Inkqubo yokubala imirhumo yamanzi kumagumbi ezidolophini, uthelekise izikimu zokuhlawula amanzi achithiweyo. Ukufakwa kwezixhobo zomntu ngamnye
Kutshanje kwiintlawulo zamanzi eziya kuba eRussia zazifana (zabalwa, ngokusekwe kumgangatho wemihla ngemihla umntu). Kwangelo xesha, ngokuqinisekileyo akunandaba nokuba abaqeshi babezibanjwa ixesha elithile kuhambo lwamashishini kwaye bengasebenzisi onke eli xesha, okanye, ngokunjalo, ukusela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kufikile kwiiveki ezimbini. Ngokusekwe kwizixhobo zomntu ngamnye Imeko itshintshile ngokupheleleyo. I-OT, kuyingenelo okanye ukungafaki iimitha, siza kuthetha kweli nqaku.
Asiyi kuqikelela, kodwa, ukuba kunjalo, ukufakelwa kwekhawuntari nganye bekungo-2000. Inyathelo elihle lengozi. Ewe kunjalo, enkosi kwimitha yobuqu, imali eyonga imali yosapho yayingama-150-200 i-ruble. I-GETZ (malunga), kodwa iindleko zokuqala zaziqaqadekile. Ixabiso le-akhawunti ngokwalo liyi-700-1500rrub., Iindleko zofakelo lwayo - 1500 Hub. Ukusukela ubuncinci iimitha ezimbini ziyafuneka (ngamanzi ashushu nawandayo ngokwahlukeneyo), iindleko zanda kabini. Kumagumbi anokwahlula umgudu wekhitshi kunye negumbi lokuhlambela, izixhobo ezine zazifuneka. Ngokufanelekileyo iminyaka emi-3-4, izinto zokubala kufuneka ziziphinde. Mhlawumbi, umntu ophuma kubathengi wenzeka, kodwa kuba ukubakho kwezoqoqosho zokufakwa kwabo akubanga kuphanda, akukho datha ichanekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, asiyi kuhlala kwakudala kwixesha elikufutshane kwaye singazama ukuphendula lo mbuzo: "Ngaba kuyanceda namhlanje ukuseka izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngabanini?"
Ifoto Z.razutdinova | 
"Taplovoder" | 
Ifoto s. pominorev | 
Ifoto s. pominorev |
I-1-2. Ukuqhuba i-Everghd defud / vsgd ("Teplovder") kwaye iimodeli ezinje zihlala zifakwe namhlanje. Ifihliwe eNiche, ayiba mandundu ngakumbi igumbi lokuhlambela
3-4. Ukufakwa kwenani leemodeli zeemitha, unokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka imibhobho ethe nkqo okanye ethe nkqo.
Izikimu zokuhlawula
Yintoni etshintshe kwixesha elidlulileyo? Okokuqala, utshintsho lubuyiselwe ngo-1994. Kwaye le "Mithetho iNtsha yeZibonelelo kuBhibi" iphume nayo iphuma i-ofisi engasasebenziyo (jonga urhulumente we-Russian Federation of Meyi 23, 2006. 307 "kwiNkqubo yokubonelela ngabemi"). Olu xwebhu luqale luye lwenkqubo yokuhlawula izindlu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu usebenzisa ubungqina bezixhobo zobalo ngokubanzi nezinikazi-nye kunye nokungabikho kwabo. Izikimu ezininzi zokuhlawula zaphuhliswa ngamanzi ashushu nawenda. Ukuphendula kumbuzo ophambili wenqaku lethu, qwalasela onke amaqhinga akhoyo. Sigxininisa kwakhona ukuba inkqubo yokubala izinto zokubala ixhomekeke ekubeni kukho iintyatyambo endlwini okanye hayi. (Zahlulwe zambini iintlobo ezimbini: ifakwe kwindawo yokungena endlwini kwaye zilinganisa intsebenzo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okubandayo nangokushushu kuyo, kunye nezinto zokubala ezishushu, ngaphakathi Phuma kumntu ngamnye, vumela ulawulo hayi kuphela ivolumu yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, kodwa neeparamitha ezisemgangathweni: uxinzelelo, ubushushu bamanzi.D.)
