Zvakaitika uye ruzivo rwehunyanzvi vakatungamira mhando "mbiri-kamuri" muchivako chitsva cheP-44T mitezo yemhedzisiro, inodada nevese vatori vechikamu mune inoda kugadziriswa.
Epurasitiki epurasitiki kurapa kusonganirana nemafashoni maitiro
Kwemakore akawanda, kusingafuratire iyi nheyo yekutanga yekupatsanwa kwevashandi, isu tese takatsvaga kugadzira maoko edu. Kunyanya kugadziriswa. Izvo hazvina basa kuti baba vababa vababa vaine mhuri yechiwi kana kuti varapi veimba yemakore 5-7 vakamupa brashi, muto, spatula, growladder, roll yeWallpaper uye yakatumira kurwira nyaradzo dendere ravo. Mhedzisiro yehondo yekufanotaura yaisakwanisa. Mumwe munhu, achigeza, akatambanudza marara kuna Sheling, mumwe munhu, pane zvinopesana, akagutsa marara ekufamba-famba ekuridza mhere dzehama nevavakidzani
Nekufamba kwenguva, chiyero chehunhu hwekugadziriswa zvachinja. Nekuedzwa uye zvikanganiso, takasvika kumhedziso yekuti bhizinesi rakadaro rakapihwa zvakanaka kune nyanzvi. Vatengi vekutanga vemasangano ekugadzirisa ndivo varidzi vezvivakwa zvakakura vane nzvimbo inowanzodarika zana, kana kunyange 200m2. Hazvitombowaniswi kubva kune mauto ezvemahara mari yekugadzira zvinodhura uye kwete mukutwasanha kune yakajeka, inoenderana neyakajairwa, yakaenzana nenyika yeiyo nzvimbo yekugara inodiwa kumhuri yevanhu vanoverengeka. Vazhinji vaida kuendesa nzvimbo dzekare, kusanganisa kana, pane zvinopesana, kusiyanisa pakati pemakamuri, ekugezera. Pasina rubatsiro rweanonyanya kukodzera nyanzvi dzechinyakare, vagadziri uye vavaki, hazvidikanwe kuita.
Ipapo maonero akaberekerwa kuti aende ku studio yekugadzira, aine imba diki, inodhura uye isina musoro. Kana zvisiri izvo zvisingadiire kuita recurdmment, ipapo chirongwa chekugadzira hachina chekuita. Washadle Wallpaper, isa toni, vavaki mwaka-mwaka-mwaka kubva kumatunhu ekuvakidzana vachakwanisa kuchena ceilings. Nekudaro, nerubatsiro rwevashandi vevashandi, unogona kungogadzirisa kushongedzwa kwenzvimbo. Windy Bureau varidzi veimwe chete kana maviri-miviri yekurara mafudzi anozopihwa zvakanyanya.
Mamiriro edambudziko
Zvichava nezvezvakakurumbira uye zvakakura kwazvo pane imba yeP44T Series. Nekutenga imba yemakamuri maviri mukati maro, vaviri vakaroora vakaroora vakasarudza kuita "mhando" yekugadzira. Zvichakadaro, dzimba dzemakamuri maviri emakamuri imwe chete mune dzimba idzi dzine maitiro akati wandei. Chekutanga, imwe mita yekicheni kipiti inopedzwa neakarasika nemahwindo maviri emawindo, iri panzvimbo imwe neimwe. Kechipiri, mukorasi, pakati penzvimbo yehorowa uye inoparadzanisa imba yekugezera, pane mine yekufemerwa. Akadzidziswa nekurudziro yake inoratidzika kunge yakasimba yakatsikwa cabinet uye inodya nezve 1m2 nzvimbo.Vatengi vakauya kuCompany "DopostRoy" nemubvunzo: handizvo here zvekuita? Izvo zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti ivo vatoshandisa kune mamwe mafemu ekugadziriswa kweparamende. Asi zvakakodzera kuti vagadziri vaone kuti vabati varege kusanganisa makamuri, sekufarira kweiyo chirongwa chakabva chanyangarika, saka havana kupa chero tariro dzinokosha dzekuvaka uye kugadziriswa kwekambani yekugadzira. Nekudaro, kusava nechokwadi kwavo kwakaputsa nyanzvi kubva kuRodroja.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa, vatengi vaingoda kugadzira mamiriro anokwezva, asiri kushandisa mari yekupenga yekugadzirisa. Mukuwedzera zviitiko, kubudirira zvakanyanya zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi uye chokwadi chevashandi, uye mugadziri wakamirira zvinhu zvakati wandei, pese pazvinogoneka sekunaka uye nekubatsira, kuwedzera mhinduro yenzvimbo.
