kinini-cyonyine, cyarimo ingazi kigana. Kugirango ubike umwanya, ukorwa kuri PIN yahagaritswe PIN (Lasgets), bitewe nayo isa byoroshye kandi yoroheje. Bikozwe mubintu byo murugo, ingazi ihendutse. Urukiramende rwatiti rwagabanijwe na diagonaly ruherereye mu bice bibiri, aho abana ba, ibiro, umusarani, umusarani uherereye.
Evgenia Kondratieva,
Yuri Marghashov. Mu myaka ya 90, abapayiniya mu guhindukirira amacumbi mu macumbi meza yamenyerejwe na Warizons nshya, mu buryo butemewe binyuze mu mbogamizi za kera kandi zimaze gukura bureaucracy gishya kandi zimaze gukura. Kugira ngo uhangane ninkubi y'umuyaga yose no kuzana ikibazo ku iherezo bishobora gusa gukundana byubuzima munsi yibicu mu bicu mu gicuku, cyahinduwe mubiti byanduye. Muri uru rubanza, hari ubwoko bwose bwibiranga amazu adasigaye; Nka matara yikirahure hejuru yinzu, ibiti bifunguye biva mubiti byibiti, imiterere yubuntu, nibindi "Uwogerewe" Gushiraho ikirere kinyuranye n'ibikoresho bitandukanye.
Ibigize diagonal byo mu mazu byateganijwe byashimangiwe imikorere yintambwe mugushushanya no kubaka no kwerekeza. Urukuta rw'icyumba cy'abana rwahindutse uruzitiro rw'intambwe. Ikariso yikati iherereye muri niche hejuru yacyo. Hariho amahirwe yo "gukoresha" umwanya ukikije, ahamya umwanya wo kwambara imyenda yubatswe, imyenda yabana (mucyumba cy'abana) no mu cyumba cy'abana) no mu cyumba cy'abana) no mu cyumba cy'abana) no mu cyumba cy'abana) no mu cyumba cy'abana) no mu cyumba cy'abana) no mu cyumba cy'abana) no mu cyumba cy'abana) na pantry. DIOgonal Zoning igice cyahanuwe igice-Valbo kandi ko ari ngombwa gushyira ubwiherero mu mfuruka y'ubwiherero, "yometse" ahantu hirya no hino umwanda. Dukurikije ibisabwa n'umutekano w'umuriro mu rukuta rw'uwahoze ari stic, gusohoka byihutirwa kuri selile y'intambwe.
Komeza ibishushanyo. Ibitaramo bisohoka (Run) byashyizwe kuri Jacks, amatafari y'amatafari ashaje yarimo asenywa kandi ashyirwaho inkingi zisumba izindi zisumba imiyoboro ibiri hamwe na cm ya rafter yasimbuwe nimirima mishya. Ibiti byahanaguwe n'umwanda kandi ugahinga hamwe no kubungabunga amazi yo gutangiza amazi, byabyaye imikoreshereze y'umuriro mu nzego zose z'ibiti. Icyuma gisigaye mu mwanya, gukuraho urwego rwingese.
Imbaraga zikomeye ziva muri injeniyeri Mugari M. M. Fursov wasaga naho adashidikanya, kandi uwashizeho ntabwo yababonaga aesthetic. Kubwibyo, aho kuba ibiti byashyizwemo inyoni dukomeye kurupapuro rwicyuma hamwe nubwinshi bwa mm 1,5, bakururwa na bolts, ariko bashyira igice cya metero hejuru.
Sergey Erofeev (St. Petersburg)
Umutako
Oleg Fedorov. Indege zifunze, gukora cyane ibintu biranga imiturire ya manserard, birashobora gusobanurwa imbere muburyo butandukanye, aribyo, kwemerwa mu nyungu zisanzwe, - gabanya igicapo mu bwishure indabyo cyangwa umurongo cyangwa ubonye nk'igiti kidasanzwe. Hanyuma icyifuzo gihabwa ibara ryera cyangwa, kubinyuranye, guhuza nibara ryinkike. Windows ya Mansard iherereye cyane ishoboka kandi igashushanya nk'itara yo kurwanya indege zimurikira urumuri rusanzwe ruzengurutse icyumba. Nkinyomoza neza kubisubizo byimbere, itandukaniro riringaniza amabara akoreshwa.
