Porcelain ndiro: nhoroondo yezvenjoitika; Mazwi emazuva ano emhando yepamusoro porcelaini; Zvinhu zvinofunga kukosha kwemidziyo.
Imwe "nyowani yeRussia" inonyunyuta kune imwe: "Ndakatenga rimwe zuva porcelain vase yezuva, uye ndinofunga - China yakatsvedza!"
Muchokwadi, munhu wese anoziva kuti porcelain yakagadzirwa muChina. VAKAWANDA makareba mazana maviri emakore, madzishe eChinese aive "akasarudzika anogovera" percelain ndiro mundima yepakati. Vangani zvidhinha zvidiki zvakazotenderedza zvakavanzika zvezvinhu izvi zvisina kusimba! Asi maChinese vakakwanisa kuchengeta zvakavanzika, uye veEuropean vakasiya chero chinhu, nzira yekuvhura yavo yekubika kwekugadzira porcelain. Izvi zvakaitika pachivanze cheSaxon Emperor Nyamavhuvhu muna 1708. Ivskore muGermany yose, uye ipapo vakasara veEurope vakatanga kuvhura manhamba akawanda porcelain. Dzimwe dzenzvimbo dziripo dzeEurope dzinosimuka kunyange ipapo. Iyo avot yekubwinya kweiyo Chinese porcelain yakasara munguva yakapfuura - munguva yedu iyo yakanakisa China inogadzirwa muEurope.
Germany neUnited Kingdom inotungamira pano, uye mambo mhedziso zvinosara kuseri kwevaGerman. Kurangarira nyanzvi, kutadza kweChirungu cuisine hakugone asi kukanganisa chirungu chechiRungu (teapot mukati). Vhiri harizokanganwe kuti yaive muUK iyo "pfupa" Porcelain-pachena, rakatetepa uye rakagadzirwa rakagadzirwa muUK. Iyo British kumudaidza kuti Bonechina. Naizvozvo, zvawona chinyorwa chakadai pazasi, usafunge kuti iwe "China yakatsvedza". Tiri munzira, ngatiiti: isingadhuri uye yakakura-yakakomberedzwa, iyo yakaonekwa makore mashoma apfuura, asi hapana ndiro dzinopenya ku "pfupa" chorcelain. Iyo yakagadzirwa negirazi misa uye iri panzvimbo yepazasi yemhando.
Iko kukosha kwe porcelain kunotemerwa nezvikamu zvina: zvinyorwa, chimiro, kushongedza uye kupenya. Achitaura nezve zvinyorwa, ndinoda kuona kuti "ceramics" izita rose rezvigadzirwa zvese kubva kuvhu rakapiswa. Iri izwi rinoshandurwa. Ceramics yakakamurwa kuita marudzi akawanda, pakati apo pane porcelaini pakutanga, uye nekunyadziswa kwekupedzisira. Unhu hwenzvimbo porcelain zvichibva pane iyo kaolin yezvinyorwa (White clay inokanganisa ruvara rwechigadzirwa), kubva kune zvakajeka zvekugeda kweupfu, kubva kune iyo ivhu rakaonekwa nevhu, uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvemahunyanzvi. Ruvara rwePorcelain ndiro dzinofanirwa kuve nyoro uye dzinodziya (kirimu). Kana grey-yebhuruu mimvuri inotongwa mukati maro, inotaura nezve yakadzika yezvinhu mhando. Iyo yakajeka yekugeda uye kuchena kwePorcelain misa zviri nyore kutarisa nekupenya mukati memidziyo yemapango, "chero chinhu chisina kunaka" chinoverengwa "mazviri kana vari. Ndokusaka zvakanaka porcelain haizombovhara pendi zvachose. "Mutumbi wewachena wePorcelain", senhamo dzinodanwa, dzinofanira kusimbiswa, uye dzisina kuvhiringidzwa.
