Nidaamka kuleylka, labadaba dareeraha biyaha iyo kuwa aan la isticmaalin ayaa loo isticmaali karaa - Ku saabsan mudnaantooda iyo faa'iido darrooyinkooda waana laga wada hadli doonaa.
Sida la yaqaan, in labadaba biyo-qaboojinta iyo cabitaannada qaboojiyaha labadaba waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u qaboobaan nidaamyada kuleylka. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah qabowgani wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin iyo faa'iido darro. Waan ka soo sheegi doonaa iyaga maanta oo waxaan u sheegnaa.
Biyo leh awooddeeda ay ku urursanayso markii la kululeeyo oo uu siiyo kuleyl aad u badan markii la qaboojiyey, waa mid baraf fiican leh. Waxay leedahay faro-qaadid wanaagsan sidaa darteed si fudud ayaa lagu wareejiyaa nidaamka kuleylka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, biyuhu had iyo jeer waa gacanta, oo haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad ku darto nidaamka kuleylka, wax dhibaatooyin ah ma jiraan. Sidoo kale waa muhiim in ay tahay walax bey'ad u fiican deegaanka. Sidaas awgeed, daadashada suurtagalka ah ma sababi doonto "masiibo dabiici ah" oo ah qiyaasta guri gaar ah. Laakiin! Dhammaan faa'iidooyinkaas waxaa lagu soo rogay hal faa iido muhiim ah oo ku saabsan qaboojinta biyaha nidaamka iyo, natiijada, ka bixitaanka dib-u-dhibka dambe (guriga la damiyey, laakiin nidaamka kuleylka ka buuxo kama bixi doono xilliga qaboobaha). Faa'iido darroo faa'ido kale ayaa loo tixgelin karaa baahida loo qabo in la beddelo isku-darka kiimikada ee biyaha ka hor inta aan la isticmaalin kuleylka (tusaale ahaan, sababta oo ah oksijiinka birta, oksijiin, iwm, ka eeg maqaalka N 1 ee joornaalka sanadkaan) . Intaa waxaa sii dheer, maadaama aysan ahayn diyaarin, si kastaba, qorrax dhaca dhammaan qeybaha birta ee nidaamka kuleylka ayaa dhaca.
Xaraashka 'Freeze', 'Qabooji ", horgaladii" ka hortaga ", tani ma aha dareere ah oo ah noocyo kiimiko ah oo muujinaya cabitaanno-yar oo hooseeya oo loo isticmaalo qaboojiyaha Miisaaniyada gubashada iyo rakibaadda kala duwan (oo ay ku jiraan nidaamyada kuleylka) ka shaqeynta heerkulka ka hooseeya 0s.
Faa'iidooyinka aan shaki ahayn ee ka hortagga antiffreresress waxaa ka mid ah "in aan lagu qaboojin" heerkulka laga jaro. Ma aha in aysan qaboojinin gabi ahaanba, si fudud uma aha iyaga fahamka caadiga ah (qoyska). Hordhac biyaha, iyagu ma sameeyaan crystalline, laakiin haddii aad dhihi karto, qaab dhismeedka amorphous. Xaaladdan oo kale, antiflooze ma kordhiso mugga, sidaa darteedna ma baabi'ineyso (ma aha "cilladaha") nidaamka kuleylka. Marka la kordhiyo isla heerkulka, waxay ku soo baxaan xaalad dareere ah waxayna fulin kartaa howlaheeda. Waa hantidaan oo ay ka dhigtaa mid aan la xakamayn karin, haddii jiilaalka guriga uusan ku noolaan, maahan lagama maarmaan in la daadiyo nidaamka kuleylka. Iyo, waxay ka dhigan tahay inay u muuqato, ay timid usbuuca dhammaadka usbuuca, si dhakhso ah u ilaali qolka. Si kastaba ha noqotee, faa'iidada iyo dhamaadka, iyo cilado badan ayaa bilaabmaya. U kala duwanaanta heerkulka ayaa ah 10-15% awoodda kuleylka ee kahortaga reefida guriga waa 10-15% ka yar kan biyaha, sidaa darteed, wax ka sii daraya oo ay siiso diirimaad. Macaamilka, tan micnaheedu waxaa weeye baahida loo qabo in la helo awood badan (sidaa darteedna qaali ah) hiitarka) ee nidaamka kuleylka. Viscosis-ka Viscosis sidoo kale waa 4-5 jeer ka sarreeya kan biyaha, waxay ka dhigan tahay inay ku adkaan doonto in lagu wareejiyo nidaamka kuleylka (qiyaasta qulqulka bamka wareegga waa in ay qaadataa 10% inbadan, iyo Qiyaasta cadaadiska waa 60% sare). Isugeynta ballaarinta kuleylka ayaa ka badan tan biyaha, sidaa darteed, si looga fogaado dhibaatada "gariir", nidaamka furan uu awood u yeesho inuu ku rakibo haanta ballaarinta ee mugdiga weyn. Taasi waa sababta khubarada isku waslad ah dhahaan: Haddii caqabadda ka hortagga loo maleynayo inay ku isticmaasho nidaamka, waxaa loo baahan yahay in "la tiriyo" si sax ah loo beddelo biyo iskiis ah oo leh noocyo kala duwan oo leh dhibaatooyin waaweyn.
