Iindidi zemibhobho yokufudumeza, amanzi abandayo ashushu. Izixhobo, imigaqo, ukudibanisa izinto zokunyusa imibhobho.
Ukuyeka "isikere" sombhobho;
qhubela umsesane we-cropp;
ukwandisa umbhobho nge "kicks" ekhethekileyo;
G-faka efanelekileyo. I-pipe ngokwayo imbi kakhulu
1- PN 25 Ngomaleko we-aluminium foil enqanda ukwahluka kweoksijini;
I-2- pn 20 ngobukhulu bodonga 3,4mm;
I-3- pn 10 ngobukhulu bodonga lwe-2.2mm
1- I-90;
2- I-Angle 45;
I-3-yelding Sleddle;
I-4- ye-engile yendawo yangaphakathi nangaphandle;
I-5-tee;
I-6-Cross;
I-7- \ uqeqesho lobushushu obushushu "Omega";
ICandelo le-8 lecandelo elifunyenwe yindlela ye-thermal yel. Amacandelo amabini sele ewonke ngokupheleleyo
1- Iintaba zodonga;
I-2-plugs;
Iikona ezi-3 ezinodonga;
4Isivalo;
I-5- curfroorcav
Ukusuka kwi-AWAERM:
Umbhobho kunye nokufaneleka avutha yintsimbi "yentsimbi ethengiswayo" exhotywe ngeseti yeeadapter zobukhulu bombhobho ngamnye;
B- dibanisa iinkcukacha;
I-computer irekhodwa;
Inkqubo ye-G-igqityiwe
I-1- bronze cinezela ngokufanelekileyo;
2 ukulimela umkhono wensimbi;
Umbhobho we-3;
I-4-Gaganic;
I-5- phawula amakhonkco
I-radiator esezantsi ye-radiator enemibhobho yokuthambisa i-inidie;
I-B-inftenclatengs yombhobho kwimigangatho efudumeleyo;
indibano yendibano;
I-Giccy Firing usebenzisa imibhobho ye
I-1-Galvanic;
Itywina le-2- irabha;
3- ukuqhekeza umsesane;
4- Ukulungisa i-Nut
I-1-i-polythylene iltraviolet;
2- I-Aluminium yombhobho, imiphetho ehleliweyo ye-laser jack;
I-3- i-Polythlidane
Umatshini woshicilelo, ukusebenza ebhetri, nakwii-mains;
Ukuqhekeza iipilisi zemibhobho ukusuka kwi-16 ukuya kwi-32mm
Ukwaziswa kwamanzi abandayo (PND);
Imibhobho yekhefu kwinkqubo yokufudumeza;
kwinguqu ukusuka kwimibhobho yobhedu ukuya kwisinyithi;
Imibhobho ye-Polymer-polymer (ishushu kunye ne-GVS) dibanisa umbhobho we-PP-(HPW)
Ukuqinisekisa iimeko ezikhululekileyo kwindawo yokuhlala, kuphela ngamanzi ombhobho ngamanzi abandayo ashushu kwaye, ngenxa yokufudumeza. Imakethi inika isixa esikhulu semibhobho yokukhetha, iyonke iyindalo kuzo zombini izibonelelo nezingalunganga. Khawuleza xa ukhetha- Yenza iingxaki ezinzulu hayi ngokwakho, kodwa kunye nabamelwane. Ungayiphepha njani le nto?
Imibhobho kunye ... Intloko ebuhlungu
Ngegama elithi "imibhobho" Intloko kwabo bahlala besakhiwa okanye belungisa, njengoko benzakalisa kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo, ngoko ke kubuhlungu ngoku. Kuphela ubungakanani beexhala. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, imibhobho isetyenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi okubandayo nokushushu, ukuntywila, ukunkcenkceshela kwaye, kunjalo, ukufudumeza. Ke ngoku kule nkqubo, hayi isixhobo esinye okanye zibe mbini, njengangaphambili, kunye neshumi elinanye nangakumbi. Unobangela wentloko kumashumi amathathu eminyaka eyadlulayo yayihlukile. Umbuzo wokukhetha emva koko ngaphambi kokuba umboleki akazange ame ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, kwaveliswa imibhobho enesitayile kuphela. Isizathu sesibini simahla ukubathenga ukuba ayinakwenzeka. Imibhobho, njengoko babethetha, bayifumana. Njengexhama le-yagel. Iimpuphu. Ukusuka phantsi kwekhephu. Ke, intloko kule minyaka isikhumbuzo yayinemibuzo 'njani? " Kwaye "phi?", Kodwa hayi kumbuzo "Intoni?".Kodwa amaxesha atshintshiwe. Akukho mfuneko yokufumana nantoni na, kufanelekile ukuba kwenzeke kwimarike ekufuphi okanye kwivenkile enkulu, yokuthengisa imibhobho, kwaye uthenge ... yonke into leyo umphefumlo wakho. Kodwa, ngokungaqhelekanga ngokwaneleyo, intloko yomthengi kwaye ngoku, ngegama elithi "ityhubhu" libuhlungu. (Abo bafikayo ingxaki yokhetho bayakuqinisekisa ubunyani bala mazwi, okufanayo nabangenanga ... Ewe, banethamsanqa!) Kodwa le nto ikhathazeke ngoku? ". Yintoni kanye kanye ukuze ukhethe kuloo mbandezelo yemibhobho, enikezela intengiso yale mihla? Kwaye inqaku alikho ngendleko. Kuya kufuneka ukhethe ukuze ungazisoli kamva, okanye abamelwane abahlala kumgangatho olandelayo.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo yonke le nto: Ukunganyangeki kwe-corrosion kunye nokubakho kokuvuza (kubandakanya unxibelelwano), ukubakho kokunxibelelana) ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwenkqubo yexesha likaxakeka. njl. Ngaba yonke le nto ayinakuthathela ingqalelo ukuba ubomi benkonzo yenkqubo enyukayo buxhomekeke ngqo kwibala lemibhobho?