Ke, Isikimu sokuqala . Ukuba akukho jikelele zininzi okanye izinto zokubala ezenziwa endlwini, imigaqo-nkqubo yokulingana isebenza: Bonke abahlali bahlawula ngokufanayo ngokoluhlu lwangoku. Januwari kaJanuwari ka-2008 Ezi ntlawulo zilandelayo zivunyiwe: Iindleko ze-1m3 zamanzi ashushu - ama-57,51 ruble; I-1m3 Amanzi abandayo-118 Hubrust.; I-1m3 crainage (i-fundlage) - 9,1 ihlabo. Khumbula ukuba imigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwizakhiwo zokuhlala ezixhotywe ngokubonelela ngamanzi, ukuntywila, ukuhambisa amanzi ashushu (ngokusekwe kwi-350l / i-350l / ngo-354l eMoscow.
Njengokuziqhelanisa nemidlalo, umrhumo wemigangatho kude kuphathelene neentlawulo kwezinye izikimu (Siza kuyichaza ngakumbi), nangona amaxabiso okusebenzisa amanzi asemthethweni ahluke kakhulu kwinyani. Zigwebe ngokwakho. Ngolungelelwano, umntu omnye usela ngaphezulu kwe-1 ukuya kwi-35 ukuya kwi-35-40l ekuhlambelweni izitya, ngokusetyenziswa kwendlu yangasese, i-12-15, malunga nokwamkelwa kwegumbi lokuhlambela okanye ekwenzeni i-60-80l. Ijika ukuba i-avareji yeRussia isebenzisa malunga namanzi ali-110-140l ngosuku, kwaye ingeyiyo kwaphela 384, ehlawula. I-Aesley uye wahamba ngeholide okanye uhambo lweshishini, uya kuza kwiakhawunti enye yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi njengeyona ndawo ishiyekileyo.
Okanye elinye icala: Abantu abathathu babhaliswe eflethini, umama, utata nonyana wabantu (intombi), bahlala kwenye indawo, kodwa enyanisweni kwaye bonwabela iinkonzo zoluntu ezimbini. U-Aschanges wokusetyenziswa kwamanzi uza xa ebhaliswe ngokusemthethweni. Njengoko ubona, intlawulo kwiskimu sokuqala ayinakufumaneka. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba izinto zokubala ngokubanzi sele zisekwe ngaphezulu kwe-90% yezindlu ze-moscow, ukulinganiswa okunene ngokuthe ngcembe uye kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ke ngoko, siya kufunda ezinye iindlela zokhetho ukuze zibale.
"Dasi" | 
Ifoto v. nefdova | 
"Suka uhambe" | 
URaab Karcher |
I-5.Onematic enyanzela imitha yamanzi i-Unimag (SCHLUMBERGER)
6.Imina yemitha yamanzi khetha umgca othe tye okanye umbhobho othe nkqo
7. I-Electromagnetic Mnu400, ("Suka")
8. Iimodeli zezixhobo ze-Implersus Clorius Clority izixhobo zamanzi (uRaab Karcher)
Cinga Iskimu sesibini Xa isixhobo sonxibelelwano sifakwe endlwini, kwaye umntu ulahlekile. Kwimeko apho, isixa sentlawulo sigqitywe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ubungqina bemitha enobuhlobo bahlulwe baba linani labantu ababhaliswe endlwini, emva koko kwindlu nganye ephindaphindwayo, esi salathisi siphindaphindwayo linani elibhalisiweyo kuyo , kwaye emva koko i-tiege efunyenweyo iphindaphindwe ngamaxabiso ashushu nawabandayo. Ingabonakala ngathi yonke into ilula kakhulu kwaye ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukonga kufuneka ibe yingenelo. Kodwa yayingekho. Ukuziqhelanisa kubonakalisile ukuba emva kofakelo lwezixhobo ngokubanzi kwimibutho yolawulo, izikhalazo ezininzi zabaqashi zafakwa, iindleko zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ziye zanda, ngamanye amaxesha kuye kumaxesha angama-2-3. Inokwenzeka njani le nto? Inyani yile yokuba amatyala eza kumntu ngamnye abhaliswe endlwini. Kuzo zonke eMoscow "ngokungekho mthethweni"? Ngamanye amaxesha abantu abangama-4-5 bakwigumbi lokulala kwigumbi elinye. Kuyavela ukuba i-akhawunti ikhutshwe ngumntu ngamnye (umninindlu), kunye namanzi amane okanye amahlanu asetyenzisiweyo. Isixhobo sonxibelelwano sithatha ezi ndleko, kwaye bayawa kubo bonke abahlali ababhalisiyo beNdlu. Nantsi inkcazo yokuba iintlawulo zinyuke nge-2rd. Ke, intlawulo kwimitha ye-domitoory ayiyolingene kakhulu kuba ayinakho ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwindlu nganye.
