Zonke zimalunga nothuna olusezantsi olunika unxibelelwano oluphezulu kwizakhiwo zokuhlala, umsebenzi weTV, unomathotholo, ezenzekelayo, iikhompyuter, njl.
Ubude benethiwekhi ephantsi-ephantsi yeenjongo ezahlukeneyo kumakhaya anamhlanje bubalwa ngeekhilomitha
Ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kunye nomonakalo woomatshini, iintambo ezithile eziphantsi zigqityiwe ngentsimbi
Iintambo eziphantsi-eziphantsi zinokubekwa kwimibhobho ye-PVC
Yenziwe ngendlela evulekileyo i-wiring yesantya esiphantsi ifihliwe emva kodonga lwekhephu lasePlastalboard kunye noCelilings
Iitreyi zentsimbi zisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela ukubeka inani elikhulu leengcingo kwizakhiwo zobugcisa.
I-tiirs ye-tirs ye-Worting ye-Wortiage yenziwa ngokucokisekileyo njengeetayara zombane
Inethiwekhi ephantsi yangoku yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zobunjineli bezindlu zangoku. Ngaphandle kwabo, unxibelelwano oluphakathi oluphezulu alunakwenzeka, umabonwakude, unomathotholo, ikhaya ngokuzenzekelayo akasebenzi, musa ukusebenza kwezinye iikhompyuter. Zithini iinethiwekhi eziphantsi kwaye zeziphi izinto ezinokubakho kwizakhiwo zegumbi?
Iinkonzo zocingo
Bambalwa kuthi abacinga malunga nokuba injongo yeengcingo zeengcingo kunye neentambo aziziwa nguye kwaye xa ithunyelwe kolunye uphahla, inyibilike kubaqokeleli abangaphantsi komhlaba.
Iya kuba malunga nenethiwekhi ye-voltage ephantsi ebonelela umabonwakude, unomathotholo oshiyiweyo, umnxeba weteyiti, i-Intanethi kunye neenkqubo zamandla ezizenzekelayo, iinethiwekhi zekhompyuter ezizenzekelayo, izixhobo zokhetho kwizakhiwo zokuhlala. Kuba ezona zinto zinemisebenzi yorhwebo enxulumene nokubonelelwa kweenkonzo zabathengi kwiingcinezelo namhlanje azikho, imibutho eyahlukeneyo yenziwa iinethiwekhi zombane ophantsi, zolula iintambo kunye nokufihlakeleyo. Ukubeka unxibelelwano ngaphantsi komhlaba kubiza kakhulu kwaye kwiimeko zesixeko akusoloko kunokwenzeka. Ke ngoko, iingcingo zeenethiwekhi eziphantsi eziphantsi zihlala zixhonywa kwimigca yamandla inkxaso kwaye iphose ukusuka ekhaya ukuya endlwini. Oku kwenziwa kwaye xa ibeka i-triber fiber fiber fibec yonxibelelwano, apho imiqondiso idluliselwa njengokukhanya. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba wolule iingcingo zento ngomoya okanye ngendlela engaphantsi komhlaba, imiqondiso idluliselwa kusetyenziswa iziteshi zerediyo.
Ukufumana kwisakhiwo nge-attic okanye kumgangatho ophantsi, iingcingo eziphantsi kunye neentambo ziya kuba zigxilwe ngokukodwa ezi njongo, zimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwemibhobho ye-intshi ezimbini, kwaye zolule kwiindawo zokuhambisa. Ezi zinto zinohlobo lweephaneli ezikhulayo okanye ezinqumlayo, ezithi, ezikhoyo, zibekwe phantsi okanye iikhabhathi kunye nee-racks. Izindlu zabathengi ezakhiwe kwiiprojekthi zenkulungwane yama-20, kwizixhobo eziPhathiswayo kunye nezixhobo zokuHanjiswa (iiphaneli zombane) zamanqaku okusasaza, njengommiselo, icandelo elikhethekileyo libalaselisiwe. Izakhiwo zemihla ngemihla ezixhotywe ngokuzenzekelayo zizonga i-ACOMICs, izihlangu ezahlukileyo zixhotyiswe ngeenjongo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba i-voltage enolwazi lwenethiwekhi ephantsi yi-12-4v, kwaye imijikelezo ibalekayo kwii-milliamperes, iingcingo, izixhobo eziphantsi ziyinxalenye yombane wendlu kunye negumbi. Babandakanyiwe kwinkqubo yonke elungelelanisiweyo yokulingana kwaye ikhutshiwe yimithetho yesixhobo sombane sombane.