Intaas waxaa sii dheer, ka hortagga laguma dari karo, maadaama tani ay horseedayso isbedelo aan lagaran karin oo ka kooban qaabkeeda kiimikada iyo, natiijada, luminta guryaha jirka ee bilowga ah. Iyo xanaaq badan, sida ay yiraahdaan, ma cabbiro taabashada dusha sare (fal-celinta kiimikada ee ka timid xaafad noocan oo kale ah ma aha kaliya inay ka dhigto samaynta sicirka aadka u daran, kaas oo awood u leh inuu xannibo qalliinka Nidaamka) iyo si fudud "cun la cuno" galka "biyaha" biyaha "ee kululaynta oo dhan ee hiitarka hiitarka ayaa loo isticmaalaa badeecadaha ka yimaada qalabka kiimikada ah - Siinoonite, iwm). Waxaa jira astaamo gaar ah oo dheeri ah oo ku xidhan caqabadaha. Dhammaantood maahan deegaan saaxiibtinimo. Nidaamka Aqoonsiga wareegga ee ku saleysan xaaladaha qaarkood ee xumbo, oo sababa xaddidaadaha qaar ku saabsan awoodaha isku dheellitirka nidaamka kuleylka iyo hagaajinta habka raaxada iyadoo la adeegsanayo heerkulka kuleylka. Kednostats waa in loo saleeyaa oo loo baahan yahay in la ilaaliyo saami joogto ah oo ah kiiskeed haddii ay dhacdo, haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad ku darto nidaamka (tusaale ahaan, markii baxsad).
Kahor intaadan buuxin kuleylka nidaamkii hore, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu sii daayo dareere lagu maydho sagxadaha nadiifinta, tusaale ahaan, Dixis-Lux, suppestx ama adag oo la mid ah. Wixii si dhakhso ah uga kaxaynta hawada ee ka soo kabashada hawada ee ka imaada kahortagga guriga, waxaa lagula talinayaa in la hor istaago oo aan cadaadis lahayn 2-3 saacadood gudahood.
Ku beddelashada biyaha si loo xiro reerka oo keliya haddii tani aysan ka mamnuucin soosaaraha kuleylka. Tusaale ahaan, protrrrr (Czech Replord) ayaa ka dhimi doona milkiilaha xuquuqda loo leeyahay adeegga damaanada haddii ay jiraan wax ka hortag ah oo lagu daboolo nidaamka, kaas oo lagu duubo kuubannada damaanada ah.
Waa maxay nooca ka hortagga loo isticmaalo nidaamka kuleylka? Gawaarida "Tosol" kuma haboona halkan, maadaama ay leedahay waxyaabo lagu daro aan loo oggolayn in loo isticmaalo dhismayaasha la deggan yahay. Xalka Saline (Nooca "Arctic" iyo "ASOL"), in kasta oo ay barafoobaan oo ka hooseeyaan biyaha, heerkulka, maadaama ay kordhin lahaayeen nashaadaadyada iyo waqtiga dusha sare ee tuubooyinka iyo kuleylka. Tusaale ahaan, nidaamyada kuleylka ee leh kuleylka agv iyo ACGV, oo ay soo saareen warshad-dhismeedka mashiinka ee Zhukovsky, adeegsiga "Arctic" waa mamnuuc ahaan). Waxay raacaysaa waxa loogu yeero qoysaska ka hortar-cheffrees-si gaar ah loogu talagalay nidaamyada kuleylka. Waa maxay walaxdani maxaase lagu gartaa?
