Sixelela indlela yokwakha kunye nokuxhobisa inyathelo lomgangatho ngenyathelo.
Ifoto: Indlu yamatye
I-Praines yeTrainage yale mihla eyenziwe nge-polybethylene iphezulu ye-Polythylene inamandla aneleyo kunye nokuxhathisa kwiimpembelelo zobundlobongela, echaphazela i-fungi ye-fungi kunye ne-bacteria, kunye nomonakalo kwiingcambu zezityalo. Ifoto: "Tokhnikol"
Ngokwemigangatho yokwakha, igumbi elingaphantsi lithathwa njengomgangatho, lavulwa ukuba lingabi ngaphezulu kwe-½ yokuphakama, kodwa rhoqo eli gama lisetyenziswa kuwo nawuphi na umhlaba ophantsi komhlaba ophantsi nangaphezulu. Ukuqinisekiswa ukuba ukuthuthuzelwa apha kulula kakhulu kunakwigumbi elingaphantsi, apho ukukhanya okuthe kratya kukungakhethi kwaye kungasebenzi ngaphandle kokungena kumoya onyanzelekileyo. Kwaye ukanti, amagumbi okuhlala epholileyo asekwe kwi-"Seade" ingxaki - oku kuyathintelwa kukunqongophala kwelanga kunye nokuthathwa kwelanga (kuhlala kungabi ngaphezu kwe-2.4 m). Kodwa apha unokuthi faka onke amagumbi okusebenza, ngaloo ndlela ukonga indawo kwindawo kwaye uphephe inkcitho ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezongezelelweyo kunye neziqhotyoshelweyo. Inxalenye yezoqoqosho ayinakuthatha yonke indawo yenqanaba - kuyacetyiswa ukuba iyidibanise kwindawo yokuzonwabisa equlathe, umzekelo, ukusuka kwindawo yokuzivocavoca kwaye u-sauna kunye neshawari. Nangona kunjalo, ubume be "Isiseko" kunye nolungiselelo lwendawo ekufumaneka kuyo sisihloko sencoko enkulu eyahlukileyo, kwaye kweli nqaku siza kuwaxubusha ngezinto malunga nolwakhiwo lwezixhobo zokwakha.
Kwimimandla engxamisekileyo endaweni yegumbi elingaphantsi kunye nesiseko, umgangatho wokuqala wokuhlala (wezoqoqosho) onomgangatho wekhonkrithi kwinqanaba lendawo kunye neendlela ngamanye amaxesha zithatha. Ayifuni umsebenzi onzulu kakhulu kwindlela yokunxila komhlaba, iindonga ezinamanzi kunye nokufakwa kwenkqubo yokutya.
Ulwakhiwo lwegumbi elingaphantsi phantse luhlala luzithethelela kwiindawo ezomileyo ze-subrime, ngakumbi ngokugqibeleleyo kwendawo ephantsi kolwakhiwo kunye / okanye ukuba isakhiwo senziwe ngeendonga ezinzima ezifuna isiseko seplate (iRepyux). Ifoto: Shutterstock / ifoto
Isakhelo sokuqiniswa kweplate yesiseko senziwe ngaphezulu kwekhonkrithi yekhonkrithi, phantsi kwayo apho kukho ungqimba lwamanzi. Ifoto: Shutterstock / ifoto
Kwangelo xesha, bashiya ukukhululwa kwe "mating" yeendonga neekholamu zenkxaso. Ifoto: Shutterstock / ifoto
Iindonga zegumbi elingaphantsi zinokwakhiwa kwikhonkrithi ye-monolithic. Ifoto: "Kexholm stroy"
Okanye iibhloko zesiseko. I-monolithic ribbon yomelele kwaye iqinile, kodwa iya kubiza ngaphezulu kwaye inyanzelise umgangatho womsebenzi. Ifoto: "Ars22"
Ukucutha iindleko zokufudumeza kuya kunceda ukufunyanwa kwesiseko sephepha le-EPPS. Ifoto: I-Penopelex
Isiseko somhlaba apho kukho isakhelo seziseko zepile, ipleyiti efudumeleyo okanye iindonga ezidadayo, kwaye iindonga zayo kufuneka zakhiwe ezivela kwi-100 yemijikelezo ye-flezles ye-flezles / yekhonkrithi okanye iibhloko ze-polystyrene) , okanye ukukhusela ukunyangwa komswakama. Ukungancedisi kwesisombululo esinjalo soyilo kunye noCwangciso akukho lula ukufikelela kwinqanaba lokuhlala kunye "Ukwahlulwa" komntu omele iNdlu yeNdlu.