Ngoku ukubaluleka kwenethiwekhi ephantsi yangoku kuye kwandinyukisa kakhulu, kuba i-ofisi kaSodolophu yezixeko ezikhulu zamkela iinkqubo ezithembisayo zokudala iinkqubo ze-accounting zamandla kunye neNeil Intranet. Ukuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso kubo kwenziwa ikakhulu kwiingcingo. Yiyo loo nto, kwingingqi ye-moscow ekufuphi, imigudu yoMbutho okhethekileyo kaMasipala kunye nomthengisi wayo, iNethiwekhi ye-Intranet igqityiwe. Ababhalisi bayo banandiphe ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi yasimahla kwimithombo yolwazi yasekhaya, erekhodwe ekwemkeli koogqirha, hlawula iiakhawunti ze-IT.P. Ngaphezulu nangaphezulu abeke inkqubo yokhuseleko kunye nevidiyo ebonakalayo emaziphulweni, efumana ulwazi malunga nemeko yemicimbi ekufumaneni i-rons.
Yeyiphi imibutho enelungelo lokuyifumana kumakhaya eeNethiwekhi eziPhezulu eziPhezulu, ngawaphi amalungelo abo kunye nezibophelelo, luyintoni uxanduva abaluthwayo phambi komthengi kunye nolawulo, apho indlu ikhoyo? Ngokwesiko, iindawo zonxibelelwano zeSixeko zonxibelelwano zinamalungelo okwenza olu hlobo lomsebenzi (usasazo lwefowuni kunye neefowuni zomnxeba kunye nowamasipala oqinisekisa ukuba amashishini kamabonwakude kunye nenethiwekhi ye-tenuble ye-teble. Le mibutho ineelayisensi zeCandelo loNxibelelwano lomsebenzi kwintsimi yonxibelelwano olusezantsi. Ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi kuyandul 'ukuqukumbela ikhontrakthi nomntu wangasese, ukuba kuziwa kwifowuni okanye kwi-radio iqhosha kwindlu, okanye ngequmrhu elisemthethweni (Hwu, i-Dez okanye omnye ukufakwa yenethiwekhi enobuhlobo-jikelele. Amalungelo kunye nezibophelelo zamaqela ziboniswe, izohlwayo ezichaziweyo. Umqeshi wokutshintsha kweenkonzo zezindlu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu zelungelo lolu hlobo lomsebenzi wafumana amashishini ezorhwebo. Bakwanazo neelayisensi ze-Federals zokufakwa konxibelelwano olusezantsi. Le mibutho ibandakanyeka kwikhaya le-Intanethi kunye neentambo zentambo (kubandakanya i-fiber optic) umabonwakude, ufakelo kumagumbi kunye nezinto zokwenza izinto zevidiyo, ukuphunyezwa kweentlobo zonxibelelwano ezikhethekileyo. Ulwalamano lwabo nomthengi lukhutshwe ngokusemthethweni ngemvumelwano.