Kuringaniza. Ubugorozi hagati yubudodo aho ingazi zakozwe, iracyahindutse. Mu mazu yubatswe muri 50, yuzuye imiterere y'imyanya ya Dranco na Seminal, n'igorofa bitandukanijwe n'ibindi bigo byinshi, bigomba gusenyuka bikabije, bigomba gutera imyanda, ntabwo ari imyanda y'ubwubatsi, nkuko bikunze kubaho. Kuva kuruhande rwibice byinyuma byavanyweho, shyiramo inyota, hejuru yabo - Ibikoresho byubushumba byumuriro ". Ibiti hasi byashyizwe kumugereka byamazi ya palwoodproof bitwikiriye eurofloor laminate.
AMAFARANGA. Munsi y'inzu ubwayo, hari ibice bibiri bya firime y'amazi ya polyethlene hamwe na mm 0.15 ifite imisumari mito. Ibikurikira byerekana urwego rwamano yubunini bwa rockwool (cm 10) yari ifatanye nutubari twamaye, Gutanga urufatiro rwo kwerekana ubushyuhe kandi bwuzuyemo "penofol".
Mugereranije no gukora "cake y'igisenge", akazi cyakorewe mu kubaka inkuta za monsard no kwishishoza. Ikadiri y'urukuta yari ikozwe mu modoka ya santimetero 10, umwanya uri hagati y'utubari rwuzuyemo amabuye y'agaciro yuzuye ubworozi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gushyushya "eau".
Ku cyiciro cya nyuma cyinkuta, inkuta zakozwe namabati ya plaquebonary ya tigi-kNauf, putty no gushushanya. Umushushanya yahisemo ibara ryijimye ridafite ibara ryinkuta zihuye nibara karemano ryibiti n'amakadiri.
Svetlana Belosheikina. Igiti cya giti hanyuma kikabihindura kigize inyungu zikomeye kurenza iyubakwa ryamagorofa isanzwe: umubare winzego zirimo vertical ni nto. Ibice, Gutandukanya no Kubiribwa bya sisitemu ya rafter ntabwo bigarurira kare, bityo bigatanga abubatsi ubushobozi bwo gukora umwanya umwe wuzuye umwuka n'umucyo. Inkuta zaciwe Urukuta, "wacitse" Windows hamwe na lug-ons, muri bo ni ikintu gikomeye gikomeye gikora umwanya. Mu ngoro nini n'impande z'icyumba cy'inzu, irangira ireme, isobanutse neza y'ibintu no kuba hari gusa ibintu bikenewe bizaha ibyambere isura ya stish igaragara.
Igisenge n'inzu. Abubatsi bagize amahirwe: Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko itara kandi uherutse gusohora igisenge cyicyuma gisasu kidasaba gusimburwa no gukabya. Byari nkenerwa gusa ikimenyetso cyinyongera kumabati yububiko n umwobo muto hamwe ninyanja. Kubihumeka bya sisitemu ya rafter muburyo bwinzu yinzu, umwobo wa cm 80 x 25 wakozwe.
Gahunda ya atike yaremewe nimfuro zose zumukiriya kandi dukurikije intego zifatika zo kongera kubaka umwanya wa gike. Ikigaragara ni uko ibipimo byuburebure bwigice gihagaritse cyurukuta ningugu byimfutiro bifitanye isano. Uburebure bwasabwe bwurukuta ruhagaze munsi yumusozi mugihe igisenge kimaze gutangwamo 30 kugeza kuri metero 45 - 1,1, 0.5 m. Noneho, ubugari bwicyumba cya kiti nacyo giterwa ku mfuruka. Byongeye kandi, byari ngombwa kubara hamwe nitumanaho rihari - guhumeka, gushyushya no kwanga.