Ukutywina "Ukutywina kubanda" ekuphela kwesiseko
1-Inxalenye yodonga lodonga lwegumbi elingaphantsi (I-Monolithic yaqinisa i-Conrete Tapete); 2-Umgangatho wegumbi elingaphantsi (i-screcied scred iplagi yegrabile); I-3 -Ukuyisa i-Tape Delta Forst Orriers (indibaniselwano ye-polythylene ye-polybethylene kunye ne-nonloveve Pontultera); I-4 - isiseko. Ifoto: Dörnen.
Luhlobo luni lomhlaba olungcono lokwakha isiseko
Ukuba usebenzisa itekhnoloji yale mihla, emva koko indlu enomgangatho ophantsi inokukhuliswa kuyo nayiphi na indawo kwaye phantse nawuphi na umhlaba, kodwa esi sisombululo asisoloko sisebenza ngexabiso. Kuyenzeka ukuba uqale ukubala kwaye wenze isigqibo unokuthetha kuphela emva kokuthethwa kwegeo.
Ukutywina amalungu phakathi kwezitovu kunye neebhloko, isisombululo esiguquliweyo sinokusetyenziswa okanye i-polyurethane ekhethekileyo ye-polyurethane iglure. Ifoto: Ytong.
"UKWENZA INDAWO YOKUGQIBELA Ngaphantsi kwemeko ezinjalo, kunzima kakhulu ukuyenza umsebenzi wokuphuma kwamanzi kwinxalenye engaphantsi komhlaba, ukongeza, ukuvala amanzi kumhlaba omanzi we-frezi offly kunciphisa ubomi bokungasebenzi, kwaye umswakama uqalisa ukungena kumgangatho kunye neendonga.
Kwakhona, umqobo onamandla uya kuba ngumaleko wembewu enkulu phantsi kwesiseko. Kule meko, ukomeleza okongeziweyo kwesiseko ngokuvalwa kwemfumba, kwaye oku kuyakwandisa iindleko zokwakha.
Okokugqibela, kunzima kakhulu ukwakha umgangatho ongaphantsi komhlaba kumhlaba onamatye: ukutshatyalaliswa kwengxondorha, nokuba usebenzise itekhnoloji yale mihla, ixesha lokutya.
Kwiimeko ezisele, igumbi elingaphantsi linokuba yinzuzo, nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukholelwe ukuba iifemu ezithembisayo ukwakha ixabiso le-ribbon yesiseko se-ribbn. Njengokuba, nangona kunjalo, kunye neenkcazo zokuba umhlaba ungaphantsi komhlaba uya kubiza kakhulu. Oku kubalwa, ngakumbi ukuba iindleko zokusebenza zithathele ingqalelo, zifuna indlela yobuqhetseba kwaye kufuneka zenziwe ngokukodwa kwiprojekthi nganye.
I-Inlet kwaye ingena emanzini ayimfuneko ekukhuseleni indawo ekuvuzaneni, kodwa nokukhusela ngokulakwa kwesakhelo sento yekhonkrithi. Ifoto: Penten
Ukwakhiwa komhlaba
Igumbi elingaphantsi libekwa ngaphakathi kwisiseko sebhanti yeplate, ukwakhiwa kwento efuna ukungathethi kakuhle ngokwee-geo, kodwa kukwaye nakwindawo enobuzaza kunye nomsebenzi wekhonkrithi.Umzobo wesixhobo esiphantsi komhlaba esiphantsi komhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba
1- Nika; I-2-I-membrane yokugcina amanzi, ichukunyiswe ngomaleko we-polymer polymer thestic; I-3-i-insulli ye-thermal (iimakhishithi ze-EPPS); I-HYDROSONONpon (ukukhuselwa ngokulandelelana kumthungo wekristale); 5 -intloko rack; I-6-Ikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi ("emnandi"); I-7-termar drainage; I-8-I-Wall Dloinage (i-membrane i-membrane); I-9-I-Filter Filiter (Geotext); I-10-umkhukula. Ifoto: "Tokhnikol"
Uphuhliso lwe-catilovana
Okwangoku, akunyanzelekanga ukuba kwenziwe ngaphandle kwendawo yokudala, kodwa i-20 ukuya kwi-20 ukuya kwi-20 cm ilahla ngesandla. Kuyimfuneko ukuze isiseko siqinisekisiwe ukuba siphumle kumhlaba omdaka, kungenjalo siza kunika i-shrinkige ebalulekileyo, ngenxa yoko ubushushu bangaphandle kunye netephu yeSiseko bunokubandezeleka (oko kukuthi, indawo engaphantsi komhlaba iindonga).Igumbi elingaphantsi lihlala lilungile kumathambeka apho ivolumu yomhlaba incinci, kwaye uninzi lwe-bulk kunye namanzi emvula asuswe ngumgangatho ophezulu.