Kana iri chimiro chechigadzirwa, chinonzwisisika pano pekutanga kwete dhizaini (inyaya yakakosha), asi yakajairika geometric kutsaurwa. Targeted kumusoro kwedombo kana kapu inofanirwa kunge isina musungwa kune iyo patafura iri padhuze nehurefu hwese hwemuromo uye usasvetuka.
Sekureva kwenzira yekudhirowa, porcelain yakakamurwa muzvikumi (kana, sezvazvinonziwo, mafambiro) uye decol. Decal chimwe chinhu senge chinjana mifananidzo. Ehezve, ivo zvakare vane marudzi avo, asi vakadaro vanogona kunge vachifarira chete nyanzvi.
Akagadzirwa porcelain anogara achienzaniswa. Iyo iripo cxivwek, uye munguva yedu inoitwa chete kuraira. Iyi ndiro idzi hadzizoshandisirwe neangu zuva nezuva, uye munyika medu iye aangotanga kuwonekwe. Mutengo webasa iri harifanane neRolls Royce.
Iyo nhamba yekutanga muchikamu ichi ndeye Meonison. Asina kufanira, kungo tarisa kune rimwe basa rakafanana rehunyanzvi mune yakakurumbira moscow chitoro pane iyo nyama mugwagwa, aimbova kuznetsovsky. Mumwe mugadziri weimwe nhanho yeanotenda, akamboumbwa muAustria, Hungary semubatsiri wekurarama. Iye zvino iri iri bhizimusi rakazvimirira, asi pano richiri kubereka kuunganidzwa, kamwe raisikwa pakureva kweMesison. Conservatism yakashanda kambani yakanaka sevhisi: Pakati pevatengi Hanotenda zviratidzo zveChirungu mambokadzi uye Rothschild.
Kazhinji, kuChina, kusiyana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekushandiswa kwemugadziri kufunga, kwete ruzivo, asi zvetsika. Vakataurwa pamusoro apa vanotuka vagadziri veFrance neItaly, nemhando yepamusoro yemhando, ivo vanofarira kwazvo kuedza, vanogona kuve mafashama. Semuenzaniso, zvigadzirwa zveTitu Brand (Italy) zvinoratidzwa nemaficha echiokisi uye ultra-yemazuva ano kushongedzwa. Nekudaro, muFrance kune svuro yezvinangwa, yakaunzwa pamusika chete nekutaura. Asi mafekitori mazhinji emapundu anoratidzira kuunganidza matsva gore rega rega. Ichi chigadzirwa chinonzi Antiques yemazuva ano, chokwadi chekuti kufumurwa kwemapuranga emapundu ari mu porcelain anogara achishandisa muLouvre.
Sezvineiwo, imwe yefakisi porcelain yeLimoges inotanga kusiri maFrench. Akavhurwa muna 1842. David Havield, muAmerican, akatanga kufema porcelain achiri kumusha kwake. Fambisa fekitari kuEurope, uye yaive mumaruwa ayo akaita kuti aite tsaona: Mumwe murume mukuru Aristocrat akakumbira kuti aite kopi yemasoera yakaputsika. Saka muvambi wekugadzira akatanga kusangana ne porcelain, uyo akamukunda zvachose. Iye zvino Heviland ndeimwe yemafekitori okusunungura, uye chinyorwa chakaputsika kubva kune chero sevhisi, chakaburitswa pano, zvinokwanisika kuita ese samples mumuseum.
Izwi rinoti "rimire porcelain" vakanzwa mumwe nemumwe, pamwe neshoko rekuti "Metrala Tile". Akagamuchira zita rake anobva mutaundi diki remutsvairo kuGermany, uko kubva pakutanga kweiyo Xixverek ndiye iwo mahofisi makuru eVilleroyboch. Pano isu tinofamba kubva kumunda wehunhu hwakanyanya hwenzvimbo yemugadziro kune iyo decolain nzvimbo, iyo, ndiro dzekushandiswa kwezuva nezuva. Izvo zvisiri zvishoma zvinonakidza, sezvo kudzidza kweMuseum kuratidzwa kunokwezverwa kwete kune vese, asi munhu wese anoda kudya kune tafura yakafukidzwa yakanaka.