- Igiti ni umwanya uri hagati yicyuma cyinzu, inkuta zo hanze hamwe no hejuru yo hejuru.
- Atic - Ibibanza byo gutura mumwanya wambaye munsi yinzu. Iboneza rye rigena ikiganiro cy'ibyumba.
- Nubwo byakemuwe gute neza kandi birinzwe n'ingaruka z'inzu, biroroshye cyane ku gikorwa cy'izuba, umuyaga, imvura na shelegi. Kubwibyo, ibyongereyeho ibisabwa kuri "cake yinzu" na Windows muri atike.
Imfuruka yinzu yinzu ivugwa ni 30, Hagati aho, abashushanya bahisemo gukora uburebure bwurukuta 1.3 m ku burebure ntarengwa hagati yicyumba cyicyumba 2.23 M nubugari bwa kiti 5.9 m. The Umusomyi yakekaga ko kubantu bakuru bari hasi, ariko kubana neza - mbere ya byose, biramenyereye kandi biramenyereye kandi biramenyereye kandi biramenyereye kandi byaramenyereye, nubwo muri satike imwe mubyumba isama nkibiro byumutware wumuryango.
Igice kinini cyo murwego rwo hepfo yinzu yinzu yahisemo gukora kuri plaque nkeya yo gutanga ibisobanuro bya Tigi-KNAUF, byari bizwi cyane, ariko bikaba bimaze kuramba. Nyuma yo gupakira no gusiga irangi n'inkuta za tinnie irangi Tikkurla, inzu yabonye isura igezweho kandi nziza.
Ubwiherero. Ihererekanyabubasha ahantu hamwe - umwuga, nkuko mubizi, ibibazo, kandi mu nyubako y'amagorofa menshi ntibishoboka, nko kubaka imiyoboro y'imyanda hejuru y'ibibanza byo guturamo birabujijwe. Kubwibyo, kurwego rwo hasi rwasize umusarani nubwiherero aho bashinzwe kuba umwubatsi, - mu kigereranyo uhereye ku cyumba cyo kuraramo, abana nigikoni. Yashizwemo amazi ya Finilande, hasi n'inkuta zatandukanijwe na tile yo mu Butaliyani. Ubwiherero bwahoze ari Stic buri hejuru ya pisine mu magorofa hepfo. Byari nkenerwa gusa kugirango wongere umwanda gazi kandi uzane imiyoboro ya robine.
Maxim Orlovsky
(Arthur Vetidiyo). Umuhamagaye muri atike aha umuturage we kwibeshya gutunga inzu yihariye ku gisenge cyinyubako mumutima wumujyi. (Umurongo wa Assonative ahita usoza Carlson uzwi.) Ubuzima bwa Avoka, budahora bureba mumadirishya ya nyirayo, kandi nkigisubizo nimbere rwose ibikoresho n'amabara meza. Kuba munzu idasanzwe, urashobora kwigurira ubushakashatsi budasanzwe hamwe nubushakashatsi budasanzwe bwicyumba cyakazi, igikoni cyangwa ibyumba byo kuryamo kugirango ibyumba bisanzwe. Ubwinshi bwurumuri nuburebure budasanzwe bwicyumba bihinduka abafasha b'ubwubatsi no kubashushanya mu gishushanyo cy'imbere.
Guhumeka no gushyushya. Ikibazo cyumwuka mwiza mubwiherero bwuburinganire cyemejwe mubukungu kandi neza, gikora gihumeka ku gahato hamwe nuwasohotse mumuyoboro uhumeka muri chimney ishaje. Muri rusange, ijanisha rigera kuri 50% y'ibiciro bishoboka byabitswe ku rwego rwo gucunga no gusana, kandi mu bijyanye n'ubuziranenge, aho yari yegerejwe n'intore ebyiri.