I-Insale, Iskimu sesithathu (Ngendlela, eyona ixhaphakileyo ebomini bokwenyani). Ngokutsho kommiselo ochaziweyo worhulumente weRussian Federation, ukuba imitha yokuhamba inyuka ingene kwiNdlu kwaye kukho izixhobo ezinikezelwayo kumagumbi odwa, ahlawule kwizalathiso ezimbini: kuqala, ngokwendawo yokuhlala Iimitha zamanzi, kwaye okwesibini, ngendleko zeemfuno zangaphandle, ezimiselweyo ezisekwe kubungqina besixhobo esinobubele ngokubanzi. Ngokubanzi, umbono ulungile kakhulu: Isabelo esithile sokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kongeza kwiindleko zakho kunye nexabiso lilonke liphindaphindwe lixabiso. Esi sabelo sibalwa sisebenzisa i-coandeds enzima. Ichazwa njengomyinge wokuhamba jikelele (kwikhawuntara) kwixabiso elithile elibaliweyo eliquka amasinga amabini: amaxabiso enkcitho yamanzi kunye nexabiso lenkcitho yamanzi kunye nexabiso le-bit Umqeshi obhalisiweyo.
Kuyavela (kwaye ngokupheleleyo ngomthetho) imeko eqaqambileyo. Ukuba bonke abanini banamagumbi endlwini, intlawulo isebenza, ngokweendleko zokwenyani. I-IKK ibonisa ukuziqhelanisa, le mali iphantsi kakhulu kunokuba kwakufuneka ndihlawule kufakelo lwemitha yamanzi. Kodwa ukuba kukho amagumbi anezixhobo zomntu ngamnye kwiNdlu, abanini bazo kuya kufuneka benze imali engaphezulu kwamanzi kunangaphambili (ngakumbi ukuba kukho amathuba okubamba okanye kukho inani elikhulu lezinto ezingabhaliswanga apho). Ijika iyodwa ibeka ikhawuntari ayinamsebenzi. Ke, kuyimfuneko ukufaka kufakelo lwayo kunye nabanye abanini bamagumbi.