Xilligan, asaaska ku saleysan xalka aqueous ee ethylene Glycol waxaa laga helay Russia iyo dibedda. Haddii ay dhacdo in kiisaska, xalka noocan oo kale ah waxaa ku jira 65% ee ethylene Glycol iyo 31% ee biyaha (inta hartay 4% - waxyaabaha lagu xakameeyo waxyaabaha lagu daro). Alaabtan, oo loo arko inay fiicantahay astaamaha kuleylka-sifooyinka, marna dib-u-dejintu ma aha, ma barafoobay heerkulka -65 ...- 70-yada, iyo ethellene Glycol oo ka soo baxa ma daajiyo. Laakiin si loo fuliyo shaqadeeda ugu weyn (kuleylka kuleylka), ka hortaga 'antifashoze', laakiin sidoo kale ma karkarin noocyada heerkulka qalliinka, ha u noqon karin kimikal, ha u dhigin meel ka baxsan dusha sare ee dusha sare nidaam) oo ha burburin agabka qaab dhismeedka. Hawlahan ayaa ka caawisa isaga xallinta waxyaabaha kale ee lagu daro: xakameeyayaasha xasaasiga biraha, wakiilka kahortaga luminta, iwm., Etc., oo ka kooban 4% miisaanka xalka.
Suuqa casriga ah ee casriga ah ayaa inta badan bixiya ka hortaynta wax soo saarka gudaha. Xitaa alaabada sida loo yaqaan sida antifrogen n iyo arimahel ee soosaarka Jarmalka, annaga oo aanu si isdaba joog ah ugu habboonayn qiimaha sare awgeed. Aza si tartiib tartiib ah looga waayey iibka iyo qaababka kale ee la soo dejiyey, iyagoo siinaya soosaarayaasha guryaha leh awood ku dhow suuqa. Xakamaynta ka hortaga ayaa loo iibin karaa sida qaab xoog leh (95% ethellene glycol) oo horey u diyaar u yahay isticmaalka - oo si ku habboon u muujinaya calaamadda sheyga - tirada bilowga crystallition (qaanuunka, 30) ama 65) ayaa la muujiyaa ama ereyga "xoogga" waa la dhigay.. Macaamiil badan ayaa u fududeynaya gaadiidku door bidaaya inay si ay u helaan xoogsaarid ama xasaasiyad "pocsxormentary" (oo leh heerkulka qaboojiyaha -65с, oo aan laheyn dillaac, marka laga reebo waqooyiga aadka u ah. Tusaale ahaan, marka aad ku candhuufto biyo nadiif ah oo lagu calaamadinayo "65" ee saamiga 2: 1 (2 qaybood oo ka mid ah kahortagga iyo 1 qayb ka mid ah biyaha), qabow heerkulka crystallition of crystallition waa -3c, markii lagu qasi jiray 1: 1, Kulantka leh heerkulka bilowga crystallization -20c. Kuwa doorbida in aysan ku dabin goobta ayaa iibsanaya wax soo saar dhameystiran, iyo haddii heerkulka qaboojiya uusan ku habboonayn, ku amro kahortaga soo-saaraha oo leh astaamaha loo baahan yahay, suuragalnimadaas ayaa sidoo kale jira.
Waxay u muuqataa inay tahay mid fudud oo wanaagsan. Laakiin ... Etherene Glycol, oo qayb ka ah ka cawjadeedka, marka qofku ku dhex galo jirka "sunta" (qaabilaadda "soo dhawaynta" oo keliya 100 ml ee walaxdani waxay noqon kartaa qiyaas dilaa ah qof weyn. Taasi waa sababta ku adkaysiga aasaaska noocaas oo kale ah lagula talinayo in si gaar ah loogu isticmaalo (!) Nidaamyada kuleylka ee xiran (oo leh haanta ballaarinta xiran). Oo waa inaadan siinin dammaanad qaadka qaar ka mid ah caqabadaha murugada leh ee nidaamyada kuleylka ee ku qancinta macaamiisha, sidii haanta furan ee hawo hawo leh oo aan lahayn qatar lafteeda ma aha talis.