Kuwedzera, mafemu ekuvaka pasi pekutanga kweiyo hombe estate kana kambani yekutengesa inogona kuwanikwa mumusika. Mutengi, anowana dzimba, kupedzisa zvinhu kana zvigadzirwa zvekicheni, zvinogona kubva pakarepo kupa huwandu hwemasevhisi ekuvakazve, kugadzirisa kana kuisirwa. Mutengi, uyo akashandisa mamwe masevhisi muzvikamu zvakafanana, kazhinji anowana mikana yakawanda uye discounts pabasa rekuvaka. Ngatitii, muKambani "miti yepamusoro" mutengi achagamuchira chidimbu chegumi kubva pakufungidzira kana akawana zvivakwa "mugove" we "wepfumo", pamwe nekudzokera. Mukuwedzera, masevhisi emagariro anosanganisirwa mumutengo wakakwana uye kune wewarandi basa.
Lydia Lkina akatsungirira pabasa rake. Zvekuvandudzwa kwekushanda kwemukati, zvakauya newadhi-mbiri-mbiri, iyo yakachinja chikamu pakati pehorowa nekamuri diki. Musuwo wepamberi wakatsikiswa seumwe wesash. Inotaura mapurasitiki emakona uye rhembels yakagadzirwa nemapepa eplasterboard pane simbi uye yemapuranga pamadziro nedenga, yakave huru yekushongedza motif yemukati. Kana iwe ukawedzera zvisina kujairika mavara kune izvi, unogona kutaura nezvenzvimbo inokonzeresa kuti nyika yekugadzira, pane kunzvimbo yekuvaka uye kugadzirisa. "PaEvha ndakashanyira yakakura sofasi yemavhiki, kwandakaona kusanganisa kwepepuru, kwakasviba kweiyo LKINA yeLKINA LKINARIA chirongwa, - uye ini ndaida kuishandisa basa rangu. Ngenyly, i haana kuverenga kuti vatengi vanganditendera kuti ndiite fungidziro yakashinga kudaro mufurati yavo. Kutonga nemifananidzo kwavakauya navo, mune yakapfuura yemukati inotsigira mataira anodziya uye akasiyana-siyana emumvuri. "Asi vaviri vadiki Nesanganiswa yepakutanga yemavara akaverengerwa kuravira, uye chirongwa chakabvumidzwa. Asi nezve zvese zvakarongeka ...
Kusimudza pasi!
Vabati vehunyanzvi vanonyatsozivikanwa kuti zvivakwa zvitsva mukuvhurwa kwekushanda zvinokanganiswa nekupokana kukuru kudengenyeka kukuru. Dzimba dzeGwayana ndidzo dzisinganyanye kugadzikana nderemapuranga. Yavo yatove isina kukwana geometry mushure mekunge kuderera hakurambe kutsoropodzwa. Zviitiko zvakanyanyisa zvezvikamu zvepasi mune imwe chete furati inogona kusvika gumi cm.
Kwedu isu, kugadzirisa kwacho kwakatanga ne ceiling lighting uye tie. Dai zvaive nezve imba nehupenyu hwebasa rechishanu, pamwe maitiro aya angabviswa kubva pane zvinyorwa zvemabasa. Ipapo akatonga madziro. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti pane dhizaini nhanho, varidzi havana kutsanangurwa kuti ndeipi zvinhu ichashandiswa kushongedza - Wallpaper kana pendi. Irarovema haana kana chimwe chasara, kunze kwekusawirirana madziro pasi pokupenda. Izvi zvakatungamira kune mamwe mabhuku uye kwenguva pfupi, asi gare gare ivo vakazviruramisa: Imba yekurara uye imba yekutandarira yakaiswa mucherechedzo wepepa remagetsi, iyo, imwe nzira kana imwe, inoda kugadzirira nzvimbo.
