Nawuphi na umqeqeshi uyazi kakuhle ukuba amanye amagumbi anzima kakhulu ukuyithengisa. Phakathi kwezona zinto zinengxaki yengxaki - ukuthenga kunye nokuthengiswa kwezindlu, omnye wabanini bayo umntwana. Qwalasela ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zokusebenza kwipropathi yokwenyani
Nawuphi na umqeqeshi uyazi kakuhle ukuba amanye amagumbi anzima kakhulu ukuyithengisa. Phakathi kwezona zinto zinengxaki yengxaki - ukuthenga kunye nokuthengiswa kwezindlu, omnye wabanini bayo umntwana. Qwalasela ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zokusebenza kwipropathi yokwenyani
Ukuba umntwana akangomnini wendlu, kodwa abhaliswe kuyo, akunyanzelekanga ukuba ufumane imvume kumgadi. Kodwa ukuba isungulwe ukuba incinci ihluthwe inkathalo yabazali nokuba ujonge amalungelo akhe, isivumelwano sokuthengisa sinokucelwa umngeni iminyaka emi-3
Amalungelo abantwana
Imvume yesicelo solondolozo kunye namaqumrhu obugcini-msebenzi kufuneka kwintengiselwano ekhokelela ekwehlani kwisabelo sepropathi, umnini-ndawo kuphela okanye umnini wenxalenye yomntwana. Oku kubandakanya:- ukuthengiswa nokuthengiswa;
-Umnikelo;
Ipropathi yesibini;
-Ukuyiswa kwi okanye irente, ukusetyenziswa simahla;
-Ukutshintshiselana;
-Ukutya kwentengo yokhetho lwesabelo;
Icandelo lePropathi;
-Ukungavumi kwelifa;
-Ukuhlukaniswa kwesabelo sepropathi yomntwana.
Ngokutsho kwemithetho yaseRussia, iminyaka eli-18 iza. Abakhuseli basebenzisa amalungelo ayo ngokupheleleyo, kuzimele ngokupheleleyo xa begqiba naziphi na izinto ezenziweyo (ngokuqinisekileyo, oku akusebenzi kwabo bantu banesifo sengqondo (ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo).
"Umntwana ongenaBusuku" ngabantwana, oko kukuthi, abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18. Abantwana baseJunior (ngaphantsi kwe-14) banelungelo lokulawula imali yabo yemali, yenza ukuthengiselana kwekhaya. Zonke ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezenziwe ngokusemthethweni zenza abameli bezomthetho (abazali, abazali abamkhulisayo, abagcini-kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-14). Ngaphandle kwe-visa yommeli osemthethweni wentengiselwano, eyenziwe ngumntwana, ukusuka kwindawo esemthethweni yabangesiyo.
Abancinci abaphezulu (i-14-18) banandipha inkululeko enkulu kakhulu: banokuyilahla ingeniso yobuqu (umzekelo, ukufundela i-Schoshar, intlawulo), kunye nokwenza abasemagunyeni kwi Umsebenzi wesayensi, uncwadi okanye ubugcisa, izinto okanye ezinye izinto okanye ukhuselwe ngumthetho wobugcisa bengqondo. Ukongeza, abantwana abaneminyaka eli-14 nangaphezulu banelungelo lokutyikitya kumaxwebhu, bangene kwisivumelwano (nangona kunjalo, imvume ebhaliweyo yabazali okanye itrasti kufuneka ifumaneke kule yokugqibela).
Kukwakho okuthe kratya: Abantwana banokuba nakho ukufezekisa amalungelo abo ngokupheleleyo kwiminyaka eli-18, ukuba abagcini babasebenzi (kwiimeko ezithile - iNkundla) ithathe isigqibo malunga nokufumana uninzi). Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba umntwana eneminyaka eli-16 kunye neminyaka emidala phantsi kwemvumelwano yengqesho, okanye ngemvume yabazali (itrasti) ebandakanyeke kushishino, okanye utshatile. Isigqibo sithathwa ngamagunya okuhlala. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imeko enkulu: Bobabini abazali (okanye abameli bezomthetho) kufuneka bavumelane, kungenjalo ukuba uqaphele ukuba umntwana wakhe waya enkundleni.
