Icebo lilungelelaniswe ngokukodwa ukuze indlu ikwinduli. Isithathu sezinto ezinawo amaziko amanzi acwangciswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nemithi yehlathi
Abayili bowuts dace grezinsk, eva skdin. Ifoto kaKaren Manko
I-Offirtect Oknana hleborodova. Ifoto kaKaren Manko
Umyili u-Andris Steinberg. Ifoto kaKaren Manko
Uyilo lweGor Ifoto kaKaren Manko
Indawo apho imizi ihleli kwihlathi lepine, elwandle enyuka elunxwemeni lwechibi. Le meko ibonelele lula ukwakhiwa, kuba Isanti eyomileyo yenza ukuba i-subrage yendalo. Isiseko seSiseko sakhethwa uyilo lwe-monolithic ye-downtit enzulu
Ukufika kweli tyala elinoxanduva, njengokuthengwa kweyelenqe lokwakhiwa kwendlu yelizwe, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukhetho lwendawo yesakhiwo kunye nenkqubo yendawo yoyilo ixhomekeke ekuqulunqweni kosapho kunye ne Indlela yokuphila yenzeka kuyo.
Ke, uninzi lwabantu abadala bayathanda ukungcungcutheka kwigadi nasemhlabeni, kwaye umntu othile ukhetha ukuhlala kakuhle kwindawo entle. Ukuthintela kwakho kuchulumancile ziibhedi, iibhedi ezihlelelekileyo, ezinye iibhedi zeentyatyambo ezihle, iileyile. Ulutsha kunye nabantwana, njengommiselo, zisebenza ngenkuthalo. Bafuna indawo yokuhambisa imidlalo, i-riveves yokupheka kebabs, ehleli emlilweni wayo.p. Ngesi sizathu, ubume bendawo yokusebenza kwezinto ezininzi kufuneka ibe yinkqubo yokufumana ingcinga ethathela ingqalelo iimfuno zelungu ngalinye losapho. Ukubaluleka kunye nobuhle Apha kudityaniswa.
Xa ukhetha i-plassing yecebo, ngaphandle kweendleko zayo, kunyanzelekile ukuba unikele ingqalelo kwezi meko zibalulekileyo: Uncedo lonxibelelwano lwezothutho, amanzi, igesi, igesi, imeko yendalo esingqongileyo , uhlobo lophuhliso lweesayithi ezingabamelwane. Kuyinto enqwenelekayo ukucwangcisa intsimi ngendlela yokuba kukho iindawo ezintathu ezisebenzayo: Indawo yokuhlala, kunye nendlu, iibhedi zeentyatyambo, zokuphumla; Igadi yeGadi; Ikhaya, kunye neHozblock, Ukuhlamba kunye negumbi lokuhlambela (ukuba azikho endlwini), umqokeleli wenkunkuma. Ukucazululwa komhlaba okufanelekileyo kukuthatha ingqalelo uqhelaniso kumacala okukhanya (umzekelo, indawo yezoqoqosho, indawo yezoqoqosho ilungele ukubeka entla), isiqabu kunye nomoya ovuthuzayo. Kodwa yonke le nto kamva, kuba ophuculo olunobuchule kwindawo yendlu yakhe yexesha elizayo emema i-geodesists.
"Kwaye apha bafumana intsimi enkulu ..."
Enye yezona ngxaki zinkulu ze-geodesi yaseRussia namhlanje yimeko edandathekileyo yenethiwekhi ye-geodesic yenethiwekhi (inethiwekhi yezinto zokuqala ezigcina ukulungelelanisa nokubonelela ngendawo enye yokulungelelanisa). Oku kukhokelela kwinto emininzi ngaphandle kokufumana iimpawu zesalathiso, xa kuphuhliswa iiprojekthi, ezibophelela kwizifundo, indawo ezimiselwe ngokwemeko. Isiphumo siyamangalisa xa sithenga i-plor yeLizwe, umbhekisinsi ufuva ukuba umntu ngomnye umntu. Ke "unomsindo" Inkqubo yokulungelelaniswa kwemeko ethile, kunye nombuzo wobunini kwimeko enjalo uyakwazi ukusombulula inkundla, apho ooseGedesist baya kuchaswa ziingcali.