Plasterboard - zvese zvinotevera musoro
Ndezvipi zvinogadziriswa zvinobhadharwa nhasi pasina plasterboard? Kubva pane izvi zvinhu zvezvikoro zvechizhinji mumararamiro emazuva ano, kuchema kwakamiswa, zvikamu zvenhema, zvinoshatiridzira niches, nezvimwe. David nyaya yacho, iye zvakare akashandiswawo kakawanda.Hyparton elements anowanikwa achiuya zvakananga kubva pachikumbaridzo. Sekureva kweiyo architect tormitect, iyo mukati meiyo isina kujairika kutarisisa, iyo inotarisa suo pakati pehorowa nekicheni. Iyo ine maonero eiyo rakatsanangurwa rhembus. Iko kuiswa kweVaridzi veVaridzi kuronga kuigadzirisa nemasherufu kuitira kuti kushongedza kwerugwaro kwakaitwa nenzira inoshanda.
Iko kushanda kweiyo niche mukorasi hakuna zvachose kusava nechokwadi. Akarongwa panzvimbo inonyanya kugadzikana parutivi rwechiitiko cheiyo ventilation shaft. Ehe, dhizaini yekodhi inotora masentimita akati wandei enzvimbo kubva kukorasi. Asi zvaive zvisingagone kuvandudza iyo ventilation shaft isina chero kubvumirana. Madziro akange akafukidzwa ne plasterboard, wobva wadimbura akati wandei masero emaseru uye akaisa pfungwa magetsi mavari. Nekudaro, pane iyo nzvimbo ye "yakavharwa kabhinari" mhando yerudzi rwechinyadzo uye mamwe matangi akaoneka.
Gypsum carton akashanda basa rakakosha mumba yekutandarira. Kuti uise nzvimbo nzvimbo imwe rwiyo rwakati, zvakasarudzwa kuisa maviri asina kupera rhembudzi padenga. Pfungwa yakazviruramisa seyokubva pane iyo pfungwa yekuona kwekugadzira (vhoriyamu manhamba mukamuri yekugara inowirirana neyenhema mudhara) uye zvinoshanda. Varidzi vevaridzi vakasarudza chandelier vanoona maLologen mwenje, iyo yakaiswa muchirongwa. Ehezve, izvo zvakajairwa rectangular betir evaputi zvaizoda zvakachipa, asi, sezvaunoziva, runako runoda vanhu vanobatwa, kusanganisira zvinhu.
Dzimwe nguva vatengi vepanyama vakarambana kurambidza kuvapo mufurati hwekurembera kuvaka kubva kuomesall. Zvinotendwa kuti iyo yatove neyakatove ceilings yakakwira ichadzikira zvakanyanya uye kutanga "kudzvanya" mumusoro. Nekudaro, izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi chokwadi. Iyo denga rakamiswa rinozoyeuchidzwa chete kana risingagoni kuverenga. Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zveErgonomics, iyo yakazara nzvimbo yezvimiro zvinomiswa hazvifanirwe kupfuura 30% yenzvimbo yese yedenga. Izvi zvinhu zvinokurudzirwa kuiswa kutenderedza perimeter yekamuri kuitira kuti ndege pamusoro pemasangano anoshanda (mune iyo sofa uye iyo imba yemitambo yakaramba yakavhurika.
Fenicha nenzvimbo dzayo
Zvekuwedzera zvinoonekwa muhondo dzehondo, zvinopesana nezano remugadziri, vakaisa wadhi yemasango mikova mazviri. Iyi nyaya yakagadzirwawo mudhara. Uyezve, girazi regirazi rinoratidza kwete chete musuwo wekupinda uye madziro eboka, asiwo chikamu chetatu chikamu chekupatsanurwa. Mhedzisiro yacho idzo mbiri dzepepuru dzepepuru, dzokorora mumasuo emakonzo, akaumba rhembus yakazara. Izvi zvakawira kuravira uye vakaroora, uye mugadziri. Iyo "mumvuri" yeRhombus yakavandudzwa yakawira pasi yakaitwa mune fomu yeiyo yakasviba yebhuruu kuisa mune chena ceramic ndege.