Ukulungiswa kwesiseko seplate yesiseko
Ezantsi kwe-pilmer right ngumqamelo ukusuka kwi-rubble enkulu kunye nobungqingqwa obuyi-20 cm, eyenza umsebenzi wenqanaba lomgangatho kunye nokugcina amanzi. Ngaphakathi kumqamelo, kunye ne-pitch ye-1.5 m, imibhobho ye-pipe enesidima ifakwe eGeotextXlexte, emva koko iqhagamshelwe kumaxilongo entywila esetyenzisiweyo. (Phantsi komhlaba Soloko usoyikisa izikhukula ngeemvula ezinamandla kunye nezikhukula, ke nokuba nenqanaba eliphantsi lamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, akunakwenzeka ukutyeshela isixhobo kwi-Squage enzulu yeSoftware.)
Umqamelo uchithekile, kwaye emva koko wenze "ukutshayela" (uqwengile inkitha yekhonkrithi ephantsi) enobungqingqwa be-5 cm, ngaphezulu kwe-Polythylene Methylene Memylene Memylene Memylene Memylene Memylene membrane Umzekelo, "dibanisa" okanye i-witterstart istart) nge-shati yokulinganisa okanye ukudibanisa i-welding.
Okulandelayo, i-gasket eyongezelelweyo, i-gasket kunye neengqengqelo zamanzi, ezinokubakho kwelinye icala (i-sand-cerd) ukuya kwezintlanu.
Ukugcwalisa iPlatiX
Ubungqingqwa beplate yesiseko, kuxhomekeka kwimithwalo ebaliweyo, isuka kwi-250 ukuya kwi-500 mm. Iphuculwe sisimo sensimbi esuka kwi-wiri ferinten bar enobubanzi obuyi-12 mm; Kwangelo xesha, inqanaba elisezantsi lokuqiniswa kufuneka kubekwe kwiinkxaso ezikude zeplastiki, ezinje ngesiseko semigangatho.Ngokwembonakalo egalela i-boilelithi yesiseko se-boiler ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ikhonkrithi yomenzi wefektri enikelwe kwinto e-Autericgers kunye nempompo.
Ukwakhiwa kwezizathu zomgangatho womhlaba
Eli nqanaba liqhubekile emva kokuba isitovu siza kuhla ubuncinci i-70% yamandla, oko kukuthi, kwiintsuku ezingama-7 ukuya kwezi-70 kamva (kuxhomekeke kubushushu bomoya). Yiyo loo nto, obizwa ngokuba ngumthungo obandayo uhlala ekhona phakathi kodonga kunye nesitovu. Itywinwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa enye yeyona isebenzayo yi-gasket yentambo yerabha okanye i-methastic ekhethekileyo ye-elastic kwaye iguqulwe amanzi angaphandle.
Ukufakwa kwezinto eziphambili zenziwa ngoncedo lwetekhnoloji yokuphakamisa, kodwa imisebenzi emininzi yenziwa ngesandla usebenzisa i-lever. Ifoto: Ytong.
Iindonga zegumbi elingaphantsi komhlaba zimiselwe kakuhle ukusuka kwi-monolithic ekumgangatho ophakathi komeleza ikhonkrithi, ibophe isakhelo sabo sokuqiniswa kwesakhelo se-Slab (koku, le yenziwa ngaphandle kwe-0.7 m). Ubuninzi obungapheliyo be-chais tape yi-250-300 mm.
Ngamanye amaxesha iindonga zibekwe kwiibhloko zesiseko, nangona kunjalo, kuyilo olunje luthatha ngakumbi ukuvuza kwaye lufuna amanzi ngokukodwa. Izahlulo ezingabonakaliyo zibuzwa kamva - ukusuka kwizitena, iibhloksi okanye itekhnoloji yemem.