Kungenxa yoko le nto kufike nje kuthengiso lwendawo, ngokukhawuleza kufuneka lubizwe ngokuba ziingcali ukuba zenze uphononongo lwe-topopographic. Kuyimfuneko, kwanaxa umxholo wentengiselwano yinto endala eneminyaka ekhoyo kunye nemida. Njengoko uyazi, abantu bethu abathanda ukuhambisa ngokunganyanzelekanga ukuba bashukumise iingcingo, kwaye ukuba umda 'we-"n' wafakwa 'kumgca wokuqala, emva koko watshintshwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba uziqikelele iziphumo. Imilinganiselo yendawo inokuthi ingaphantsi kolawulo, kwaye ukuba umhlaba ukwindawo engaqhelekanga, emva koko ukungqinelani kwekhulu kuya kujika ibe sisixa esikhulu.
Kufanele ukuba ukhunjulwe ukuba ukudubula kwe-topographic, kwenziwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu eyadlulayo, kuthathwa njengokuphuma. Lo mgaqo uchaphazela nale meko xa kwenziwe lo phononongo, kodwa kamva yakhiwa kwaye ayikhiwanga. Akayi kungumyili wezazela, uya kuqala umsebenzi, ngaphandle kwesicwangciso sendawo yendawo esekwe kwi-topographic ye-geodesist esekwe kwiziphumo zokudubula. Esi sicwangciso yimodeli yedijithali yendawo yedijithali, ekuvumela ukuba ubale indawo yokwakha, ivolumu yomhlaba okhethiweyo phantsi kwePita, enokungena ngempumelelo kwiProjekthi ekhoyo, yenza iprojekthi esemthethweni.
Nangona kunjalo, ukulungiswa kwesicwangciso seTopographic sokusebenza kwe-geodesist ayiphelelanga. Ngapha koko, ukususwa kweprojekthi kwindalo kunye nokugcinwa kolwakhiwo kufuneka kwenziwe ekupheleni kwayo, ngaphakathi kwesakhelo solawulo lwe-geodesi, kuqhutywa kwipaspoti yokwakha). Yonke le nto iyimfuneko kuba abakhi ngamanye amaxesha bachaza kakhulu idatha yedatha, kwaye ngenxa yoko, indlu inokuthi 'ishukumisele "kwiimitha ezimbalwa. Kubaluleke kakhulu kweli nqanaba ukulungisa indawo echanekileyo yonxibelelwano oluphantsi komhlaba, olu luncedo xa kuqhutywa umsebenzi olandelayo wokulungisa okanye ukwakhiwa kwamaziko ongezelelweyo. Xa uziqhelanisa, ulungiselelo lokwenene lonxibelelwano aluhlali lurekhodwa, kwaye ulungelelwaniso lweminqweno yabo ("imitha emithathu ukusuka kwiposti ekufuphi"), emva koko ingcwatywe kwaye ... ngokukhuselekileyo ndilibale.
Umhlaba wendawo ucwangcisiwe ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi emibini yokusebenza - indawo yokuhlala kunye nezoqoqosho.
1 ndlu;
Igumbi le-2;
I-3-parade;
I-4-i-reservoir;
I-5th yahamba;
I-6-I-Lawn;
Isithuba selinen eqingqiweyo;
I-8- umqokeleli wegreyitha
Inkxaso kufuneka ithembeke
Uhlobo olufanelekileyo lweSiseko lukhethiwe ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-geopode. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ziingcali eziya kuthi ziqwalasele ukuba ngaba aziyi koyikiswa yindlu kalingelolo, ezenziwa ngenxa yokhukuliseka komhlaba ngamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.
Kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ukuseka amandla omhlaba, apho baqhuba uvavanyo lokuqhuba ngamanqaku aliqela ajikeleze umda wendlu eyenziweyo. Ingathandeki kakhulu ukubeka ukwakhiwa kwi-swamampy esezantsi okanye kwisanti kwaye kuloo nto kwaye kwelinye icala kuya kufuneka bomeleze isiseko.
Ngokubanzi, kuba uhlobo lomhlaba luya kuba phantsi kwekhaya, amandla ayo kunye nokuqina kuxhomekeke. Eyona nto inengxaki, i-peat kunye nemihlaba yes swampy. Kutshanje, iziseko ezivela ekufundeni iifayile zekhonkrithi zakhiwe, ezivalwa emhlabeni ziye kubunzulu obuyi-4 ukuya kwi-15m, 'kumhlaba "olungileyo". Kwimihlaba ebuthathaka, kunye nokukhwela kumphezulu wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, isakhiwo sasibeka kwi-Slab yekhonkrithi eqinisekisiweyo, esebenza njengohlobo lwe "raft". Imihlaba yesanti ifuna ufakelo lweebhloko zekhonkrithi.