Ukucwangciswa kwenkxaso
Usuku olufuphi, xa uthungelwano oluqhelekileyo lwe-voltage lwezakhiwo zegumbi ziya kuqala ukudibanisa iinkqubo zentambo (i-SCS), njengoko kusenziwa kwiiofisi zale miva. Yintoni i-SCS? Olu luhlobo lonxibelelwano lwasekhaya lwesakhiwo / kwisakhiwo esinzima, senzelwe ukudlulisela imiqondiso yazo zonke iintlobo, kubandakanya intetho, ulwazi kunye nevidiyo. I-SCS inokusebenza nako konke ukwakhiwa, kodwa kuphela kumgangatho owahlukileyo okanye naseflethini.I-SCS yakhiwe ngendlela yokuba ngemvumelwano nganye (uqhagamshelo kwinkqubo) unokungena kuyo nayiphi na inethiwekhi edityanisiweyo. Umzekelo, fumana kwifilimu yevidiyo yenethiwekhi, inkqubo kamabonwakude okanye intetho kwifowuni. Kule meko, kukho imigca emibini eyaneleyo emsebenzini. I-Cockpage, njengommiselo, qhagamshela ikhompyuter kunye neTV kwifowuni yesibini. Iintambo zihambelana nemisebenzi ukuya kwinqaku (iipaneli apho izixhobo zokutshintsha zikhona). Amanqaku okusasaza adityaniswa nemigca ye-trunk, kwaye sele eqhagamshelwe kwintambo yenethiwekhi eyintloko kwindlu engenayo.
Intlungu ngolwazi olwahlukileyo kunye neenethiwekhi zewebhusayithi ze-SCS zineengenelo ezininzi. Okokuqala, inkqubo yindawo yonke: ungayidibanisa nefowuni kunye neTV, kunye nekhompyuter kwintambo enye. Okwesibini, yinkqubo evulekileyo. Kwenza ukuba ikwazi ukusebenzisa nasiphi na isixhobo senethiwekhi esisezantsi sabavelisi abahlukeneyo kwaye sivumela ukusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kwiiprotocol ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano (imigaqo kunye nee-odolo zezimpawu zolwazi). Oku kubalulekile kuba imigaqo-nkqubo yezixhobo ezizenzekelayo zemveliso eyahlukeneyo ayisoloko ihambelana. Nasiphi na isixhobo se-elektroniki oyithengiweyo, iya kusebenza kwinethiwekhi. Okwesithathu, i-SCS inoluhlu olubanzi lweerhafu zokuhambisa idatha: Ukusuka kwi-100 KBPS yezicelo zentetho ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10,000 MBPS yezicelo zolwazi. Ukuziqhelanisa, oku kuthetha ukusindisa imali esihlawulela ifowuni kunye ne-Intanethi ngexesha lexesha.
Ngazo zonke iinzuzo ze-SCs zinomvavanyo olubalulekileyo: Iseyindlela. Ke, ukusebenzela okuqhelekileyo, inethiwekhi kufuneka ibekwe kuyo ukuze ikhule kamva. Ezi ziiseli ezongeziweyo kwi-crossheads zokudibanisa iingcingo kunye neentambo, kunye ne-Amplizizisi esetyenziswayo ngumgca wokwakha, kunye neentambo ezineempawu eziphezulu ukuqinisekisa ngezixhobo ezininzi, nangaphezulu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, olu lonwabo ngamaxesha ama-3-4 abiza kakhulu kunokufakwa kwenethiwekhi nganye ephantsi.
Vacuum elawula
Sele namhlanje, i-automation ekhulayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Plus yesitokhwe sezindlu kufuna kubaqulunqi bokwamkelwa kwezisombululo zetekhnoloji ephezulu. Okwangoku, kubaluleke kakhulu yile nto, hamba, ukuba kunye namanye amaxwebhu emithetho kulwakhiwo lwasekhaya angekho.