Laakiin ka waran haanta ballaarinta furan)? Waa boqolaal kun oo kun oo guryaha xagaaga ah oo dhan Russia, hadii aan ahayn malaayiin. Iyaga, bixitaanku waa inuu u isticmaalo antifaresres-ka oo aan ku salaysnayn 'ethylene glycol', laakiin ku saleysan qaab dhismeedka glycol, oo ay tahay, gabi ahaanba aan sun lahayn (illaa 1996, u guurka la-wareegidda glycol geesi u gudbinta propylen glycol confafifat. Halkan waxay si geesinimo leh ugu dhiirrigeli karaan si ay uga codsadaan nidaamyada furan. Run, waxay ku kaceen 2-2.5 jeer ka qaalisan Ethylene Glycol. (Tixraac: Haddii litir ee ka hortaga ku saleysan ethylene glycol heerkulka qaboojinta waa 65 fuul qiimahooda, laakiin ku saleysan propylol glycol - 54-57 rubles) in ka badan kala badh Sannad ka soo kordha qiimaha alaabta ceyriinka ah ee suuqa adduunka ayaa sababay kor u kaca qiimayaasha loogu talagalay ka hortagga ku saabsan polypropylene-ka ah ee celcelis ahaan 40%. Natiijo ahaan, sababtuna tahay hoos u dhac af badan oo ah cabirrada iibka ee caanka ah ee caanka ah ee xasaasiyadda noocan oo kale ah ayaa si fudud u joojiyay muuqaalka suuqa Ruushka, oo aan horay u dhicin baaxadda ka hor. Soosaarayaasha guryaha ayaa sameeyay Niche weli ma aysan buuxin heer ku filan, maxaa yeelay iibka "aamin ah" propylenene glycol-ka waa dhif. Laakiin waxay u muuqataa in baahida isaga ay dhowaan kor u qaadi doonto - macaamiisha Ruushka ayaa dib u eegi doona aragtidooda ku saabsan dhibaatada badbaadada deegaanka.
Dib-u-fiirintayadu waxay bixisaa miis isbarbardhiga oo, marka lagu daro cufnaanta iyo awoodda kuleylka (heerkulka 20 iyo 80c), iyo bilowga qudhunka, waxaan si gaar ah u rogay 3 muhiim ah Tilmaamayaal daabacan oo ay tahay inaad fiiro gaar ah yeelato.
Saamaynta la isku xidho ee agabyada loo isticmaalo nidaamka kuleylka (naxaas, naxaas, bir, bir, iwm, iwm), iwm. Sida ku xusan Gost-ka jira, qiimayaasha tilmaamahan waa inaysan ka badneyn waxyaabaha soo socda: naxaasta, naxaas, naxaas, bir, bir, ma aha wax ka badan 0.1; Sold ma aha wax ka badan 0.2. Ku adkeysi xoog leh Qiimahan waa lama huraan (10, iyo xitaa 20 jeer) hoosta. Iyo waxa ay ka yar yihiin, inta badan nidaamka kuleylka ayaa ku noolaan doona.
Nabiga waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaam gaar ah (iyada oo loo marayo mugga gaar ah ee ka hortagga heerkulka go'an, hawada xawaaraha la siiyay waxaa loo gudbiyaa 5 daqiiqo) waxaana lagu muujiyaa dhererka daboolka xumbada. Sida laga soo xigtay Gest, dhererka "daboolka" ee loogu talagalay cabitaannada-loo yaqaan-u-isticmaalida waa inaysan ka badneyn 30 cm. Waqtiga loo qabtay ee la waayey ee xumbo kama badna 3 s. Koofiyadaha sare ee xumbada iyo waqti weyn oo deggenaansho ah ayaa sheegaya in ka hortagga ka hortagga ah aanu ku jirin hortiisa adiga iyo soo-saareyaasheeda soo-saareyaasheeda ayaa lagu badbaadiyey in lagu daro wakiilka ka hortagga ku hadalka.