"Rhoqo rhoqo kumaphephandaba, ukugqabaza ngemizekelo engaphumelelangayo, khalaza: phaya, akukho nto imbi, akukho nto ingenziwa phezu kwayo, Kuyinyani! Yakha phantse kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, isakhiwo kufuneka sisekwe kwisiseko esifanelekileyo. Ukubakho, iziphumo zophando lwe-gedes, ulwazi malunga noyilo olusemthethweni yesiseko. Ukuba uyithanda le ndawo ngenxa yesidingo sokwenza isiseko esithukayo sokwakha, iindleko zokwakha zinokuphuhliswa. Kuyanda, kungcono ukumba imali eyongezelelweyo emhlabeni, kodwa ukukhetha enye iyelenqe , nangona uninzi lweekhilomitha ukusuka ekuqaleni, kodwa ngomhlaba ofanelekileyo ofanelekileyo.
Ubume beSiseko kunye nolwakhiwo lweNdlu lunqwenelekayo ukuba lusetyenziswe kwixesha elinye lokwakha.
1 ndlu;
Indlu e-2 yegadi;
Isakhiwo esi-3 soqoqosho;
I-4- Platform yeBarbecue;
Igadi yesithumbu;
I-6-i-reservoir;
I-7-Arinarium;
Igadi yesiqhamo;
Iqonga le-9 leholide
Iidesktop Iincwadi zoMqambi
Kukho lonke uluhlu lwamaxwebhu alawulayo alawula ukuqulunqwa kweeplani zomhlaba. Okokuqala, liyinto edibeneyo ye-11-1067 "inkqubo yokuphuhlisa, ukulungelelanisa, ukuvunywa kunye nokwenziwa kwamaxwebhu oyilo lokwakha intsimi (ilizwe) Imibutho yabemi." Okwesibini, i-snip 30-02-97 "UCWANGCISO NOBUCHULE BENKONZO YESIQINISEKISO (Ilizwe) Imibutho yabemi, izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo." La maxwebhu mabini asondeleyo anemixholo eyahlukileyo eyahlukileyo (kwi-snip 30-02-97, imibuzo ephambili igxile, kwaye kwi-Jaint Genter Gentrey 11-1067-97- eyongezelelweyo) kwaye, kunjalo, zine Amandla ahlukeneyo asemthethweni: Imigaqo ye-stip 30-02-97 iyafuneka ukuze ibulawe, kunye ne-Jage Genter 11-1067 "Ukuseka izibonelelo ezicetyiswayo" stip 30-02-97.Ukuqala ucwangciso lwendawo, kunyanzelekile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo iimfuno zeMihlathi 6.7 ne-6.8 snap 30-02-97, ilawula le milinganiselo ilandelayo kunye ne-STATS:
Ubuncinci bokuhamba kumda wendawo yaseGadini esalathisiweyo: okanye ekhaya) - i-3m, ukusuka ekwakhiweni kwemfuyo encinci kunye ne-4m ukusuka kwezinye izakhiwo, 1m; Ukusuka kwimithi emide emide-4m, inyikima, 2m, ukusuka kwi-shrub- 1m;
Umgama phakathi kwendlu umda kwindawo ekufutshane ilinganiswa ukusuka kwisiseko wendlu okanye ukusuka eludongeni lwendlu (xa kungekho isiseko), ukuba izinto zendlu (erker, evarandeni, umnquba IDR) akenzi ngaphezulu kwe-50cm ukusuka kwindiza yodonga. Ukuba benza ngaphezulu kwe-50cm, umgama ulinganiswa ukusuka kwiindawo ezinomgangatho okanye kwi meko yazo emhlabeni (i-console ye-console yophahla elikwimigangatho ye-IDR ye-IDR ye-IDR yomgangatho wesibini);
Xa kwakhiwa kwindawo yezakhiwo zoqoqosho, kubekwe kumgama we-1m ukusuka kumda wegadi engummelwane, uphahla kufuneka lujolise kwisiza sayo. Owona mgama ubuncinci phakathi kwezakhiwo: Ukusuka ekhaya kunye ne-celllars ukuya kwigumbi lokuhlambela kunye nezakhiwo zomxholo weenkomo ezincinci kunye neentaka-ukuya kwi-12m, kwiibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu (iibhafu) - 8m; Ukusuka equleni ukuya kwigumbi lokuphumla kunye nesixhobo somqulu, i-8m.