Iyo track kubva kune yebhuruu tile inotambanudza pamwe nekicheni mukicheni, izvo zvinoramba zvisina kuchinjika. Iko kune yakatarwa yemazuva ano yeItaly fekitori viry. Iyo yegirazi yekudyira tafura yaive nekona yakanyorwa nekona, nekuda kwekuti kicheni yakakamurwa kuita matunhu maviri: kushanda uye kudya. Pane seMi-Spanish Ceramic Tile, pamadziro - Wallpaper.
Mukicheni, iyo inotarisisa yevavaki yakaendeswa kuhurongwa hwekupisa uye kuwanikwa kwemvura. Pipiti inopisa uye inotonhora yemvura yaifanira kudhonza nguva yese, sezvo varidzi vaishuvira kuronga kugeza pedyo nepahwindo. Semukati memakamuri, iyo simbi panel Heater yakatsiviwa ne bimetallic kubva kuHolidor Support. Nenzira, iyo radiator ndicho chinhu, kana kutenga izvo zviri nani kusaponesa. Kana pendi yakachipa ichingoita zvakaipa uye icharatidzika zvakashata, saka murwi wakachipa wakarasikirwa nehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, hunogona kukanganisa ese kugadziriswa pamidzi. Uye kwete chete mufurati uko ...
Pakukumbira kwemutengi, iyo nzvimbo yekudziya yakaiswa mumadziro. Mune musimboti, izvi hazvikurudzirwe, sezvo kana paine llage, pombi haigoni kukurumidza kugadziriswa kana kuyambuka. Tursing kuvhima nyanzvi dzinovanza zvinhu zvekudziya system mubhokisi repurasitiki. Pane kudaro, iyo pombi yakaiswa mumadziro chete nekuti yaisimuka kubva pamadziro anenge 30cm uye akadzivirira kuiswa kweiyo kitchen headset.
Pachigadziko uye ipapo ...
Basa rekugadzirisa mumba yekugezera uye chimbuzi vakatanga kuparadzwa. Sekureva kweiyo dhizaini projekiti, imba yekugezera yakaparadzana inofanira kunge yakasanganiswa. Saka ini ndaifanira kupfura iyo sangerblock-plaster dhizaini, kazhinji yakaiswa panguva yekuvaka. Munzvimbo yake kuna masonry mu polkirpich, madziro matsva akavakwa, akagadzira pasi idzva nedenga. Chiitiko cheizvozvo plasti isina kuenzana, nzvimbo yakachena yakawedzera ne 2M2. Ipapo yakabva yatsva zvidhinha zvakadzivirirwa uye yakasungirirwa nemakoreti emakona.Kukudziridza iyo Yese Design Pfungwa yeiyo yemukati, mugadziri akashandisa iyo yakasviba yebhuruu kuisa seyakaora chinhu pane yakasarudzika chena kumashure. Nzira yakasviba yerudzi rwemitambo inoburuka kubva padenga, ichicheka kona yegirazi, inotambanudza parutivi rwemadziro, inosvika pasi uye inosimuka zvakare kune iyo denga, asi yatove pamadziro. Zvaizoita sekuti izvo zvakange zvakaradzika dhirowa rakapusa pasi pesimba uye new. Asi mukuita, zvakazoitika zvimwe. Spanish ceramic mataira, zvisingawanzo kusarudzika, gadzira kubva kune vhudzi rakatsvuka, izvo zvinopwanya pakarepo, tanga tangotanga kutema. Naizvozvo, zvekuti kubatana kwemakiromita muruvara kwaive kwakanyorova, vatenzi vaifanira kushanda vakanaka. Iyo yepamba pombi inovandudza iyo yakadzoreredza zvigadzirwa zvekambani yeFrench Jacobdelafon.