Saamaynta qaybaha caagga ah iyo garka. Haddii gest-ka loo oggolaado barar caag ah oo aan ka badnayn 5%, ka dib markii la isticmaalayo caqabad ku habboon, kama badna 0.5%.
Xagee bay ka tagi kartaa tilmaamayaasha xusul ah haddii aad ka hesho xasaasiyad aan ku darin dib-u-eegistayada? Nasiib darrose, iyagu waa ay adag tahay in laga helo iyaga shahaadooyin kasta oo ku saabsan badeecadaha. Laakiin waxaa lagu muujiyey dukumiintiyo farsamo, oo is-ixtiraama is-ixtiraamaan (iyo iibsaduhu!) Soosaaradu waxay la socotaa badeecadooda, iyadoo la siinayo iibiyayaal. Sidaa darteed, ha ka labalabeyn inaad weydiiso jiritaanka dukumiintiyada noocan oo kale ah marka aad dooranayso cadowga, iyo haddii aysan waligey dhicin, waxaa fiican inaad iska dhaafto iibsashada.
Faallooyinka takhasuska leh
Waxay sharraxaysaa madaxa aaladda kuleylka iyo nidaamyada kuleylka ee WGUP "Nizartehniki", xubin ka mid ah madaxweynaha madaxweynaha NP Akok, murashax farshaxanka farsamada maskaxda ee Vitanovich sasin:
- Macluumaadka ku xusan dib-u-eegista runtii waxay u qalmaan fiiro gaar ah. Oo keliya maahan macaamiisha, laakiin sidoo kale laga soo bilaabo khubarada. Aniga, markaas, waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan sameeyo dhowr kale oo lagu daro, taas oo, fikradeyda, ay waxtar u lahaan doonto akhristayaasha joornaalkaaga iyo dhammaan kuwa danaynaya astaamaha isticmaalka nidaamyada kuleylka.
mid. Markaad isticmaaleyso hiitarka gudaha ee raashince, ka hortaga waa in si taxaddar leh loo adeegsadaa, nasiibdarro, hiitarka hiitarka, badanaa maahan taayirrada ay bixiyaan dukumiintiga farsamada. Qaar ka mid ah soosaarayaasha-soo-saareyaasha murugada leh waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista gaskooyinka tuubooyinka tuubbooyinka tuubbada caato ah oo si dhaqso leh u cunaan si dhakhso leh.
2. Soosaarayaal badan ayaa ku doodaya in not-Ethylenelene Glycol ay ka soo baxaan ka xanaaqa, laakiin biyo kaliya sidaas darteedna ay ka hortagnaan wax khatar ah. Ansixinta Tani hadda lama xaqiijin oo muran badan dhaliyay, maadaama tusaalaha karkaraya ee ethelyene Glycol ay labalaab tahay sida biyaha. Laakiin, in ay noqon karto in ay dhici karto, haddii Ethylenelene Glycol Antifreefezu uu daadadku yahay nidaamka, uumi-baxa haanta haanta furitaanka ee furan waa in la yareeyaa, rakibida alwaax alwaax ah, kaas oo xirta dusha sare. Taasi waa, in kasta oo ay jirto bayaanka aan dhibsoona lahayn, soosaarayaasha shisheeye ee ka hortagga lagula taliyo inay yimaadaan.
3. Nidaamyada kuleylka ee ka hortaga ayaa laga isticmaali karaa dhammaan taangiyada fidsan ee xuubka, oo aan dhammaan caag loo isticmaalo waxay u adkaysan doonaan "isgaadhsiin" oo leh qabow noocaas ah. Sidaa darteed, xulashada haanta ballaarinta, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad hubiso in loogu talagalay in lagula shaqeeyo ka hortagga.