Villeroyboch, pamwe chete neWeimar, inogara chinzvimbo chepamusoro munzvimbo ye porcelain yekushandiswa kwemazuva ese. Asi zvakakodzera kuziva kuti mutengo weiyi ndiro unoita kuti vazhinji vedu varambe vaizozviti zvakateedzera parade. Mari yekufungidzira yebasa remasikati kubva ku "Bone" Porcelain pa12Pers- $ 1000-1300, uye iyo yakafanana yeVitro kana yakanaka porcelain ichabhadhara madhora mazana mashanu. Mutengo unonyatsoruramiswa nehunhu uye madimikira emidziyo. Hapana, kunyangwe chidimbu chakanyanya kukosha chekupenda, hachizorasika kana ichidzorwa, nekuti iyo yekushongedza yese muPorcelain inoshandiswa chete nemaoko. Komjez, kugadzira iyi ndiro yebhizinesi haina nhoroondo inonakidza kupfuura vagadziri veChina inodzidzisa.
Saka, Francois Bhoh akatanga kugadzirwa kwayo muna 1748, makore makumi mana mushure mekugamuchira porcelain misa muEurope. Chizvarwa chechitatu cheBohov United Enterprise neMurume Wemakwikwi aimbova Nicolas Willero. Iri bhizimusi rebhizinesi rakarongedzwa nemuchato wejira reNloolas Octavia naEzhen Baha. B1797 Pierre Joseph Boh akagadzira dhizaini yakakosha yevira rekupopota, iro rakabvumira bhizinesi rekutora chinzvimbo chinotungamira mudunhu. Kugadzirwa kwechoto kwaive kushandurwa zvechokwadi kusvika nhasi. Mazuva ano kambani inosungira chizvarwa chechisere chemashure eBuoh. Sezvineiwo, mutungamiriri we art wekugadzira zvakare mumiriri weimba yemhuri Alexander Fabill. Kazhinji, kunzwisisa kuti ndiyo muimbi uyo anoisa nheyo dzekubudirira, dzakaonekwa pane ino bhizinesi pakutanga kweiyo Xixverek. Muna 1921, chikoro cheArt chakarongwa kufekitori, vakapedza kudzidza navo vakagamuchira musoro wemugadziri. Pamwe ivo vakava vatariri vekutanga munhoroondo yevanhu. Zvino, pasina kukanganisa tsika dzechikoro chake chekugadzira, kambani iyi pamwe pamwe neKenzo naKenzo naLuigi. Kuunganidzwa kwakasiyana kwemidziyo kuri kuramba kuchigadzira patchaso kune Paloma, mwanasikana waGreat Publo. Mukuwedzera, chete Villeroyboch uye Wedgwood inokatyamadza yega yega yePorcelain ndiro nemamwe matare etafura: Mafurawa, zvigadzirwa, magirazi, zvigadziko zvemwenje.
Ndivanaani vakamboisa basa rekuvhara tafura yakanaka kwazvo, vanonzwisisa kuti zvakaoma sei kutsungirira mune ino bhizinesi maitiro. Isu takatodzidza kuti takatora sei mumwe nemumwe nhoroondo yesutu rako, tatova nekunzwisisa kuti zvemukati zvinofanirwa kuve zvakasimba uye zvinowirirana. Asi nei matafura ezororo achiri kuenderana magirazi, akashongedzwa nemitsipa yeSteam, uye mahwendefa ane vakajeka viginette? Tichiri kuedza kundiudza zvimwe zvakadzama mumagazini anotevera emagazini zvakadzama. Asi kana zvipfupi- zvinhu zvese zviri patafura zvinofanirwa kunge zviri nyore pfungwa. Chii chaizvo chaanosanganisirawo pachako? Zvinoenderana netsika uye tsika dzemhuri imwe neimwe. Pane imwe nzvimbo yawaimbove kutanga kwemitambo yemasikati kubva soup, uye ipapo iwe unoda soup (munyaradzi nendimi imwe neimwe mukicheni, uye hauzoisa muhari patafura). Pane imwe nzvimbo nyanzvi yehunyanzvi hweanenge mubayiro - Lasagna, saka iwe unoda fomu rakakosha rekubheka, umo iwe unogona kuisa dhishi patafura, izvo zvicharasikirwa ne "commodity" maonero. Pane imwe nzvimbo nguva zhinji ichiri kuenda kushamwari dzekambani kubva kuvanhu gumi nemasere, uye pane imwe nzvimbo inopemberera mumhuri yakatetepa.