Abayili kunye nabafaki beenethiwekhi eziphantsi banyanzelwa ukuba banandiphe ngo-1998. Amandla asemthethweni "ngeMigangatho yeBhrikhi yokufakwa kwetekhnoloji yokwenziwa konxibelelwano, usasazo lwerediyo kunye nomabonwakude we-OST-6003 ye-Ofisi yoNcedo lweRussia." UCWANGCISO LWEZOBUCHULE Kuba uninzi lwetekhnoloji kunye nezixhobo zisifumana phesheya, iingcali zenethiwekhi eziphantsi zibhengeza kwimigangatho yezangaphandle, ezenziwa ngokungqinelana nolawulo lwamazwe aseYurophu nakwi-United States, kodwa azikho ngokusemthethweni nyanzela ilizwe lethu. Le yimilinganiselo yezithethe ze-ISO / ies11801, eYurophu e-European1573, iAmerican API / Tia / i-EIA-568-A. Izikhokelo ezisebenzayo zisetyenziswa zizifundo zoqeqesho kunye nemiyalelo yabavelisi abaphantsi kwezixhobo eziphantsi, ezinje ngekhondo "lesiqinisekiso esibanzi se-eib", thina bafakeli abaqeqeshiweyo abaqeqeshiweyo.
Yiyo loo nto, uqhagamshelo lwentambo kwinethiwekhi ye-Intanethi luyafuneka ukuze ukuthotyelwe nemigangatho yamazwe i-ISO / IEC101, iklasi, okanye i-carness yenethiwekhi ye-Intanethi. Ezi mfuno zihambelana, umzekelo, i-UTP, i-STP, i-STP inomqhubi weSifundo se-0.4-0.65mm kunye nenani le-LETD, i-PC, i-PC ye-WTD, yoNxibelelwano e-ETL ), "UPreccal" (iRussia) IIDR. Ezi ziintambo zombane ezisekwe kwisibini esijijekileyo esijijekileyo se-100, i-120 ne-150 ohms kwindawo yokuyilwa kunye nokungafihlikiyo, kunye ne-mode ye-fiber-fiber-optic-optic-optic-optic-optic-optic-optic-optic-optic-optic-optic-optic. Iingcingo zombane eziphantsi kunye neentambo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuhambisa idatha kunye ne-racquency kwi-1 MHZ, ngelixa i-SHRNS ibonelela ngedatha yokudluliselwa kwedatha yezicelo. Kuba iindlela zokugqibela, zisetyenziselwa ukubeka iinethiwekhi ze-backbone. Ukufakwa kweenethiwekhi zangaphakathi zihlala zenziwa ngamacingo ombane kunye neentambo.
I-Col Dol to uqhagamshelo apho ufaka khona?
Nangona amaxwebhu emigaqo kwinethiwekhi ephantsi ekhoyo kwilizwe lethu akwanelanga, "umthi wobomi luhlaza okuqaqambileyo." Iingcali zikhokelwa ngunamanye amaxwebhu. Zombini zikwindlela yokubeka intambo yasekhaya nezangaphandle zokubeka iintambo zentambo kunye nezixhobo zomrhumo, ufakelo lweenethiwekhi eziphantsi zangoku zilandela imigaqo engaqhelekanga kwizikhokelo zangaphandle nezasekhaya. Ngokutsho kwe-OSF-6003, umgama phakathi kwentambo yomnxeba kunye nokudlulisela iingcingo ze-inshurensi okanye i-wiring yamandla kufuneka ingama-25mm. Imfuno enjalo ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo nenethiwekhi apho imiqondiso ye-alog (ifowuni yesintu, irediyo, umabonwakude) idluliselwa. Kuba imiqondiso esenziwe nge-intanethi isetyenziswa kwi-Intanethi ye-Intanethi, izithondezo zenethiwekhi azifumaneki kusulelo lwabo lwempembelelo ebalulekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, umgama phakathi kwemigca ye-intanethi kunye ne-wiring yombane inokuphatha.