Ukuba abagcini babasebenzi bamkele isigqibo esifanelekileyo kwi-Emination, umntwana ufumana isikhundla esipheleleyo, oko kukuthi, ilungelo lokwenza izigqibo (kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, liphendule kwizibophelelo zayo). Kule meko, imvume yokugqiba kwelokuba intengiselwano engasebenziyo ayiyi kucelwa, kwaye abazali abayi kuba nakho ukuphembelela njani impahla yezakhe.
Ukufumana imvume kwiKhomishini enezindlu, ubukho bobuqu noyise kunye nonina kwiSebe leLondolozwe. Nokuba umtshato uphelisiwe okanye omnye wabazali ubhalise kwenye idilesi, zombini kufuneka zibhale ingxelo
Ukulungiselela amaxwebhu
-Ingxelo yabazali abagcini babaLondoloze kunye nolawulo lokulungiselela kunye nesicelo sokwabelana ngentengiselwano (ukuba akukho bazali, kufuneka singenise uxwebhu lokuqinisekisa amalungelo abazali okanye Ukuqonda ukuba umzali engekhoyo engekhoyo);
-isicelo sokunika imvume yokuqukumbela intengiselwano yomncinci othatha inxaxheba kwi-14 nangaphezulu;
-iirisithi zawo onke amanani abantu abadala abathabatha inxaxheba kwintengiselwano, ukuba bayavuma ukuthatha inxaxheba kumntwana kwimisebenzi ka-ESEBE;
Isiqinisekiso (isiqinisekiso) ngokuzalwa komntwana (abantwana) okanye ipasipoti (abo sele beneminyaka eli-14 ubudala);
Amaxwebhu aqinisekisa ubunini bayo yonke indawo yokuhlala ethatha inxaxheba kwintengiselwano (isatifikethi sobunini bendawo yokuhlala, ikhontrakthi yotshintshiselwano, ukuthengwa kunye nokuthengisa, isatifikethi selifa);
Izatifikethi ze-BTI malunga neendleko zendawo yokuhlala ethatha inxaxheba kwintengiselwano (isatifikethi esahlukileyo kwinto nganye);
-Ukukhanya kunye nesicwangciso somgangatho (ukuba uthenga indlu, - isicwangciso seCanastral) sayo yonke into;
-ingxelo zokwenyani ezivela kwiincwadi zendlu kuyo yonke indawo yokuhlala ebandakanyekayo kwintengiselwano;
Iingxelo malunga nenqanaba le-akhawunti yezezimali kunye neeakhawunti zobuqu kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala ezibandakanyekayo kwintengiselwano;
- Izatifikethi ezivela kwi-ERC ngokungabikho kwetyala malunga nendawo yokuhlala ethatha inxaxheba kwintengiselwano (ubukho bezi zibhengezo aziyimfuneko, kodwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba amaxwebhu anjalo ayinangxaki enkulu) .
Ukuba incinci ngumnini, kodwa ibhaliswe kwenye idilesi, iyimfuneko ukubonelela ngesicatshulwa kwincwadi yeNdlu endaweni yobhaliso, kunye namaxwebhu aqinisekisa ukuba intengiselwano esebenzayo yomntwana. Elinye lawona maxwebhu abaluleke kakhulu sisiteyitimenti sabazali, esidluliselwa ngqo emaphethelweni asemgangathweni nakwimimandla yokulungiselela. Oku kungasentla ngumzekelo wesicelo eso. Qwalasela: Faka isicelo sabasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi abagciniweyo kuphela phambi kweseti epheleleyo yeencwadi zantlandlolo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ungaphoswa ixesha elibekiweyo: isicelo (kunye namanye amaxwebhu olawulo) isebenza ngenyanga e-1. Kwangelo xesha, iisayini zibekwa phambi kwabameli bolondolozo kunye namaqumrhu olondolozo. I-Aishche yenye ingongoma ibalulekileyo: Ithiyori, umhla wokugqibela wokungeniswa kwamaxwebhu ungandiswa, kodwa oonobangela bokulibaziseka kufuneka bahlonelwe. I-Ktakov ayibandakanyi ukuphelelwa kwemihla yokubekiselwa kwayo engeniswe ekuqwalaselweni kwamaxwebhu okanye ixesha lediphozithi yendawo yokuhlala, kunye naziphi na izivumelwano zomlomo okanye ezibhaliweyo phakathi kwamaqela.