Zvese izvi zvinoita kuti kutenga kwemasevhisi, basa racho harina kutenda kwazvo. Iyo yakangwara kwazvo kusarudza zvinhu zvinodiwa mune huwandu hunodiwa hwehuwandu hwakazara hwakaitwa mune imwechete dhizaini. Mikana yakakura kwazvo muchirongwa ichi, sezvataurwa, inopa Villeroyboch. Imwe neimwe yehuwandu hwakawanda hwekambani inomiririrwa neyakagadzirirwa yakazara yePorcelain ndiro uye zvese zvinodiwa.
High quality porcelain (wtach china) inoburitsa kuyanana kweGerman Hutschenruther, yakatangwa kunyange muna 1814 muBavaria nechidiki art Karl magnus houchroyer. Mumusika wedu, uyu mugadziri anounzwa pasi peshumba yeshumba. Kuzeya kwehutachiona kunosanganisira mafekitori akati wandei achigadzira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ndiro dzemahotera nemaresitorendi (kunyangwe nehasha) uye porcelain sculpture.
Zvakawanda zviripo pamitengo yeChina maGermen Germs Firms "Winterlink" uye Khala. Asi pano kusarudzwa haisi porcelain nhoroondo yekushongedza tafura ichafanira kuita vega. Chokwadi, muMoscow pane imwe nzvimbo yakasarudzika yePorcelain "imba Slavic", kwaunowana ndiro dzemhando dzeEurope, uye panguva imwe chete iyoyo sarudza iye nerubatsiro rwehunyanzvi hwese hwaunoda.
Kuenzanisa kusadhura neakanaka mhando czech porcelain inosara. Kune marudzi maviri makuru ePorcelain ndiro. Izvi ndi "Bernadot" (kusavhiringidzwa nemugwagwa uye iyo luxurious yeFrench Brand Bernardaud) - White ndiro pasina chimiro, uye "ZWEBEL" - White-White-Blue.
Muzhinji, White Porcelain ine bhuruu dhirowa ndiyo isina mamiriro classic yeiyo genre. Iyi yekushongedza yakabva kuChina. Asi kana muChina, chishongo icho chaive chibereko chemapomegraneti, saka veEuropean, vasingazive chirimwa chakadaro, vakatora hungwaru kupfuura uye vakatanga kushongedza ndiro yavo. Saka zita racho. Chipatara, mugungwa rakakura rekuita porcelain iri kuuya kwatiri kubva kuCzech Republic, "Zwibel" inonyanya kujairika. Lehly, nekuti huwandu hwayo hune zvinhu zvinopfuura mazana mana.