Afar. Waxaan la kulanay daraasadahaas xaqiiqda ah in inta lagu gudajiray in ay ku jirto tuubada ka mid ah xoojinta qaar ka mid ah biyuhu ee loo isticmaalo biyahaan "maxalliga" ah waxay bixin karaan falcelin ay weheliso roobab. Waxaan inta badan ku dari karnaa, sidaa daraadeed si lamadegaan ah oo loo baahan yahay. Si loo hubiyo in laga soo horjeedo ifafaale noocan oo kale ah, waxay macno u leedahay in midkoodna uu helo adeegsiga-u-adeegsiga u diyaar garowga oo aan u baahnayn dilid, ama isticmaal biyo lumis ah si aad u milato.
shan. Qaar ka mid ah heerkul-ga, oo si ballaaran loogu isticmaalo nidaamyada kuleylka, waxay leeyihiin laba qol oo go'an: "Foormadu waxay u isticmaashaa macaamiisha) iyo" fuulitaanka "(oo ku dhex qarsoon") iyo kuwa rakibayaasha ah oo keliya). Qiyaasta "korsaarka" waxay hagaajisaa daahfurka diaphragm-ka si loo maro qaboojiyaha, iyo haddii lagu rakibo booska furitaanka ugu yar (booska 1 ama 2 ee 7-8 la heli karo), dabayaaqadii by kordhinta fiiqan. Jadwalka qaboojinta iyada oo loo marayo diaphragm noocan oo kale ah waxay horseedaa kala goynta hawada iyo, natiijada, sameynta taraafikada hawada ama xumada. Biyo, ifafaale this waa wax aan fiicnayn, laakiin loo helo gabi ahaanba, gebi ahaanba lama aqbali karo. Sidaa darteed, haddii loo isticmaali doono habeynta kuleylka, goobta "kor u qaadista" waa inay kujirtaa rakibaadda booska, ugu yaraan 3 (iyo sidoo kale kor). Iyo dejinta noocan oo kale ah waa lagama maarmaan in la raadraaca wax badan marxaladda rakibidda kuleylka.
6. Si kasta oo ay u fiicantahay hawada hawada hawada ee wanaagsan, ee nidaamyada kuleylka ee ugu adag, waxaa fiican in la isticmaalo aaladaha buugga. Tani waxay la xiriirtaa suurtagalnimada xumida kahortagga. Talooyinka la eegabay wali lama sheegin, laakiin dhaqanka ka faa'iideysiga ayaa durbaba si buuxda u xaqiijiyay.
7. Markaad ku rakibayso nidaamyada kuleylka oo leh tuubooyin bir ah si loo xiro xeryaha the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the sent the the the the the the the the the the the the sersits, waxaa si cad loogu soo bandhigayaa si loo dabaqo pass linen ah oo leh lammaane oo leh labajib Riyooyin sax ah oo ka imanaya biyaha, ka hortaga ma leh samaynta sarakicinta lin-ka. Wuxuu cunayaa "cunaa". Rakibaadda waxaa fiican in la isticmaalo Sealalets gaar ah, sida goobjoogayaal, oo ku filan 150 isku-darka the the the the the the polymeral-542-ah Oggolaanshaha The-ka (Qiyaasta baakadaha (10 ml) waa $ 9.5; ku filan qiyaastii 150-200 xuubka the the seleadent-ka ayaa laga heli karaa tirada iyo shirkadaha kale. Dabcan, alaabooyinkani ma aha kuwo raqiis ah, laakiin isticmaalkooda si buuxda u caddeeya aaminaadda rakibaadda.
sideed. Kahor intaadan ku shubin ka hortagga nidaamka, waa in lagu maydhaa astaamo gaar ah. "Set" ee loo soo saaray daaweynta noocaas ah waxaa ka mid ah 2 qaybood - dhaqitaanka (haxinta aashitada) iyo walax ka takhalusida ficilka ku maydhista aashitada lagu dhaqo. Qalliinka waa in la fuliyaa ka hor inta ugu horeysa ee ka buuxsamo kareemka nidaamka, gaar ahaan ka dib markii loo isticmaalo sidii baraf biyo ah. Haddii kale, waxaa jira halis ah in caqabadda ka hortaga "ay muujinayaan" miridhku iyo cabirka iyo kaydinta la helay si fudud oo ay u dhaliyaan tuubooyinka nidaamka kuleylka.