Uluhlu lwamaxwebhu aluxhomekeki kulwandiso, kodwa kwezinye iimeko iingcali zamabhunga okuhlala zinokuyinciphisa. Ngokwesiqhelo, ixesha lokuqukumbela ukuthengiselana nokuthengisa ngendlu, enomnini-mgca, kuyadingeka malunga neeveki ezimbini (ngeli xesha kuyadingeka ngamaxwebhu okungeniswa).
Abanini begumbi apho abantwana babhalisiweyo, kufuneka babekho ekuphelisweni kwentengiselwano kubameli-abangenakuthumela ummeli osemthethweni
Izindlu ze-Arithmetic
Ngokuthatha isigqibo sokuvumelana nesenzo sokuthengisa izindlu nomhlaba okanye ukwala, abasebenzi abagciniyo bakhokelwa ngummiselo "Kunokwenzeka." Oku kuthetha ukuba iiparameter zendlu entsha yolutsha akufuneki zibe mbi ngakumbi kunezangaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba iinketho ezimbini zokutolikwa kolu lawulo zinokwenzeka: I-Arithmetic (engaphezulu kweemitha zithetha ngcono) kunye nezemini ephezulu (hayi kuphela indawo, kodwa Kukwakwindawo, ukufumaneka konxibelelwano olusisiseko, igumbi elahlukileyo lomntwana, inqanaba lophuhliso lwezibonelelo).Amatyala agqithisileyo, iingcali zamacandelo okuhlala zisebenzisa indlela ye-arithmetic, esekwe kwinto yokuba ngenxa yentengiselwano, ixabiso lepropathi yomntwana alifanele linciphe. Oku kuthetha ukuba mncinci iya kuba kubunini belinye indawo yokuhlala okanye isibonda esekhaya, esilingana nalowo sele ethengisa izindlu zakhe.
Xa usebenzisa uhlobo lovavanyo lwentengiselwano yentengiselwano, uninzi lweeparamitha ezininzi ziqwalasele kunendawo yegumbi, idipozithi yomnini-mveliso. Ke ngoko, ukuba abazali bafuna ukutshintsha indlu yedolophu kwindlu ebanzi kwindlu ebanzi kwilali, kuya kufuneka baqiniseke ukuba abagcini babagcini babasebenzi ukuba abantwana baya kuqinisekiswa kwinqanaba elifanayo lentuthuzelo eyayikulo mzi.
Khawuqwalasele imizekelo eliqela yezindlu ze-Arithmetic.
Igumbi legumbi elinamagumbi amabini. Imeko inzima: Ngokucacileyo ayinakwenzeka ukuba atshintshiselane ngokulinganayo, nokuba inani leemitha ezisikwere kwi-co-odolo-ntokazi liya kuba ngaphezulu kwegumbi elinye legumbi elinegumbi elidala kunakwindlu yakudala. Isigqibo yile: Umncinci uba ngumnini wendlu entsha (kwimvumelwano yokuthengisa, umntwana uya kudweliswa njengomthengi) kuphela. Enye indlela: Umntwana ufumana imbuyekezo ngendlela yesabelo kwenye indawo (umzekelo, kuTat'omkhulu kunye notat'omkhulu) okanye ngohlobo lwedipozithi yemali kwinani elithengiswayo. Igalelo ebhankini kufuneka ivulwe egameni lomntwana, kodwa uya kuba nakho ukuyisebenzisa, kuphela ekufikeni kweminyaka eli-18.