Ngokucacileyo, isizathu semigraine echaziweyo, iyasebenza, ngaphandle kokuya kwiinkcukacha zobugcisa, sidwelisa iintlobo zemibhobho apho umthengi uza kudibana khona. Ngokuphathekayo, banokwahlulwa baba ngamaqela amathathu amakhulu: intsimbi, i-polymer kunye ne-polymer yentsimbi.
Imibhobho yensimbi
Izenzo zabo ngokubanzi zinamandla aphezulu (intsimbi inyibiliki) kwaye, ivakalisa ulwimi lweengcali, "i-Oxegen-enganyangekiyo" (malunga nokuba siphilile emva koko siphenduka kwimibhobho yePolymer).
Iityhubhu zensimbi. Oku, unokuthetha iimveliso eziqhelene nazo wonke umntu ukususela ebuntwaneni, kuba yayingabantu kangangesixhobo esiphambili kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ezona zibonelelo ziphambili zinamandla aphezulu, kwimarike ezinikezela ngaphezulu kweefemu zasekhaya ze-Dozenin) kunye nexabiso eliphantsi (ixabiso le-ruble. I-rubg yombane. I-202mm). Eyona nto iphambili engalunganga inzima kakhulu yeNdibano kunye nokungabikho kokukhuselekileyo kuthelekiswa nokuphuma kwangaphandle. Isiphumo-Isiphumo esiMdaka (i-rusty) amanzi, ukuvuza, i-purowth yobukhulu obungaphakathi kunye neminye "i-charms". Imibhobho yensimbi, ngokwe-sniphiham, kufuneka itshintshwe kube kanye kwiminyaka engama-25. Ngokwamanani emibutho emiselweyo, baqala ukubonga kwaye bavule iminyaka emihlanu okanye emithandathu.
IVOT ilapha kwaye kufuneka ikhunjulwe malunga neendleko eziphantsi. Ithemba. Kuphela kubonakala ngathi amaxabiso emibhobho yentsimbi inokubonakala isezantsi. Bakhulisa izihlandlo ezininzi kwinkqubo yokuhambisa, ufakelo kunye nolondolozo olulandelayo. Kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yendlela yokufudumeza kwimibhobho yentsimbi ayifuni zindleko zezinto. Emva kweli xesha, iindleko zolungiso lwangoku ziyanda kwinkqubela phambili yejometri, kwaye ekupheleni kwexesha lokuziphatha (iminyaka emi-4), ngokwemibutho esebenzayo, sele i-20% ngonyaka. I-TATA ithetha ukuba yonke le nkonzo ubomi bonke bokulungiswa ngoku isetyenzisiwe i-150-300% yeendleko zenkqubo.
Kwindibano yemitya yentsimbi, i-welding (irhasi ye-welding okanye i-welding ye-welding) iyasetyenziswa, kunye namatywina anemigangatho enesitayile kunye netywina (ipaketheni,
Imibhobho yensimbi yensimbi Yiza ntweni ngokuthe tyaba "emnyama" - ukusuka kwii-ruble ezingama-80. Kwimibhobho ye-1POG.M. Yayingabafundi bacetyiswa ukuba bafake izicelo zendawo yokuhlala kamva ngexesha lokufakwa kweenkqubo ezibandayo kunye nezishushu zokutshintshiselana ngento "emnyama". Bakhonza ixesha elide kunesiqhelo, kodwa, ewe, kancinane. Isizathu silula: Xa sisebenzisa i-electrodes eqhelekileyo kwindawo ye-welding (nangaphandle, akuyomfuneko ukuba kwenziwe ngaphandle kokuba i-zinc inyamalala ngokulula- ihlala iphela. Kukho, iNyaniso, i-eleclicrodes ekhethekileyo, kodwa iphantse yakwazi ukuyithengisa. Kukho enye ingxaki efihliweyo: Ngexesha le-welding, izinto ezinetyhefu zipapashwa, kwaye i-welder iyala ukusebenza ne "i-gonated". Ukongeza, ukumila kwesibini se-galvanic phambi kobukho beentsimbi ezingesobungozi kunokwenzeka.