sagaal. Sababo la xiriira uumiga ee ka hortagga ku saabsan nidaamyada furan, badanaa waa lagama maarmaan mawduucyadooda. Haddii uu jiro wax ku saleysan nidaamka ka hortagga ah, ka dib wax dhibaatooyin ah ma jiri doonto. Haddii aysan jirin wax saami ah, waxay mudan tahay in la iibsado oo la dalbado si sax ah u ashyaada hore ee loo adeegsaday. Hargabka "cusub" waa lagu dari karaa oo keliya haddii aad kalsooni ku qabtid inay gabi ahaanba la jaan qaadayaan "gaboobay" - haddii ay yihiin kuwo aan ka yarayn, majiraan dhaqso qaar ka mid ah (ama xitaa) ee xanta dawada. Cawaaqibta wax soo saarka waxyaabaha lagu daro ee ka soo baxa halabuurku waa la saadaalin karaa. Sidaa darteed, haddii aysan jirin kalsoonida buuxda ee qaybahaas, waxaa fiican inaad si fudud ugu darto nidaamka biyaha qalalan ama gabi ahaanba isku darso nidaamka "gaboobay", ku mayr nidaamka oo kaliya isticmaal "cusub".
Iyo ugu dambeeya. Dhowr talooyin ah oo soo bandhigtay ayaa ku saleysan oo keliya waayo-aragnimo wax ku ool ah waxayna u baahan tahay daraasad qoto dheer iyo isku-darka talooyinka soo jeedinta. Ayaa ah in ay qabato daraasadahaas iyo in lacalaha ay adag yihiin. Waxay u badan tahay, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isku daro maalgelinta dawladda ee lagu maalgeliyo dadka xiiseeya sameynta daraasadaha noocaas ah ee soosaarayaasha.
| Tilmaamayaal isbarbar dhiga | Shirkad wax soo saar | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Gransiis", Moscow | "Tks", Moscow * | "Fort", Moscow ** | Hitho, Moscow | "Gelis-Int", Moscow | PTK T-S, St. Petersburg | "Prima Lex", Moscow | ||||
| Astaan ka hortag | "Priud-40" / "PRID-K" / "Kicite-ka-k" | "Dhiiga kulul-30m" / "dhiig kulul - 65m" | "Dhiiga kulul-30 eco" / "dhiig kulul - 65 eco" | "Nord-k" / "Nord-65" | Guri diiran - 65 " | Dixis dusha sare. | Dixis-30 / Dixis-65 | Golf stream-30 / golf stream-65 *** | "Armaus Hatdip" / "Argas Galan" | "Argus Ekovarrrm-65" / "Argus Ekovarrm-30" |
| Aasaaska | Ethylene glycol | Ethylene glycol | Propylen glycol | Ethylene glycol | Ethylene glycol | Propylen glycol | Ethylene glycol | Ethylene glycol | Ethylene glycol | Propylen glycol |
| Cufnaanta, g / cm3, heerkulka: | ||||||||||
| 20 | 1,080 / 1,134 / 1,134 | 1,062 / 1,086. | 1,045 / 1,048. | 1,12 / 1.08. | 1,085 | 1,040. | 1,06 / 1.09. | 1,06 / 1.09. | 1,09 / 1.08. | 1.05 / 1.04. |
| 80s | - | 1.05 / 1.05 | 1.08 / 1.00 | - | - | 0.99 | 1,03 / 1.05 | - | 1.05 / 1.04. | - / 0.99 |
| Point karkaraya, c, at 760mm hg. | 115/135/135 | 106/115 | 108/110 | 189/12. | 112. | 106. | 106/111 | 108/112 | 110/110 | 109/106. |