Uye nezve recorvevevelopment
Kubatanidza imba yekugezera uye chimbuzi, varidzi vakafunga zvakare kupatsanurana chikamu pakati pehoroway uye imba yekurara. Sekureva kwevavaki, madziro uyu akaputswa mufurati rechipiri, kuronga imba yekutandarira mukamuri diki. Zvichida, saka, kana imba yacho payakavakwa, kugovanisa muhope kunogadziriswa chete pamapani maviri esimbi. Panzvimbo yemadziro akaputswa, iyo wadhi yakanga yakashongedzwa newadhi, imwe yemakwenzi adzo ikozvino iri musuwo mukamuri diki. "Kuti vatengi vangu vazokwanisi kufungidzira kuti ndizvo zvakaringana, ndakavavakoka kuti vashanyire. Kutsvaga imba ndinoshandisawo gonhi remusuwo," anodaro Designer. Yakanga yakarongwa kuti kudedera kwejasi repasi kungasasirwa neimwe yeiyo yekutungamira kabhodhi. Asi dhizaini yakaiswa (mushure mekupera kwekugadziriswa) neimwe shanduko mukamuri, saka mutsara wezvimwe zvinhu zviviri zvakazovhurika.
Kupesana nezvinotarisirwa, mukamuri diki (11,4m2) akafunga imba yekurara. Masvingo ayo akaiswa neWallpaper ye lilac ruvara, uye pasi, panzvimbo yeiyo beech parquet Flockboard Forbo-Forshaga, inokura mukamuri hombe, Carcurlin. Kuti pasi rive rinodziya, vasati varara kapeti pane imwe kongiri tie, Phaaneur akachengetedzwa. Tinodzokera kumatambudziko ehupfumi, tinocherekedza kuti orghifitis kana fiberboard, inowanzoshandiswa nechinangwa ichi, yaizotadza mutengi zvakachipa. Pashure pokunge Faneru akazadzwa uye akatsikirirwa pamutambo wegomba, rakabatanidzwa nemuchina wekunzwa, sezvo kareti rakatetepa harizovanze kunyange zvidiki zvisingaite.
Masters ane ruzivo haapi zano zvakanyatso kubatanidza kapeti yekuvhara pasi, zvakanyanya kushanda kuti vashandise kudengenyeka kaviri kana kuisa. Mushure memakore mashoma, apo kapeti yakaneta kana kukonzera, zvichaita kuti ubvume, pasina kuparadza chigadziko.
Madziro epepuru akavezwa nemhando imwe chete yePlinth, inotambanudza pamusoro peparutivi rweimba yokugezera: kubva mukicheni kuenda kuimba yekugezera, ipapo mukamuri yekurara, yakakanganiswa ne wadhi uye inodzokera kuhope. "Plinth mukamuri yakaita sechiputi pamufananidzo," Kana jira remhizha richiratidzika kana rakapedza zvishoma, ipapo vagadziri vakapesana, chifananidzo chinofanira kuunganidzwa. Pfungwa inotumirwa. "
Iyo furati inogadzirisa yakagara mwedzi 2,5. Iyi nguva yaive yakakodzera zvakanyanya nehunyanzvi maitiro. Mushure mezvose, tiri kutaura nezve chivakwa chitsva, uko kunyengera kwekongiri kana dzimwe nguva dzimwe nguva inosvika 90%. Kuti vadzivise kuroora basa, ivo vavaki vaifanira kutanga vaomesa pfuti dzekupisa dzemadziro, pasi uye denga uye chete wobva watanga basa rekupedza.
Chiitiko uye ruzivo rwevavaki vehunyanzvi uye vanozvigadzira vakaita basa rakakura kana vachishanda pane ino imba. Iyo yemukati yakazova yekutanga uye yakanakira, ivo vanodada nenzira yakakodzera vatori vechikamu mune yekugadzira inoda kugadziriswa.