Iipayipi zentlalo zinxulunyaniswa neembono ezimbini eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza. Impendulo ephosakeleyo iqale i-descon ikwazi ukusebenzisa imibhobho ye-pipes kwinkqubo ethile. Yenza oku akunakwenzeka ukwenza oku. Isizathu saziwa kwaye siboniswe kwiNcwadi ye-Chemistry yebanga lesixhenxe: Phantsi kwesenzo sobushushu esineenkqubo zokufudumeza, i-zn + h2o = i-Zno + h2 impendulo ye-Zno + yenzeka. Ngamafutshane, ungqimba lwe-zinc utshatyalalisiwe, kwaye i-hydrogen iqokelela kwimibhobho, inkqubo iphazamisa inkqubo eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-90-hgg. Ngesizathu esithile, balibale ngequbuliso kwaye ngendlela enkulu baqala ukusebenzisa imibhobho ekhuselweyo yi-zinc kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza (ingcinga yokufaka imibhobho, ngokubanzi, ukuqonda). Ezi nkqubo zisenayo "igesi", kwaye zinokubanceda kakhulu ... Ewe, ngaphandle kwe-autogen. Iindlela zethutyana zokufaka i-valve yerhasi yesandla kwi-radiator nganye.
Ngokwenkohliso yesibini, imibhobho ye-Ivambu ilunge ngakumbi kune "Mnyama", ziziphatha kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza ezizaliswe zii-antifreeze. Into eyenzekayo kwi-galvaning paipes impendulo ye-ithylene Glycol (sisiseko sobutyebi obupholileyo), asizukuchaza, sithi iziphumo zayo zinentshabalalo kunoko. Abavelisi be-antifreeze baqwalaselwe ekuhleni kwaye babonisa ukuthintela ilebheli.
Imibhobho yentsimbi engenasimo. Yintoni oza kuyithetha, umbono ufaka isicelo sokubeka imibhobho yempatho yasekhaya phantse intsimbi engapheliyo ingavunywa kuphela. IKrasivo (i-Tech nje ephezulu), kwaye ngokuthembekileyo. Kodwa ixabiso, elibizwa ngokuba yi-Bick: Umhlaba ongeniswayo (isibuko) esenziwe ngentsimbi ye-Aisi304 (i-analogue yentsimbi yethu ye-182x18h18h10) I-ruble ixabisa i-ruble i-160. Kwi-1 p. m, umbhobho owenziwe ngentsimbi olwenziwe ngentsimbi ye-Steel18n10t ngobukhulu we-19,12mm ngendleko ezingama-200. I-1Pog.m. (Ngokubala ezilula, kunokwenzeka ukuba ugqibe kwelokuba umbhobho wasekhaya uza kubiza intembelo engaphezulu.) Ukuba oku kongeza amaxabiso aphezulu ofakelo, kuyacaca ukuba imibhobho engenasiphelo ayisebenzisi ngesidingo esikhulu.
Imibhobho yobhedu. Zintle kakhulu. I-Iprie Oku kusenokuthenjwa kwaye kuqinisekile (ixabisa malunga ne-ruble eyi-180. I-1Pog. Hambisa imibhobho 221,5mm). Kumthengi wasekhaya, ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yobhedu kwiinkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi kunye nokufudumeza zintsha. Kwaziswa kuthi kuMazwe aPhakamileyo baseNtshona-kukho indala yobhedu kunye namakhulu eminyaka.
Iindidi zeemfuno zenkqubo yesohlwayo nezobugcisa, i-Copper iphendula ngokugqibeleleyo. Apha kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nawo amaqondo obushushu kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza kunye neenkqubo ze-DHW, kunye nokuxhathisa ukuvezwa kwamanzi e-Popurion (ukungaqiniseki, kwi-ozone kunye ne-ozone) kunye ne-ozone. Kufanelekile ngakumbi ukuba iprintration ephezulu yeplastiki phantsi kwawo ayinakuthintelwanga kuphela ukuthotyelwa kwefom, kodwa nokukwazi oku kungabuthathaka kubushushu obungalunganga. Oku, ngokutsho kweengcali, ivumela imibhobho ukuze ihlale i-freezing yexesha elinye, kwaye ibonelela ngokutsha komda. Lonke ixesha elihlanganisiweyo nelide (iminyaka engama-50 ukuya kwengama-50 ubudala) ixesha lokusebenza ngokukhululekileyo libonelela ngemibhobho yobhedu.
Kodwa kukho iimbaleki zabo ezivela kobhedu. Ayifanelanga isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo ezinamanzi agqithisileyo (Uluhlu olucetyiswayo lwe-PH ukusuka kwi-6.5 ukuya kwi-9.5), uhlaselo lwenani elikhulu lokungcola koomatshini (kuba Umzekelo, kulawulo lobume bofakelo lwendawo), obangela ukunxiba ngokukhawuleza. Ukufakwa kwemibhobho kufuna ukuba kubekho izinto eziphezulu zokusebenza nokuchaneka kwe-Burr yangaphakathi, kunokubangela ukutshatyalaliswa kombhobho kuphela kuba ukuhamba kwendawo yokuphola kubangelwa (kwaye sele kukhankanyiwe, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ayiyithandi).