Ikamva lemitha yamanzi
Imeko echazwe kukungoneliseki kwabemi ukuba neemitha zomntu ngamnye, kwaye incitshiswe kakhulu inani lokunqwenela ukuseka izinto zokubala zendlu. Isikhundla esinxulunyaniswa nentlawulo ngokwezixhobo zomzimba zomzimba ngamnye zazixoxiwe ngenkuthalo kwimithombo yeendaba kunye neentlanganiso zikarhulumente waseMoscow. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje kuphela abahlali bamakhaya kamasipala ababeke iimitha zamanzi kuphela ezihlawula kuphela amanzi aqholiweyo ngokufundwa kweemitha zomsebenzi. Ke, ukuba uhlala kwikhaya likamasipala, ungavumi ukuba xoxa ukuba ufakelo lwezixhobo lomntu ngamnye luyingenelo kuwe. Okokuqala, hlawula kuphela ivolumu yamanzi esetyenzisiweyo; Okwesibini, awunakuyicingela isatifikethi sokungabikho kwethutyana kwamalungu osapho ukuze ufumane imirhumo yamanzi; Okwesithathu, awuhlawulanga ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwabo bahlala ekhayeni lakho kwaye basebenzise amanzi, kodwa bangabhaliswanga kuyo. Kuyinyani, unokuthetha kuphela malunga nemali yokwenene kuphela ukuba awuzichithenga amanzi kwaye zonke iiSanteichPribers ezisezantsi ziyasebenza.
AVOTE zeZindlu apho i-HOA kunye ne-HCC, iindleko zeemfuno ezinobuhlobo ngokubanzi azikuphephe. I-ISV kwaye le ayisiyo mali ininzi. Bala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeka kumalungu akhethiweyo kwi-HOA (HCCC) yokuhlawula. Umzekelo, inyanga ye-5% yobungqina isixhobo ngokubanzi sahlulelwe linani labo bonke abaphilayo endlwini, emva koko esi salathisi kufuneka songezwe kwinani le-counter, kwaye emva koko liphindaphinde inani lerhafu. Ukuba unengqiqo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi, imitha yamanzi (ngokutsho kwe-muscovtes yesekele) iya kugcina i-20-50% yexabiso olihlawule ngaphambili. I-Aesley kudala ingekhoyo ekhaya, akukho nto ngaphandle kokuba ungayinikeli ngaphandle kwendleko ngokubanzi. Ke, impendulo yombuzo owethungelwe ekuqaleni kwenqaku lethu ayinamsebenzi: Ukufakwa kweemitha zendlu ngokwenene kuyingenelo kwezoqoqosho.
Asiyi kulibala ukuba izixhobo zegumbi lilungu lomthengi, ulonwabo aluphazamisa kwaye zihlawulele ukuba ingeyiyo yonke. Ke ngoko, urhulumente waseMoscow wagqiba kwelokuba ancede ukumisela iindawo zokubala zokuhlala kubemi abahlala kumagumbi kamasipala, kunye nabo bafumana inkxaso-mali. Okuseleyo kuya kufuneka babeke amakhaya amanzi ngeendleko zabo. Ungayenza njani?
I-Techem. | 
"I-Iteelma- | 
Ifoto ngu-D. Minkin | 
|
9.Nqila i-Counter-mnyango yeNdawo ebandayo neshushu vz90 (i-techem) ilula ukuyifaka naphi na, nakwi-Fittings Ball
I-10-11.in amagumbi abemi baseRussia anokunyuselwa kuphela izixhobo ezenziwe kwirejista yombuso yeengxowa-mali zokulinganisa, kunye nepasipoti kunye nesatifikethi sokuvumelana
12. Ukwakhiwa kwe-MK90E counter, esekwe kwezona zixhobo zangoku
Sibeka izinto zokubala
Ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokubeka ikhawuntazana, khumbula ukuba akukho bume beentlekele zamkelekile. Okokuqala, ivunyelwe ukuba ifake izixhobo zokubala kuphela ezinamalungu ezixhobo ezisemgangathweni zikarhulumente ezenziwe kwirejista yombuso ye-Russian Federation (kwi-Arhente yangoku yomgaqo wezobugcisa kunye neMetrology). Okwesibini, i-DI ngokwasemzimbeni ayinakuthatha uxanduva lokugcinwa nokulungiswa kwemodeli eqinisekisiweyo, kwaye ke yenza umsebenzi onqabileyo wezixhobo.Kuxhomekeka kwindlela esetyenziswayo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, zonke iimitha zahlulahlulwe zaba yi-Tachometric, i-Electromagnetic, i-Voluminometri, i-Ultrasoound, edityanisiweyo, diaphragm idr.