Nokuba kuphela izakhiwo zobugcisa zibekwe kwinqanaba le-zero, kufuneka ifuduselwe. Ifoto: Shutterstock / ifoto
Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo kulwakhiwo lomgangatho emhlabeni
- Ukuthatha isigqibo malunga nefowuni yegumbi elingaphantsi emva kokwakhiwa kwesiseko sebhanti (ngaphandle kwesiseko se-slab). Ngokuthembekileyo tywina umgangatho odibeneyo nodonga ngale ndlela yokwakha kunzima kakhulu.
- Ukwala indawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentlukumelo kwiindawo ezinobuninzi obuninzi kunye nezikhukula ezininzi. Ukuboniswa ixesha elide emanzini kunye nomkhenkce kukhokelela ekonakaleni komaleko wamanzi.
- Ukwakhiwa kweendonga zegumbi elingaphantsi lebhloko yesiseko kwimihlaba eshukumayo kunye nethambeka. Inokwenzeka yokutshintsha iibhloko phantsi koxinzelelo lomhlaba kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuqina kweendonga kuhle.
- Umsebenzi wekhonkrithi esemgangathweni ophantsi - iimpazamo xa ubeka i-fittings, emide emide ekuqhubeni, ebeka ikhonkrithi ngaphandle kokushukumisa.
Andrei Zubtsov
Ukukhokela iNgcali yeNgcali "Teknonikol"
Umsebenzi wokugqibela ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwesiseko
Ukufakelwa kwamanzi kunye nokufakelwa kwamanzi
Njengomthetho, ukukhuselwa kumswakama ezindongeni, i-tehmen-poly-polymer), "iTehnonikol" okanye " isetyenzisiwe. Olunye ukhetho kukusetyenziswa kokungena (Capillary) ukwakhiwa kwe-celmer, thetha i-Penern okanye i-hydrotex-b, kodwa ayifanelekanga ukuba izakhiwo zikhokelela ekuphumleni iindonga zeondonga). Ukukhutshelwa kwamanzi okuvunileyo kuyasebenza kakhulu phantsi kwemeko yokhuselo lwayo kumonakalo wezinto eziqengqelekayo okanye ungqimba lwenterfayili.
Ukufakwa kweshushu i-odulity kunye namashiti okufumana ubugwebi be-polystrene ofuthelweyo (i-EPPS). Esi sixhobo sinokuthathwa amanzi aphantsi kakhulu kwaye emhlabeni kuya kuzigcina iipropathi zayo ubuncinci kangangeminyaka engama-30. Kwinxalenye engaphantsi komhlaba wesiseko, i-EPPS Sheet ilungisiwe nge-polymer-bitmen mastic, kwaye isebenza ngaphezulu-iplate ye-mastic kunye neplastiki.
Ifoto: Vladimir Grigoriev / I-Budadiedia
Isixhobo sokuntywila
Umsele ecaleni kweendonga, njengommiselo, ulale nesanti ye-Coarder okanye isandfrene, kodwa ugqibezele ufakelo lwenkqubo yesiseko kunye nokufaka iidrimes kwikona, apho Amanzi aya kukhutshwa kwimitha kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba kumhlaba wodongwe Kungcono ukuba wenze endaweni yomgangatho wokwehla weqhina entywila ecaleni kwendawo, ecwangciswe ziindonga zodongwe ezindongeni; Isidingo samanzi ukusuka kwisiseko sesiseko siyagcinwa.
I-membrane ye-roflege ibonelela ngokuhamba kwamanzi ecaleni kodonga lwesiseko ukuya kwiidrain zamanzi, ngaloo ndlela kuphumla uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic kulwakhiwo olungaphantsi komhlaba. Ifoto: Tegola.
Ufakelo lokugqobhoza
Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuphanga igumbi elingaphantsi yiplate yekhonkrithi yePrinces kwimveliso yemveliso. Kutshanje, iipleyiti ze-classic zihlala zithatyathwa ziimveliso zokukhanya ezikhanyayo ngamandla aneleyo kunye neyona ndawo ilungileyo yentengiso. I-Odlap yemithi yamaplanga incinci kakhulu kwaye inokuba "ifowunelwe".