I-classic kwaye ichaphazela kakhulu imibhobho yobhedu esebenzisa i-copes ephezulu yeqondo lokushishina. Nangona kunjalo, kutshanje, iivimenti zisebenzisa intambo kwaye icinezelekile i-factrings yanda yanda.
Ithini imigangatho
Ingabonakala, ukuba yeyiphi imibhobho kunye nendlela yokusebenzisa, kwanele ukufumana nje, kuyimfuneko kuphela ukufunda ukutyibilika kunye nokuhamba ngononophelo. Kodwa yayingekho! Imicimbi yesicelo kolu xwebhu, ngelishwa, ayigutyungelwanga ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuba ubhekisa kwi-snip II-30-76 "ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi ngaphakathi kunye nenkqubo yokuntywila", emva koko kunikezelwa: i-Polythylene (i-PVP), i-Polythylene (PNP), i-vinylplast kunye ne-polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Iva! Kwakungekho ezinye iintlobo zemibhobho. 5.04.01-85 Kamva, isiqendu 4.1 siphantse saphindwa, isiqendu 4.1 siphantse sangqinelana, kwaye umahluko wokuba nayiphi na ikhankanyiwe kuyo, kwaye ke iingcebiso zekhonkrithi.
Ekuqaleni kwe-90s. I-XXV. Imakethi yethu ngokoqobo imnandi yemveliso yangaphandle kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ze-polymeric. "Imizimba yomthetho" yaphendula le nto ngokwazisa utshintsho Nombolo 2 (1996) kwi-02.04.01-85 *. Ngoku into ye-10.1 icacisiwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Imibhobho yeplastiki kunye neemveliso ezenziwe nge-polyethylene, i-polyproplene, i-polyblene, i-polyblene, i-fipelass kunye neminye imibhobho yamanzi, i-polythylene kunye nezinye Izinto zeplastiki zazo zonke iinethiwekhi zoncedo lwamanzi. Ngamanye amagama, abaqulunqileyo badwelise uluhlu olukhoyo ngemibhobho kwimibhobho kwizixhobo ze-polymeric, ukubonelela ngomthengi kwilungelo lokucebisa, ngaloo mbhobho kunye nendawo oza kuyifaka kuyo. Ngokubanzi ... Yenza into oyifunayo. Ngeli xesha, imakethi ye-pumela iqhubeka ikhula, kwaye umbuzo wemfuneko wokwenza uxwebhu lokuphawula lwalukwaluqinile, babelinde abathengi babo bobabini. I-Ion ekugqibeleni yaphuma. Yiya kwi-R 52134-2003 "I-Pipes Ingcinezelo yeTheroplastics kunye neeNdawo zokuQhagamshela kuzo zoncedo lwamanzi kunye neeNkqubo zoBugcisa." I-Menno iquka imibhobho evela kwaba bantu balandelayo: I-Polythylene, iPolyvinyl Chloride, Polypropylene kunye ne-Colyblyylene, i-polyvinya ene-polyvingl, i-polyviny ye-pilorinyl, polyvingne.
I-Gost entsha ibeka iindidi ezintlanu zomsebenzi: Ukunikezelwa kwamanzi ashushu kwiqondo lobushushu le-60c, amanzi ashushu kwiqondo lokushisa ama-70, amaqondo aphezulu amaqondo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, amaqondo obushushu asezantsi "kumgangatho oshushu" weqondo lokufudumeza ". Kwangelo xesha, iklasi nganye yokusebenza igqitywe liqondo lobushushu (ukusebenza, ubuninzi kunye nexesha lefuthe labo ngexesha lobomi benkonzo ngokubanzi-kufanele ukuba ubuncinci i-0.4; 0.6 okanye I-1MPA). Ngokusekwe kwezi meko, iingcali kwaye zibala iiparamitha eziyimfuneko zemibhobho.
Sicinga ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba sinike izimvo zethu ngaphambili, kulungiselelwe umenzi kwaye ilungiselelwe umyili kwaye ingenakwenzeka ukuba iqinisekise ukuba ubalo olunzima lokubala hayi iimpazamo ekukhetheni iiparamitha kunye nezinto zombhobho). Ngononophelo uMthengi-malunga nathi nawe, njengeminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo, akukho mntu ucinga.
Imibhobho yePolymer
Kwimarike yale mihla, ibango lale mibhobho lihlala likhula. Olu tyekelo luqhubekayo lunxulumene nezibonelelo ezingenakuphikiswa kwezinto ze-polymeric:
Ukunganyangeki kwe-corrosion (i-polymers ayinakho ukungenela ukuphendula kwe-elektroniki) nokunyangwa kwiziphumo zezinto ezininzi zemichiza.