Namhlanje kumachiza amaRussia, elona phepha lilula, lixabiso eliphantsi nelixabiso eliphantsi nelixabiso eliphantsi, apho amanzi ahamba khona ijikeleza ivili le-Wing kunye nendlela ezinokubakho esebenzisa usulelo lwe-Wing. Ezo mitha ibizwa ngokuba "yi-impleller", "iZiselo eziThubekileyo".
Olunye uhlobo lwe-tachometric - "I-Drows": Isixhobo esibalekayo sahlulwe emanzini esinesahlulelo se-fagnetic. Bahlula-hlulwe ngokunyaniseka kunye nokuqina, kodwa kukho into ephosakeleyo kakhulu "."
Ukuchaneka okuphakanyisiweyo kwemilinganiselo kukwabonelela nge-Line-Line-Line "Drowhes", apho umjelo omkhulu ohlulwe waba yi-jets aliqela ngaphambi kokungena kwibala lomzimba.
Ukwaphula intloko yakho ngaphezulu kohlobo lwesixhobo ekungekho mfuneko yokukhetha. Kubathengi, iindlela zokukhetha zisekwe ngokucacileyo: kufuneka iphile "i-wing", ibalwe kumanzi amane ukuya kwi-90mm ye-15mm, enomtsalane we-1,5m3 / h Kwigumbi elinegalelo elinye lokubanda kunye negalelo lenkqubo yamanzi eshushu (amagumbi anegalelo elibini- 1m3 / h). IIMVAVANYO ZOKUGQIBELA IIMFUNO ZABASETYENZISIWEYO ZABASEBENZI BANYE: "Saight", "TeplovOdodomer", "I-Centerner-" (i-Penal), i-Perron), i-rolner Iinkqubo zokupeyinta (iFrance) Idr. Ixabiso lezinto ezibonakalayo zisusela kwi-400-500 ukuya kwi-800-1600. (Ixabiso eliphambili lexabiso eliphezulu elixhotyiswe ngemveliso ekhutshelweyo).
Ukubeka i-counter enye, kufuneka uqhagamshelane nochongelwano ngengxelo yokufakelwa kwezixhobo zokulinganisa amanzi kunye nemveliso yokubala ngokobungqina babo. Apha uya kufumana ulwazi malunga neefemu ezisemthethweni (phantsi kwemvumelwano kunye nabasemagunyeni endawo) ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi kunye nokuziirhafu kwezixhobo. Xa i-akhawunti yayisekwe kufakelo lwezixhobo, uya kuhlawulelwa, umbutho okhethekileyo uya kubabeka kwindlu yakho kwaye unike la maxwebhu alandelayo: Isivumelwano sokufakwa kwezinto zokubambisa, iipasishini zokubala. Ukufakwa kwesixhobo esinye sokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuxabisa i-4800 ye-4800.
Emva kokufaka iimitha zamanzi, kuya kufuneka umeme ummeli wenkampani yolawulo ukuba enze isenzo sokuyalela. Abameli beThemisi abaThengi beMidlalo yeThethu yeNkampani yokubonelela ngeZandla kunye nombutho okhethekileyo oquka ukufakelwa izixhobo, kunye nabaqeshi.
Ukongeza, kufuneka ugqibe isivumelwano nenkampani yolawulo ukuze ihlawulwe ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwizixhobo ze-Akhawuntingi ezibonisa inkqubo yokukhupha kunye nokudlulisela idatha kwizinto zokubala. Emva koko, uya kuba nengxelo yenyanga kuphela kwiimitha zemitha kwi-EIRC (ngokobuqu okanye ngefowuni).
Ixabiso lokusetyenziswa kwamanzi (umntu ngamnye ngosuku)
| Ilizwe | Ivolumu yamanzi, l |
|---|---|
| China | I-100 |
| Jemani | I-125. |
| Fransi | 164. |
| Igreat Britain | 168. |
| Swizalend | 237. |
| ElamaTaliyane | 242. |
| i-USA | 295. |