Ngengqokelela yengqokelela kunye ne-monolithic, kulula ukwakha ngaphezulu ngokuvulwa kwayo nayiphi na indawo kunye nefom. Ifoto: "Marco"
Umzobo wesixhobo sokuqokelela-monolithic ngaphezulu
I-1-yebhanti yekhonkrithi; I-2-Iprofayile yentsimbi ngaphezulu kwe-beam; I-3-vimba i-liner kwikhonkrithi yeselula; I-4 -igridi yokuqinisa i-Grid; I-5-Isanti-isanti yesanti ngobungqingqwa bama-50 mm; I-6-IXESHA LOKUQHUTYELWA (UKUKHUSELEKA NGOKUFANELEKILEYO NGOKUGQIBELA NGEXESHA LODLULE). Ifoto: "Marco"
Gqiba isuthu
Amaphepha afakelweyo ye-EPPS asezantsi anokubekwa kwigridi kunye ne-lining kunye necwerher okanye ilitye lezinto eziphilayo elingengaphezulu kwe-50 kg / m2. Okanye unamathisele kudonga lwekhonkrithi ngokusebenzisa isakhelo sokufakelwa kweeprofayili ze-aluminium kwaye utyale isiseko ngePolypropylene okanye iiphaneli zesiseko se-fibrop. Ukugqibela nangona kungaphantsi kwethayile ngokuhlobisa, kodwa kuncinci kumgangatho womsebenzi womsebenzi kwaye kuya kubiza umntu kunye nesiqingatha okanye uphinda-phindwe kabini.Indawo yokupaka engaphantsi komhlaba
Igaraji efudumeleyo kumgangatho womhlaba-iphupha labanini bamakhaya amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ubunzima obunxulumene nokusebenza kwayo kwangaphambili. Eyona nto iphambili kubo yimvula kwaye amanzi athatyathwa amanzi equkuqela i-ramp, kunye nekhephu kunye nokuntywila, ukuthintela ukunyuka nokunyuka. Inkqubo yejenares ye-crainage exhunyiwe nomhlobo kunye nomhlobo weendlela zokuhambisa amanzi ziya kunceda ekusombululeni, enye yazo ibeka indawo engenanto phambi kwesango okanye kwiziko elixhomekeke kwi isiseko somgangatho. Le nkqubo ibandakanya isikhundla esongeyo apho kufakwe khona impompo ye-pump yokugcwala ngokuzenzekelayo, impompo amanzi amdaka ngesaqhwithi, umngxunya wendlela okanye ukukhululeka ezantsi.
Ukugcina i-theaids eqhelekileyo kwigaraji yesiseko, ukuphazamiseka okunyanzelekileyo kuyafuneka okanye inkqubo yokuphelisa ijelo. Imingxunya yokuphelisa ibekwe kufutshane, kuba ilapha ukuba umoya ovuthiweyo nomoya obandayo uqokelela. Kwi-1 M2 yendawo yegaraji, malunga ne-5 cm2 yendawo yokuphelisa amajelo ayimfuneko. Kwaye akufuneki uyityeshele imikhono eguqukayo edityaniswe kumbhobho wokuphelisa ngexesha lokufudumala i-injini.
Ukulwa nekhephu eliqengqelwe kwaye ibunzi le-ramp kuya kunceda inkqubo yokufudumeza imibane esekwe kwikhonkrithi okanye ibeka iintambo zokufudumeza. Kodwa ngeqabaka elinamandla kunye nempahla yekhephu elininzi, kuya kufuneka icofe i-ramp icocwe kwaye ifakwe iarhente ye-Antignic. Ifoto: Shutterstock / ifoto
Kuyimfuneko ukufudumeza umhlaba, kuba ukuxhathisa ubushushu bokudluliselwa kobushushu kweendonga zekhonkrithi akudlula kwi-0.6 m² • ° C / W. Ukufudumeza kunye neepleyiti ze-EPPS ezinobunzima obuyi-100 mm ziya kwandisa eli xabiso liyi-3.4 m² • ° C / W, ohamba kancinci kwiindonga zeRussia. Ukufakelwa kufuneka kubekwe phezu kwangaphandle, ngaphezulu kokuvela kwamanzi ukuze kwenzeke ukuba le yokugqibela ikhuselwe ngomonakalo womhlaba ngexesha lomhlaba, i-shrinkge yayo kunye neflethi yayo. Xa ukutshintshwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, ukubekwa amanzi kufuneka kusondele ngezinto zephepha lamanzi (umzekelo, i-Asbestos-cetes-cetes ezenziwe ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ngendlela, indlela yokugqibela inyusa ukusebenza kwentsulwana esetyenzisiweyo.
I-Ilya Kormukhin
Injineli yoyilo ye-DSC yehlobo