Akukho ziphoselo ezindongeni.
Ilahleko encinci yoxinzelelo yokuxabana ngenxa yobunzima obuphantsi bomphezulu wangaphakathi.
Ukuqhutywa kweMpumelelo esezantsi.
Ubunzima obuncinci.
Izenzo ze-currings ezixineneyo azoyiki (kwimibhobho yesinyithi, la maxesha, njengomgaqo, unobangela we-electronional).
Nangona kunjalo, akunyanzelekanga ukuba ucinge ukuba imibhobho yepolymer ineengenelo ezizodwa. Izinto ezingalunganga nazo zinayo:
Imibhobho (ivakalisa ulwimi lweengcali zeoksijini. Ngamanye amagama, ioksijini equlathwe emoyeni, nangona i-albeint kwixabiso elincinci, yahlukile kudonga lombhobho kwaye liwela kulwelo oluhamba kuyo. Ukuba sithetha ngamanzi ashushu okanye abandayo esiza kwi-crane, ke awunakukwazi ukunikela ingqalelo kwioksijini kuyo. Kodwa ukuba kukuhamba kwephonty (amanzi, i-antifreeze), emva koko ioksijini ingena kuyo ngokuqinisekileyo iya kukhubaza okanye izixhobo zokufudumeza okanye ukufudumeza okanye i-boiler.
I-non-fima yokwalatha ilanga.
Kuxhomekeka kumthwalo kunye nexesha, phulukana namandla abo.
Ayisebenzi kwiinkqubo zokulwa umlilo.
Ngohlobo ngalunye lwe-polymer, ufakelo olukhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo ze-welding ziyafuneka.
Imibhobho kufuneka ikhuselwe ngomonakalo wengozi (kubandakanya ... ukuhlasela kweentonga).
Imakethi yale mihla inika imibhobho yePolymer kwezi zixhobo zilandelayo: Polythylene, i-Polythylene, Polyproplene, Polybutene, i-polybutene, i-fiberglass.
I-Polythylene (i-PER okanye PE). Imibhobho evela kuyo yenzelwe imibhobho yoxinzelelo lwangaphandle nangaphakathi (ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi, ukuntywila, ukuntywila). Ishishini livelisa iintlobo ezimbini ze-polythylene: i-PVD ephezulu (okanye i-pnp-vernity pnp-polythylene) kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-PND (okanye i-PVP-Polylethylene ePhezulu). Khumbula ukuba la magama (kwaye, ewe, ukumakisha) kuhlala kuphamba umthengi. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ayilandeli ngokupheleleyo imibhobho yePolythylene (PVD) kufuneka isetyenziselwe uxinzelelo lwamanzi, kunye ne-polythylene ephantsi (i-PNDE) - i-pulithylene (i-Squage kunye ne-Debage kunye ne-Squage kunye ne-Sqolore. Kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa le mibhobho phezulu, kuba igama libonisa itekhnoloji yemveliso yezixhobo ezinqabileyo kuzo, kodwa azikho. Kwangelo xesha, imibhobho ye-PVD inamandla amancinci kunokuvela kwi-PND, ngoko iindonga zitshisa kwaye zininzi, ngakumbi. Ngendlela, ubukhulu becala obuninzi bunika imibhobho ye-PVD ithuba elithile: Bangcono bafumane ingxolo yemo yothutho.
Imibhobho yePolythyylene ibonelela kwimarike uninzi lweefemu zasekhaya, ezinokufikelwa kakuhle. Ukungenisa iimveliso zinqabile. Ixabiso lemibhobho lincinci - umzekelo, 1 iphe. mbhobho 202,3mm ixabisa i-ruble e-12. I-LART ikwanemibhobho ye-polythylene engeyiyo i-poipes, enzelwe ukuntywila kwangaphakathi.
Umbhobho oqiqa olwenziwe ngokutsha kwe-re-unokulungiswa usebenzisa umomisi wokwakha obizwa ngokuba nguMthetho woKwakha:
I-Polythylene. Ke ukuba i-polyelene ibe namandla kwaye ixhathise kwimiphumo yobushushu, inyangwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, uqhagamshelo olongeziweyo olunqamlezayo phakathi kweemolekyuli, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-rosslinks (iibhulorho). Inkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-itchting, kunye ne-polythylene enamafutha kwaye ifakwe ilebheli yesifinyezo se-re-x (i-PE-C). Kuxhomekeka kwindlela esetyenzisiweyo yokucofa, zine iintlobo ze-PE-X, ezahlukileyo kwenye, izabelo zemolekyuli ezinqamlezileyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuqina: i-ha-chb, i-pe-chb . Ipesenti yokutyunjwa kweyona iphakamileyo kwi-ha-ha.