Pamusoro peChokhovov, White-bhuruu porcelain inoburitsa iyo English kambani Spode, asi idzi ndiro dzatove dzisingatifarire kusarudza zuva nezuva. Chokwadi, porcelain spime izere, uye kwete mugadziri, asi iyo decol inoiswa kwazviri nenzira yakakosha yakafanana nekunyora, uye izvi zvinoitwa chete. Naizvozvo, hazvishamise kuti mutengo webasa kwevanhu gumi nevaviri vari kusvika zviuru zvishanu. Iyo tekinoroji yekushongedza-tsika yekushongedza kwekushongedza inoramba yakafanana neyayo makore anopfuura mazana maviri apfuura Muvambi wekambani Zhoshaya Spoow. Tarenda riresiti rinoita murume uyu, uyo aive panguva imwe chete muzvinabhizimusi uye muimbi, akapa budiriro yakasimba kwezana remakore riri mberi. Yakagadzirwa neunganidzwa - "Bhuruu Italian", "Blue Tower" uye "Willow" - anogadzirwa nanhasi uye enderera mberi nekunakidzwa nekubudirira kuenderera mberi. Inesl edza kufungidzira zvakanyanya zvinyorwa zvese zvekudyira matafura, saka iyo yebhuruu yeItaly service ichamira pazviri. Pamwe, nekuda kwekuzvipira kweChirungu kwechiChirungu kune tsika nemweya wakakosha wekukudzwa, spime zvinoramba zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya zvePorcelain munyika.
Kugadzirwa kwekirasi kwekugadzirwa kwekirasi kwechimiro chekirasi zvakare kunosanganisira China Brand reichenbach uye wedangwe. Mitengo- $ 3-10 zviuru zvehuwandu hwepakati hwezvinhu. Pakatenderedza chikamu chimwe chete cheMutengo chakafamba frosethal, iyo iyo vagadziri vakakurumbira vevhesi uye bulgiari vakashanda. Pakati pezvaunganidzwa werudzi urwu unogona kutora ndiro dzezvipfuyo zvemazuva ano.
Hermes anotora akakosha niche. Zvigadzirwa zvikuru zvekambani iyi zvakagara zvichidzika, saka China haaburitse pano wakazvimirira, asi kuraira mumarimi. Uyezve, kushongedzwa kweiyo yekutanga yemhando iyi yakapihwawo kubva kuMusoro (Freering Peony kubva kuBud kusvika kune yekupedzisira yakawa peturu). Hermes haitsvage kugadzira kuunganidza kwakazara kwemakamuri ekudyira, uye inoburitsa zvinhu zvemunhu, zvakakodzera zvipo.
Mukupedzisa, hazvigoneke kusataura kutaura kwedu kweRussia porcelain. Iyo yekutanga porcelain chirimwa muRussia yakavakwa padhuze neSt. Petersburg Under Empress Erizabheti muna 1744 uye anonzi Imperial. Masters yeRussia, nguva pfupi zvisati zvaitika zveWestern European, chakavanzika chePorcelain misa akagadzirisa. Discover of the porestic porcelain yaive Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradav. Muna1750, kunyanya nekuda kwefekisiti, iyo sevhisi "yakanyorwa neiyo nhamba inoshamisa yezvinhu. Ivo vese vaipendwa neine yepepuru gidhi nemaruva madiki. Izvo zvechero zveiyi yekushongedza zvinoonekwa mune teas service "coball grid" yakaburitswa mushure mehondo. Zvichida zvino ichi ndicho chigadzirwa chakanyanyisa kudzokororwa cheLomonosov.
Yevatatu vakuru vanogadzira porcelain muRussia, iyo miviri-dmitry muVebrki pedyo neMoscow (yaimbova gardner) uye yaimbova kuDyznetsovsky) - kubva panguva yekubva kwayo, yakatarisana nemutengi mukuru. Zvakare zvinzvimbo pachazvo, kutanga neSXviiiv, uye Villeroyboch. Asi mhedzisiro iyo maFirm aya auya nhasi haafanire kufananidzwa. Nekudaro, isu tese tinoziva kuti pakanga paine zvikonzero. Izvo zvinongogara zvichine tariro kuti kuwanda, iyo iyo Russian porcalin yakapona muchikamu chekupedzisira cheXviiiv, rimwe zuva ridzokorora. Zvigadzirwa zveRemonosov Por Factory yakagadzirwa nguva pfupi yadarika bvumira iyo tariro.