Inzira yimiyoboro ine ifatika yakozwe mu gihe kizaza cyahindutse kubihuza kugirango mbone itumanaho. Mu nzu kuva mu bihe bya nyuma y'intambara, Chimneys idakora kuva ku mikoranire itarangiza itanura ryabitswe. Umwe muri bo yakoreshejwe mu gukuramo bibiri byo guhumeka - igikoni cyo mu gikoni hamwe n'umuyaga wo ku gahato muri atike. Hasi, mucyumba shingiro, urumuri ruherereye. Umuyoboro wacyo, utandukanya urwego rwa santimetero 15 rwa rockwool, yazanye hejuru yinzu kandi agahisha igice cyumuyoboro wa chimney mumwanya mukuru winzu nurukuta rwamati. Imihanda yo hejuru ya sisitemu yo gushyushya yavanyweyo.
Idirishya. Imirasire yitonda yizuba itukura mumadirishya yuburakira urukiramende isigaye ahantu hamwe, ariko nini. Mbere, mbere yo kwiyubaka, byari hejuru gato kurenza uburebure bwizina bwo gusubirwamo kandi cyari gito. Kugirango idirishya ryiyongere, kandi urwego rwo hasi ugereranije nubuziranenge rwicaye kumeza kandi uhagaze azwiho ibipimo byemejwe mubwubatsi bwimiturire, byari ngombwa gufata idirishya rigana mubiri metero. Mu biro byashizwemo bidahenze, ariko uburyo bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru bwa Vienifunction ya sosiyete y'Abataliyani Tegola Canadse. Mubanze yahisemo gukoresha ubwoko buvanze, nubwo imyifatire yibice byumucyo gufungura hasi yititi ihuye nibisanzwe (1:10).
Ibikoresho byo gutaka
| Ubwoko bw'akazi | Icyumba | Ibikoresho | Umubare muri Loni. impinduka | Igiciro cya $. | |
| Ibice. impinduka | Rusange | ||||
| Kurangiza hejuru | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amagorofa | Sanusel | Hasi ceramic tile vitra, 30 x 30 cm | 6 m2. | mirongo itatu | 180. |
| Umwana, Inama y'Abaminisitiri | Eurofloor Parket Laminate | 35 m2. | 25. | 775. | |
| inkuta | Sanusel | Urukuta Ceramic Tile Vitra, 20 x 25 cm na 20 x 20 cm | 12 m2. | 35. | 420. |
| Urwego-urwego rwamazi aribara | 12 m2. | bitanu | 60. | ||
| Umwana, Inama y'Abaminisitiri | Amazi arwanya amazi ya garmony isosiyete tikkurla | 120 m2 | 3. | 360. | |
| Ibisenge | Sanusel | Ubuhehere-burwanya plaskisitani tiga-KNauf hamwe na Water-Kurwanya amazi Amazi Reconti Aurd tikkurla | 17 m2. | makumyabiri | 340. |
| Ikiruhuko | Gypsum carton tiga-KNauf hamwe namazi arwanya amazi ya garmony cink | M2. | 17. | 1955. | |
| Kwishyiriraho imiterere | |||||
| Inzugi | Manserdes Imbere | Intebe ya Finilande | 2 PC. | 150. | 300. |
| idirishya | Icyumba cyo kubaho | Mansard zenith. | 1 PC. (1 m2) | 450. | 450. |
| Indowor Imbere | Plastike hamwe nikirahure cya gatatu kurohama (Ububiligi) bwisosiyete "Thelyplast" | 1 PC. (2 m2) | 180. | 180. | |
| Idirishya | Indowor Imbere | Chipboard | 2 p / m | cumi na batanu | mirongo itatu |
| Ibice | Sanusel | Ubushuhe-bwo kurwanya plaskisitani tigi-KNauf | 10 m2. | 35. | 350. |
| Ikiruhuko | Gypsum carton tigi-knauf | 110 m2 | mirongo itatu | 3300. | |
| inkuta | Ahantu hacumi | Gypsum Carton Tiga-KNauf, Ursa Iyimiza | 43 m2 | 48. | 2064. |
| "Igisenge" | Ahantu hacumi | Ubudozi, Ubushishozi bwa Rockwool, Minvata CJSC | mirongo itanu | 55. | 2750. |
| Byose: | 13514. |