Imibhobho eyenziwe nge-polybethylene ye-ioksijini ephezulu isetyenziswa ikakhulu kubanda kwaye kushushu amanzi. Ngeenkqubo zokufudumeza kunye nemigangatho efudumeleyo, imibhobho enento engaphandle okanye engaphandle yothintelo iphuhliswa, ethintela ioksijini yeoksijini. Isithintelo esinjalo sinokufunyanwa sisebenzisa utywala obunomoya onomoya (isithintelo sangaphakathi) okanye i-Aluminium foil ye-0.1-0.15mm (isithintelo sangaphandle). I-Aluminium Foil, ukongeza, iyenza ukuba ikwazi ukunciphisa ubukhulu bokwandiswa kwe-shirmal (imibhobho enjalo ibizwa ngokuba zizinzile).
Imibhobho ephindaphindiweyo yakhiwe kusetyenziswa amanyala oomatshini ngohlobo lokufaka i-clulings yoyilo olwahlukileyo, kunye nokuncitshiswa kunye nokushicilela. Kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ufakelo lwezinto ezifunwayo lufuna ixesha elingakumbi, kunye nokulawula nokulondolozwa ngexesha lokusebenza (ukuqiniswa kwe-crunp amandongo e-crusts, kunye nokudakumba okunokwenzeka).
Uluhlu oluncinci lweedayimitha zemibhobho ecetywayo (12-32mm) inengcaciso yezoqoqosho neyosebenza: Ngobubanzi obukhulu, ubukhulu obuninzi beWodomick buya kuphuma kwaye umbhobho awuyi kuba yi-elale. Ewe, izivakalisi zazo ziya kubiza ixabiso elikhulu kakhulu.
I-Polypropylene (PP okanye PP). Zininzi iintlobo zohlobo lwayo:
I-RR-H (i-PP-G okanye i-PP-Uhlobo lwe-1) - zenziwa kwi-homollymer, i-macrolecules yayo iquka iiyunithi ezifanayo ze-monomer. Le mibhobho isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiinkqubo ezibandayo zokubonelela ngamanzi;
I-RR-B (i-PP-B okanye i-PP-uhlobo lwe-2) yenziwa kwibhloko ye-copolymer, zihlala ziqinile kwaye zibhetele kwaye zibhetele. Isetyenziselwe imibhobho yamanzi ebandayo, kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza phantsi;
I-PP-R (PP-P okanye i-PP-Uhlobo lwe-3) lwenziwe ukusuka kwi-remolly -ly. Oku kuyahluka kwePolypropylene, izibonelelo zento ekhoyo yokwahlulahlula ngokulinganayo kuluhlu lodonga kunye namandla aphezulu efuthe. Isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo ezibandayo kunye nezishushu, ezishushu, iinkqubo zokufudumeza kwamanzi.
I-Polypropylene PP-R PPOS iveliswa ziintlobo ezintathu eziphambili, zibonakaliswa ziingcinezelo zokusebenza:
I-PN 10- kwiinkqubo zamanzi ezibandayo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-1MPA;
I-PN 20- Imibhobho yamanzi eshushu kunye ebandayo kunye noxinzelelo kwi-T = 20C 2.0 MP, kwi-T = 75c- 0.6 MP;
Uhlobo lwe-25 lwe-PN lufuna inkcazo eneenkcukacha ngakumbi. Masiqalise ngento yokuba imibhobho ye-PP, njengomfuzo ye-PP, iboniswa kwimarike ngohlobo lwendlela yokulala kunye nezakhiwo ze-multilayer (kunye nomaleko we-Aluminium foil). Imibhobho ye-multilayer ibizwa ngokuba zizinzile (ngokumakisha kukho igama elithi "uzinzo" okanye elivela kuyo). Zincinci ioksijini kancinci kwaye zahlukile ngokuzimela kwefom (engaphezulu kakhulu). Ukusebenza kwemibhobho ye-PN25 (iqiniswe) inokusetyenziselwa imibhobho yamanzi ebandayo kunye eshushu kunye nokufudumeza ngoxinzelelo kwi-T = 20c 2,0c- 1,0 mp.
Imibhobho ye-PP iveliswa ngedayimitha ye-16 ukuya kwi-160 mm (umzekelo, iindleko zombhobho zingama-202.3mm, ukusuka kwi-ruble ye-ruble. M). Ziqhagamshelwe ngendlela ye-thermal welding, esekwe kwindibaniselwano yemithombo enyibilikileyo yamalungu edleleni.
Polybutene (i-RV okanye i-PB) - Izinto ezibonakalayo, kwiindlela ezininzi ezifanayo ne-Polypropylene kunye nePolythylene, kodwa zibalase amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye asezantsi kwaye ayongeze ukuguquguquka. Inokuba yi-welday ngendlela evuthayo okanye iqhagamshele kunye ne-fireed okanye i-windows.