"Imba yacho haina kumbobvira yauya nayo kune varidzi, kuti," Mugadziri anotenda kwatiri. "Asi chinhu chikuru ndechekuti vakaguta. Ini ndinotenda kune wese munhu aipinda mune imwe nzvimbo yemukati, ye Chokwadi chekuti ivo havana kutya kuedza kuwana zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Zvinofadza mhedzisiro. "
Zvigadzirwa nemidziyo
| Zita | nhamba | Mutengo, $ | Mutengo, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kapeti (Belgium) | 11M2. | 12 | 132. |
| Parquet Board (Beech) Forbo | 21.9m2 | 37. | 810. |
| Plinth | 56.4. M. | 3,15 | 178. |
| Rash Wallpaper (Germany) | 18 Rolls | 13.8. | 249. |
| Paintwork | 54 L. | 6. | 326. |
| Ceramic tile (Spain) | - | - | 1600. |
| Electropurture VIMA (Italy) | 1 Set | - | 900. |
| Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi | 1 Set | - | 1788. |
| Plumbing Zvigadzirwa | 1 Set | - | 339. |
| Kuveza | 1 Set | - | 743. |
| Plaster-yakaiswa zvinhu | 1 Set | - | 883. |
| Kupenda zvinhu | 1 Set | - | 818. |
| Calidor radiators (Italy) | 3 maPC. | 104.6 | 314. |
| Bath Melanie. | 1 Pc. | - | 285. |
| Toilet "Odeon" | 1 Pc. | - | 190. |
| "Moydodyr" (Spain) | 1 Pc. | - | 650. |
| Heated Towel Rail (Russia) | 1 Pc. | - | makumi mashanu |
| Mafirita akaoma uye akanaka kuchenesa | 4 zvinhu. | 24. | 96. |
| Grohe Mixers (Germany) | 2 PC. | 100 | 200. |
| Wardrobes "Rauum +" | 2 PC. | 2250. | 4400. |
| Huwandu: | 22 959. |
Kuverenga kwemutengo webasa
| Rudzi rwebasa | Vhoriyamu | RAL kubhadhara, $ | Mutengo, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electric Kuisa Basa | |||
| Kuiswa kwakazara kwemidziyo yemagetsi | - | - | 1496. |
| Basa rekuveza | |||
| Kuisirwa kwemasuo, hwindo saizi, nezvimwe. | - | - | 298. |
| Chishandiso cheStroke Deailing kubva kuGLC | 12.1m2 | 13.5 | 164. |
| Stucco-yakaiswa | |||
| Wall inotsvedza | 28.6m2. | 11.6. | 333. |
| Kuona hwindo nzvimbo | 3,03m2 | 11,2 | 34. |
| Simenti yakatsvuka uye yakawanda | 55.35M2. | 11,2 | 640. |
| Floor mvura mudziyo mubhavhu | 16,6m2 | sere | 132. |
| Kutarisana nemadziro uye pasi tile | 47,62m2 | 18.7 | 892. |
| Shumv kuwedzera | - | - | 340. |
| Kuvakwa kwemadziro emukati ezvidhinha | 11.25m2. | 10.8. | 122. |
| Mudziyo pasi | |||
| Yakamisikidzwa plywood uye miganhu | 9,5m2 | 1.37 | 13 |
| Pasi pechishandiso kubva kuParquet Board | 19,05m2 | 10.9 | 208. |
| Chishandiso chevhu kubva kukapeti | 9.52m2 | 5,15 | 49. |
| Kuisirwa kwePlinths | 51.23 pound M. | 1,93 | 99. |
| Pendi basa | |||
| Coloring Ceiger ne gadziriro yakazara | 55.35M2. | 9.9 | 547. |
| Kupenda kwemadziro nekugadzirira kuzere | 14M2. | 28.6. | 400. |
| Kunamatira Wallpaper nekugadzirira kuzere | 106,65m2. | 6.3 | 669. |
| Kuvhura Basa | |||
| Kupatsanurwa kupatsanura | 10.07m2. | 10.7 | 108. |
| Dismantling Santechkabina | - | - | 361. |
| Plumbing basa | |||
| Kuisirwa kwePlumbing uye kupisa masisitimu | - | - | 933. |
| Miscellanea | |||
| Kuregedza uye Kubvisa Mbudzi (2 midziyo) | - | - | 180. |
| Fambisa kutakura zvinhu | - | - | 70. |
| Basa rekuwedzera | - | - | 130. |
| Kudzima zvingori | - | - | 100 |
| Huwandu: | 8318. |
Windows (yepurasitiki girazi Windows), Window Sills - Rehau (Germany)
Suo rekupinda simbi "yakasimba nati"
Masuwo emukati aisanganisirwa - imala ("Union", Italy; Ruvara - "Dimson")
Gonhi Mapfundo "Union"
Kitchen Fenicha Virs (Italy)
Vagadziri vanonyevera kuti zvinoenderana neyekudzika kodhi yeRussia Federation, kuwirirana kweiyo yakaitwa kuronga kuronga uye kuendesa kuendesa kunodiwa.
Architect: Lydia Elkin
Tarisa kuwanda