Akuvumelekanga ukuqalisa iingcingo eziphantsi kunye neentambo kwiintambo zombane ze-wiring, kuba xa usemandleni okanye kwi-wiring yemijelo yombane engalinganiyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ungene kwiinethiwekhi eziphantsi. I-ATA sele igqityiwe ngomonakalo wesixhobo esibizayo. Xa ukuwela iintambo ezinkulu kufanele ukuba zingenamthungo eludongeni, kodwa zincinci kubo zingaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi (kwi-stroke). Unokuchonga amandla eentambo ngokujonga kwiskimu sokunyusa apho uphawu lwabo lubonisiwe. Iintambo zibekwe ngaphandle kwesakhiwo phantsi kwemibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi, izitebhisi zomlilo kunye neewindows, kufuneka zikhuselwe kumonakalo woomatshini kunye nelitha yentsimbi. Iibhokisi zokuhambisa kufuneka zibekwe eludongeni kumgama ongu-300mm ukusuka kwisilingisi. Ukufakelwa kweebhokisi zejunction Ngasentla iingcango, iindawo ezivulelekileyo kunye neewindows azivumelekanga.
Ukungeniswa kwendlela evulekileyo okanye efihlakeleyo yomnxeba wokuthumela ngefowuni (kwibhokisi yokuhambisa kwifowuni) kufuneka ifezekise ezi mfuno zilandelayo:
mfutshane kwaye uqo nkqo;
thathela ingqalelo indawo kwizakhiwo zombane, usasazo lwerediyo kunye nezinye iiposti kunye nokuhlangana nabo kangangoko kunokwenzeka;
ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo, ukuba i-wiring ivulekile, idlula ejikeleze iindonga kwindawo eqingqiweyo ye-2.3-3m ukusuka kumgangatho kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-50mm ukusuka kwisilingi; Ukuba ufihliwe, emva koko kwiziteshi zesixhobo semali mboleko ngakulo naluphi na ukuphakama okufanelekileyo.
I-wiring kwisixhobo se-terminal kufuneka senziwe ngocingo oluqinileyo, isikhephe asivumelekanga. Iingcingo zefowuni ezihamba ngendlela enye kufuneka ibekwe ngokuhambelana, kufutshane nomnye. Ngegalelo lomoya kwindlu yentambo kwi-rack eluphahleni okanye ukusuka kwintsika, kuyimfuneko ukufaka isixhobo esikhuselayo kwiNdlu (i-Azu), ekufuneka yenziwe ukuba ibekwe.
Inethiwekhi yosasazo lweentambo (ukufumaneka kwayo kumakhaya kuyanyanzeleka ngokwemigaqo yeCandelo leCandelo leemeko zongxamiseko), njengommiselo, lwenziwe nge-wiring efihlakeleyo (kwiindawo eziphezulu, iindonga, iindonga ezifihlakeleyo). Ngaphandle koko, ukuba iintambo kunye neengcingo zenethiwekhi kunye nosasazo lweentambo zibekwe kwibhokisi ewonke, kuyimfuneko ukuhlonipha umgama phakathi kwabo ukuphelisa impembelelo yothuli lwerediyo kwiinguqu zefowuni. Lo mgama kufuneka ubuncinci ube yi-50mm ubude bomgca 70m, i-15mm ngomva kwe-10m.
Ukwenzela iintambo zomsebenzi kunye nezixhobo ezenzelwe ukuthutha ulwazi oluninzi (i-intanethi yedijithali, i-intanethi, i-IP Telesephony), zinokubekwa njengokufihlakeleyo kwaye zivulekile. I-wiring efihliweyo kule meko iqhutywa kwimikhono ye-PVC-imikhono phantsi komgangatho ophakanyisiweyo kunye nokubopha imigangatho, ngasemva kokumiswa kweendonga kunye neendonga kwimivimbo. Iivenkile ezibuthathaka ezinamagqabi amabini okanye ngaphezulu kwiimeko ezinjalo zifakwe kumgangatho ophantsi kunye neendonga. I-garket evulekileyo yenethiwekhi ephantsi ye-SODE kwi-Channels kwizindlu ihlala iqhelekile, kodwa inokwenziwa ukuba abanini bezindlu azichazeli i-ofisi yoyilo lwe-ofisini yabo. Ngalo naluphi na uhlobo phakathi kweentambo kunye neziseko zeenkuni zombane eziphantsi kunye neziseko zangoku, ziyimfuneko ukumelana nomgama ohambelana nomgama.