I-polyvinyl chloride -Impahla ye-thermoplastic efunyenwe yiPolymerization yeVinyl Chloride. Zimbini iintlobo ze-ITC: I-PVC-U (NSLH) yi-Polyviny ye-Polyvinyl Cyvintl kwaye i-PVC-C (CPVH) -I-POLVIYL CHORNINDL CHORNIDL e-PVC-U (12-110mm ubukhulu). Bahluke kwezinye iiplanga ezingqongqo, kodwa zishiyo. Iinzuzo zabo zibandakanya phantse kabini ixesha eliphindwe kabini njenge-pr, i-thermal ye-thermal kunye ne-oksijini yendalo. Eyona nto igwenxa ye-pipes, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba xa ukufaka kufuneka isebenzise imingxunya yokunamathela (indlela ebandayo), enyusa indleko kwaye inyuse inkqubo. Kukho ezinye izinto ezingalunganga, ezinjengokucodusa kunye "nolwabiwo oluyingozi", esiza kuthetha ngeenkcukacha ngexesha lethu.
I-fiberglass. Isiseko sodonga lodonga olunjalo iipipes zenza ifipeberglass, ifilimitha-epoxy okanye i-polyester okanye i-polyester relin. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto kuvumela ukufumana amandla ezomeleleyo kufutshane nemibhobho yentsimbi, kodwa malunga nokubalula. Imibhobho efanayo sele ivelise ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20, kodwa zange bafumane bukhuni. Isizathu silele kubuso obungaphindi wokudibanisa iinxalenye kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza kunye nokungabikho kwendlela ekhawulezayo nenokuthenjwa yokudibanisa imibhobho kunye nezixhobo.
| Indawo yesicelo | Iklasi yokusebenza | Uhlobo olusetyenzisiweyo lombhobho | Thab, s. | Ixesha le-Thranti, iminyaka | I-TMAX, S. | Ixesha kwi-TMx, iminyaka | I-tavar, c tavar, h | Ixesha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi ashushu (60c) | Nye | I-PR-H, iphe-b, iphep-r, re-x, i-RV, i-PVC-C | 60. | 49. | I-80. | Nye | 95. | I-100 |
| Ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi ashushu (70c) | 2. | I-PR-H, iphe-b, iphep-r, re-x, i-RV, i-PVC-C | 70. | 49. | I-80. | Nye | 95. | I-100 |
| Iqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi ngaphandle | 3. | I-PVC-C, PR-H, PP-B, PP-R, Re-X, RV | I-30/40 | 20/25 | Amashumi amahlanu | 4.5 | 65. | I-100 |
| Iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ngaphandle, lokufudumeza amaqondo obushushu ashushu | ezine | I-RR-N, PR-B, PP-R, Re-X, RV | 20/40/60 | 2.5/25 | 70. | 2.5 | I-100 | I-100 |
| Ubushushu obuphezulu obufudumeza ngezixhobo zokufudumeza | Ntlanu | I-RR-N, PR-B, PP-R, Re-X, RV | I-20/60/80 | I-14/15/10 | 90. | Nye | I-100 | I-100 |
| Uncedo lwamanzi abandayo | Kh | I-PVC-U | Amashumi amabini | Amashumi amahlanu | - | - | - | - |
| Ukubuyiswa: Ubushushu be-Trab okanye ukudityaniswa kobushushu bamanzi othuthwayo, kumiselwe yindawo yokwenza isicelo; I-TMAX lelona liphezulu lobushushu, isenzo esilinganiselwe ngexesha; I-Tavar-Iqondo lobushushu likaxakeka livela kwiimeko zikaxakeka ngokuchasene neenkqubo ezilawulayo |
Eyoyikisayo, sele yoyike! (Iya kuba yinto ehlekisayo ukuba akukho ziphumo zinzima)
Sinika amabali ambalwa ahlekisayo eva ngumbhali ngexesha lokulungiselela inqaku.
Imbali 1. Enye yeenkampani zokwakha ezisetyenziselwa isakhiwo sendawo yokuhlala eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo yamanzi eshushu endaweni yemibhobho ye-PN-10 ye-PN-10, kwaye ngaphandle kokuseka iintshutshiso ze-shushu ye-thermal. Igumbi elingaphantsi leNdlu lenzelwe ukuba lidlulise phantsi kweeofisi, ke imibhobho engaphezulu ihamba ngeendonga zayo zabekwa ngokunika impahla ephantsi. Ukupheliswa kwamanzi olushushu kuchithwe ebusuku, kwaye wahamba engenasiganeko. Kodwa khawufane ucinge ukuba ubaqalo lwe-teantlishenty (bahlala ekuseni), ngentsasa elandelayo ifumanise ukuba ubunzima obukhuselekileyo malunga ne-700 m, kwaye idom enkulu yombhobho yomile eludongeni emva kwakhe. Ikwanike i-saurea "pinki"! Kwaye unokuqhuma.
Imbali 2. Kukholelwa ukuba ngenkqubo yamanzi ebandayo, imibhobho ye-PND ifanelekile. Emva kokuba beyifundile le nyaniso, intsholongwane yokufaka phantsi ifake le mibhobho equleni ngobunzulu obuyi-80m. Umbhobho we-Amezhdu Pipe yenzelwe uxinzelelo lwe-10thm. Isiphumo senyathelo elinjalo yayiyincam yombhobho (andikwazanga ukumelana noxinzelelo oluyimfuneko ukubonelela ngamanzi aphakamisayo, ukondla endlwini kunye nomsebenzi we-santechnibors) kwaye ... ukuzama ukufumana i-borehole YAKHE YAKHE ...