Sitshintsha isixeko esinothuli kwilali. Ukusuka kwindlu nganye yabantwana engenayo igumbi elahlukileyo, usapho luye kwindlu yelizwe. Isikolo esikufutshane sikwindawo yokuhlala elula. Ulondolozo kunye noGunyazile boGunyazile kunokwenzeka ukuba benze isivumelwano sokwenza intengiselwano. Isizathu kukuhluka kwesikolo okanye ukuwohloka komgangatho wemfundo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho indlela yokuphuma kule meko: Vavanya umgangatho wemfundo oya kunceda, umzekelo, idatha yeenkcukacha-manani kwinani le-medists kunye nabaphumeleleyo kwezikolo ezifunyenwe kwiiyunivesithi, kunye nenani lootitshala Kwiqela leziseko leziko lemfundo. Ukuba uceba ukufundisa umntwana ekhaya, qaphela: Abasebenzi bemibutho yolondolozo ngokuvuma oku, ukuba bakholelwa ukuba umntwana kufuneka abe noluntu kwiqela (ukuba ufunda ekhaya kufuneka enze ihenyukazi kwezonyango).
Phantse itshintshiselwano olulinganayo . Eli tyala licingelwa ukuba amalungelo amancinci akazange aphulwe. Nangona kunjalo, nkqu nomthandazo olinganayo, igumbi linokuba nesicwangciso esingafaniyo nesicwangciso esingafaniyo, kwaye sinendawo efanayo yendawo yokuhlala kunye nendawo eyahlukeneyo yokuhlala kunye nokubekwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Isisombululo kuphela sokuthatha eyona gumbi ilungileyo emntwaneni.
Thenga izindlu kwimali mboleko yemali mboleko (indlu ngebheyile). Ukufumana indlela yokuphuma kwimeko engaphumeleliyo, kufuneka uvumelane ngedipozithi yendlu ebhalisiweyo, kunye nokugcinwa kwabagcini kunye nabagadisi. Ukongeza, xa uyila ikhontrakthi, umahluko uya kuthumela isicelo, nokuba idipozithi ivunyelwene. Ukongeza, ulwazi olongezelelekileyo kwikhontrakthi lungacelwa, oluza kuvumela iingcali zamagunya abagcinile ukuba ziyihlole imeko (nokuba imali mboleko iya kuhlawulwa, nokuba umntwana uya kukhawuleza isigqibo.
Abathengi kunye nabathengisi
Iifenitshala ezinamava zicebisa abathengi ukuba bafumanise ukuba ngubani omele umntu omele umntwana osemthethweni kwaye onika imvume yentengiselwano. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo ngumntwana ohlala nabazali bakhe, usapho oluchumileyo. Kule meko akukho sizathu sokukhangela kubameli bezomthetho.
Kodwa mhlawumbi kuya kufuneka ujongane nemeko xa utata kunye / okanye umama womntwana womniniyo engenalungelo lokuvalelwa kwabazali, egwetyiwe ngenxa yokuvalelwa, ukuba athwaxwa yingqondo, bafa. Kwimeko yemidla yomntwana kunye namagunya okulondolozwa.
I-aprit kufuneka icinge ngendlela yokukholisa umthengi ukuba alinde de kube kuthengiselwano kunye nolondolozo. Kufanele ukukhunjulwa ukuba ukunyaniseka yeyona nkqubo ibalaseleyo. Umthengi kufuneka alumkise ngoko nangoko ixesha lokusebenza kunye nepropathi yokwenyani iya kunyuka kancinane. Kuya kufuneka ukuqokelela amaxwebhu kwangaphambili-oku kuya kunceda ukunciphisa ixesha lokulungiselela intengiselwano. Kukhula: khumbula ukuba abaphathi begada balandelwa kuphela xa bethotyelwa amalungelo abantwana, kodwa abajonganga ukucoceka okusemthethweni kwentengiselwano kunye nokuchaneka koyilo lwamaxwebhu.