| Heerkulka bilaabida, oo leh | -40 / -37 / -37 | -33 / -68 | -35 / -65 | -70 / -65 | -65 | -32. | -32 / -66 | -32 / -67 | -65 / -65 | -63 / -32 |
| Awoodda kuleylka, KJ / (kgk), heerkul: | ||||||||||
| 20c. | - | 3.42 / 3.09. | 3.56 / 3,37 | - / 3,2 | 3,17 | 3,61 | 3.45 / 2.97 | 3.45 / 3,01 | 3,10 / 3,14. | 3.38 / 3,57 |
| 80C. | - | 3.63 / 3,244. | 3.80 / 3,62. | 3 / 3.4 / 3.7 | 3,51 | 3.81 | 3.63 / 3.24. | 3.70 / 3.20. | 3,25 / 3.26. | 3.63 / 3,78. |
| Saamaynta Dhimashada ee biraha: | ||||||||||
| Maar | 0.035 / 0 / - | 0.03 / 0.03. | 0.03 / 0.03. | 0.01 / 0.002. | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0/0. | 0/0. | 0.00 / 0.07 | 0.04 / 0.03. |
| Bir jaalle | 0.05 / 0.02 / - | 0.040 / 0.040 | 0.02 / 0.02. | 0.01 / 0.002. | 0.02. | 0.03 | 0/0. | 0/0. | 0.02 / 0.06. | 0.03 / 0.02. |
| Nin khaleyad | 0.2 / 0.12 / - | 0.08 / 0.06. | 0.04 / 0.06. | 0.01 / 0,01 | 0.03 | 0.04. | 0.03 / 0.07 | 0.03 / 0.07 | 0.03 / 0.04. | 0.05 / 0.05 |
| Jaandi | 0.05 / 0 / - | 0.02 / 0.04. | 0.04 / 0.03. | 0.02 / 0,01 | 0.04. | 0,01 | 0/0 | 0/0. | 0.02 / 0.06. | 0.03 / 0.02. |
| Bir bir ah | 0.02 / 0 / - | 0.02 / 0.020 | 0.02 / 0.02. | 0.01 / 0,01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.003 / 0,01 | 0.003 / 0.001. | 0.00 / 0.07 | 0.03 / 0.03. |
| Bir | 0.02 / 0 / - | 0.01 / 0.020 | 0.00 / 0,01 | 0.01 / 0,01 | 0,01 | 0.02. | 0.01 / 0.02. | 0.01 / 0.002. | 0.00 / 0.05 | 0.01 / 0,01 |
| Foomeynin: | ||||||||||
| Mugga xumbo ka dib 5 daqiiqo ka dib 88c, cm | 1 / 0.8 / 0.8 | 12/15 | 11/12. | 10/15 / 5 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 1.0 / 1.0 | 1.0 / 1.0 | 1.3 / 11. | 7.0 / 4.0. |
| Waqtiga foosha xumbo, oo leh | 2/3/3 | 1 / 1.5 | 1.7 / 1.6 | 1.5 / 1 / 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 / 1,1 | 1.0 / 1.0 | 1/2 | 1.5 / 1.5 |
| Barar caag ah (isbedelka mugga 72 saacadood 100 ° C),% | 0.6 / 2.9 / 2.9 | 1.2 / 0.9 | 1.0 / 1,1 | 1.2 / 0.6 / 0.4 | 1,1 | 1,4. | 1.8 / 1.85 | 1.2 / 1.09. | 1.3 / 1.7 | 1.8 / 1.6 |
| Xarkaha mugga, l | 1.4 / 1.4 / 4 | 10, 20, 50, 200 200 | 10, 20, 50, 200 200 | 10, 20, 50, 200 200 | 20, 30. | 10, 20, 30, | 10, 20, 50, 200 200 | 10, 20, 50, 200 200 | - | |
| Qiimaha, xoqidda / l (oo aan lahayn baakad) | 33.2 / 53.6 / 66.9 | 12.6 / 19,2 | 39.0/5.0. | 25.5 / 16/12 | 16-17 | 48. | 17/24 | 14.0 / 20.0. | 19.0 / 9.0. | 57.0 / 45.0 |
| * - soosaarida wax soo saarka ee ISO 9000; ** - Waxaa ku jira waxyaabo lagu daro waxyaabo kale oo lagu daro oo yareeya fursadda daadashada 30-40%; *** - Waxaa la siiyay calaamadaha tayada ee Ururka macaamiisha Ruushka ee bishii Meey 2003 |
Tifaftirayaasha ayaa mahad leh shirkadda "Teks", "Gelins-Int", "kibir", "ayuu Ptk T-s" iyo "Forte" si looga caawiyo diyaarinta maaddada.