Imibhobho ye-polymer-polymer
Ezi mveliso azisiyo nje iimpawu ezintle zensimbi kunye nemibhobho yeplastiki, kodwa zihluthwa uninzi lweempazamo zabo. Uyilo luqukethe izingqala ezahlukeneyo:Umaleko wangaphandle we-polybethylene enganyangekiyo kwiziphumo ze-iltraviolet rays;
I-avareji ye-avareji yityhubhu ye-aluminium enomgangatho we-0,2-2 mm, iphekwe ecaleni kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi;
ungqimba lwangaphakathi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Aluminium kuvumela ukufumana ukwanda okusezantsi komgangatho ofanelekileyo kwaye ukhusele ngokuchasene neoksijini. Ukongeza, umbhobho unokugoba, emva koko ugcina ubume bakhe. Amandla aphezulu avumela imibhobho ukuba ithathe uxinzelelo oluphezulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20MPA) kunye neqondo lobushushu (ukuya kwi-95C).
Kukho uluhlu olukhulu lwee-Deameter zale mveliso (i-14-110 mm), kodwa kuqondakali kwezoqoqosho ukufaka imibhobho yedayamitha ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu ze-chanch, kufuneka isebenzise i-fipes efana nemibhobho ye-PE-X.
Kubonakala ngathi kuyacaca kunophononongo lwethu olujikelezileyo olungancedanga kule "buninzi" akunakwenzeka ukuba uqonde.
Ngubani ovelisa imibhobho
Ubhedu: I-KME (iJamani), i-OutMu (Finland), "I-Kirov Com tyala ukuze kusetyenzwe izinyithi ezingengabi" (iRussia).
Polypropylene: I-Andeather (iJamani), i-Ekoplastik (i-Czech Republic), i-Polymelt (i-Polymelt (Germany), "Isityalo se-Plumb" (i-Ukraine).
I-Polythylene: UKan (sasePoland), i-truvololysmer kunye neKazanorgsgztez (iRussia).
I-Polythylene:
Re-ha: I-UPORORORE (T / M WirsBoin Finland), iRehau (Germayi (iJamani);
Re-hb: I-micropol (m / m isoplast- United Kingdom); IVT (T / M psoto- jamani), "Bir Pekc" kunye "VIT TUBE" (iRussia);
Re-hs: I-Tece (t / m teceflex- Germay), Kan (T / m Kan-therm).
Amaqela amaninzi (I-PE-X / Al / i-PE-X): Iplastiki ye-Wefa, iRehau (Germac), i-Helco (i-Holland (i-Holland), Uponor.
I-Polyvinyl Chloride: UKan, "Kubhab" kunye "ne-Agrigalymer" (iRussia).
Isinyithi-polymer: I-Geberit (T / m Mepli-Switzerland), i-Pro Aqua kunye ne-oVverop (iJamani).
Ngaba iingcali ziya kunceda?
Enye indlela yokwenza ukhetho kukunxibelelana nenkampani enkulu ukuba iingcali ziyalela "endleleni". Kuyinyani, imigibe inokubotshwa apha. Inyani yile yokuba iifemu ezisebenza nazo zonke iintlobo zemibhobho kwaye ke kakuhle kubo, nokuba zinjani na, azikho iinkonzo kwintengiso. Inkampani nganye enkulu inamava ayo, kwisiseko esele sinikezele ngokukhethwayo okanye ovelisileyo. Ngenxa yoko, abanye basebenza kuphela ngemibhobho yeplasitiki yentsimbi, abanye, kuphela ngemibhobho yePolythyene, okwesithathu ngePolypropylene. Ngendlela, "Izinamathiselo" zihlala zikhuthazelwe kwezemali ngumenzi wemibhobho-iresti enkulu yayo.p. Kwangelo xesha, inkampani nganye ikholelwa ukuba iyinguqulelo yayo into oyichazayo kwaye ingeyiyo into engathandabuzekiyo. Makhe sikuxelele amabali amaninzi esothusayo evela kuluhlu "Asinawo sonke emva kokhuphiswano" kwaye sizame, 'siguqukele elukholweni. " Kodwa uhlala ungafumani ulwazi lwenjongo.
Apha, mhlawumbi, ulwazi luphela esifuna ukumazisa umfundi ngaphakathi kolu hlaziyo. Kodwa incoko yethu malunga nemibhobho ayipheli. Sinebali elineenkcukacha ngakumbi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibhobho. Ngokubanzi, ukuqhubeka kufuneka kube ...
IBhodi yokuHlela ibulela i-Aquart, i-Geber, i-UPUVERRORE, i-OVVEROP ", i-Griff R", ilungu le-Grifne ", ilungu le-rissidiki", i-avok ", ph.d. Sasina v.i. Jonga ukulungiswa kwezinto.