Ukukhusela izixhobo kwisenzo semigangatho yenethiwekhi engalinganiyo kunye nokukhutshelwa kwe-thamospheric, imigca yombane yeenkqubo zombane eziphantsi zohlobo lweTV kunye nevidiyo kufuneka zibekwe emhlabeni. Imfuno enjalo iqulethwe kwi-US-607-A 2002. "UMGAQO-NKQUBO WOKUGQIBELA. IIMFUNO ZOKUGQIBELA NOQEQOPHISO LOMNTO LWEZOQOQOSHO ZEENKQUBO ZEENKONZO ZONYANGO." Amatayara ahlabayo angabagcini bodper odwayo kunye necandelo lokuwela ukuya kwi-95mm2 (kuxhomekeke kubude). Ziqhagamshela izindlu zentsimbi zezinto zokuhambisa kunye nomgca womhlaba. Imichiza inokwenziwa ngendlela ye-insoxide (Screws, ii-bolts), kunye ne-isothermal welding. Ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile akunakwenzeka ukuba senze umhlaba, iingcingo zikhuselwe kwaye isikrini sikhutshiwe.
Zingakanani iinkonzo zofakelo lweenethiwekhi ze-voltage ephantsi kwizakhiwo zegumbi? Masithi, kungulonwabo, hayi ngexabiso eliphantsi. Inyani yile yokuba umsebenzisi akabhatali kuphela emsebenzini wokufakelwa, ukubandakanyeka ngokwenyama ngokubeka kwindlu yentambo, kunye nokuhla kwexabiso lezixhobo ezisisiseko. Ke ngoko, kuxhomekeka kwinqanaba lokutsalwa kwefowuni yendawo, iindleko zorhwebo zokuqhagamshela ifowuni kwingingqi ye-MOSCOW ukusuka kwi- $ 400 ukuya kwi-1,200. I-intanethi eqaqambileyo ye-intanethi ixabisa i-100 yeedola kwaye ibiza kakhulu, imali efanayo ifanelekile ukufaka i-intercom. Ukufakwa kwenkqubo yokhuselo, ukuhlolwa kwevidiyo, iinkqubo zevidiyo kunye nevidiyo ziqikelelwa ngokuxhomekeke kubunzulu bomsebenzi, inani lezixhobo kunye nevolumu yamagumbi. Iplagi ivela kwi-500 yeedola ukuya kwi-5,000 yeedola okanye ngaphezulu. Ukufakelwa kwe-SCS kwi-avareji ye- $ 30 umgca, kubandakanya uvavanyo kunye nesiqinisekiso (ngaphandle kokutshintsha kunye nezinye izixhobo). Ngaphantsi komgca aqondwa njengecandelo lentambo kuyo nayiphi na indawo yokuhambisa inqaku kwisokethi okanye kwisinxibelelanisi sokudibanisa. Iintambo ezimbini ziqhutywa yi-crab.
Inkcubeko yonxibelelwano yoluntu iyakhula. U-Ilylidi, ngubani na ngenxa yeso nasiphi na isizathu sokonwaba ngokupheleleyo kwiindlela zonxibelelwano, emngciphekweni "kumzuzu omnye" omuhle "ukuze ube kwelinye ilizwe.
IBhodi yokuHlela ibulela inkampani "ye-cascade dibanisa", "I-Internad", "Internad", "i-Intanethi ye-Intanethi", "indalo yoyilo" yokulungiselela izinto.