Xa ukhetha iprojekthi, kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo ukuqhelaniswa kwendawo emacaleni okukhanya. Kwicandelo elinye, ungagxila ngaphezu kwegumbi elinye lokuhlala kumakhaya amabini kwigumbi lokulala, amagumbi amabini okuhlala amagumbi amathathu anamagumbi amathathu anamagumbi amathathu anamagumbi amathathu anesihlanu kunye amathandathu anesihlanu kunye namathandathu. Olona hlobo lulungileyo kukuqhelaniswa kwamazantsi nasemzantsi mpuma. Apha, abantwana kunye namagumbi okulala ahlala exhotyiswe: ekuseni, emva kobusuku obupholileyo, izakhiwo zityhutywe kakuhle kwaye zifudumele, kwaye ngokuhlwa.
Indlu ilunge ngakumbi ukubeka i-faide esitratweni. Olona khetho lubalaseleyo kukwakha kumgama we-4-6m ukusuka kumda wendawo. Kule meko, kuya kuba nakho ukukhusela i-faeve eluthulini nakwingxolo yesitrato esinemigangatho eluhlobiso.
UOlga Garrilova, uNjingalwazi uNjingalwazi weSebe leJodesy yeYunivesithi yaseRussia
"Wonke umntu unezinto ezininzi zokutsha nje ezinxulumene nemfuno yenkonzo yokusingqongileyo yokuphelisa izakhiwo zabucala ezikwindawo yokhuseleko lwamanzi. Njengoko uyazi, le ngxaki yayichaphazele kuphela abemi abaqhelekileyo, kodwa neenkwenkwezi zeshishini. Ukugweba ngokwendlela echaziweyo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi mfuno ziya kuqiniswa kuphela. Ke sukubeka emngciphekweni ukuthandeka kwepropathi yakho yexesha elizayo. Kuninzi okuninzi ukuzikhusela kwangaphambili, kujongwe sisiphelo esisemthethweni seengcali zenkonzo ye-geodesi. "
Ikhaya lam yinqaba yam?
Enkosi kwi-nihilism yezomthetho ngabemi bethu, uninzi lwezakhiwo ezikwiziza zelizwe zanyulwa ngokungekho semthethweni, ngaphandle kokuvunywa okufanelekileyo kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ezifanelekileyo nakwiimeko. Konke oku kunokukhokelela kwezona ziphumo zingenasiphelo kubanini bezindlu ezinjalo, ukuya kwiDissizotion Offition. Kungenxa yoko le nto kufuneka kuqala ukufumana imvume, kwaye emva koko uqhubeke kwakhiwa.
Inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwendawo yokuhlala nganye kwingingqi ye-MASCOW igqitywe yimilinganiselo yokwakha ye-MOSCOW, ukwenziwa, inkqubo yophuhliso, ukulungelelanisa kunye nokuvunywa kwamaxwebhu eprojekthi yokwakha Ingingqi yeMoscow (i-TSN PMS-97 Mo) "(yamkelwe ngurhulumente kumda we-Mscow N 28/9 ka-Matshi 30, 1998).
Umhlaba wendawo wacwangciswa ngendlela yokuba indlu, iyeza lokuhlamba kunye nezoqoqosho ithathe icala lasekhohlo - kude nendlela. Igadi yemifuno eneebhedi kunye neGreenhouse nayo ifihliwe. Icala lasekunene linikezelwa kwisityalo sokuhombisa.
1 ndlu;
2 -hlamba;
Isakhiwo esi-3 soqoqosho;
I-4-lawn;
Igadi yesi-5;
I-6-i-reservoir;
Iqonga leholide;
Igadi yesiqhamo;
I-9 -UGORE
I-10- Terrace
Iphakheji efunekayo kule nkqubo yamaxwebhu inokubonelela uMthengi ngenkampani yoyilo kunye nenkampani yokwakha kunye nemvumelwano. Kule meko, ukufumana imvume, kuya kwanela ukuthumela ileta kwigama le-Apkiyithi oyiNtloko okanye intloko yolawulo lwasekhaya.
Njengegqwetha eliphezulu lenkampani "Yuro-Inkonzo", uAndrei Grischenkonk, waphawula, nokuba kusekupheleni kolwakhiwo, kusekuseni ukudumisa ngendaba. Ekuqaleni, kufuneka ikhutshwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba ubudlelwane bayo buye kwi-Inventity yeZiko loThengiso (i-BTI) kunye nokubhalisa indlu ngokuzisa kwirejista yezakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. Kufanele ukuba ukhunjulwe ukuba i-BTI ayiyi kuligqiba de kube sekupheleni komsebenzi. Into enokutshabaleka inokuqwalaselwa ngakumbi nokuba kukusilela kweepensile kwiingcango zendlu enamacala amaninzi. Kodwa emva kokwenza umsebenzi kwirejista ye-State, umthengi uyayifumana ingekuphela nje inqanaba lomnini mzi, kodwa noxanduva lokuhloniphanisa irhafu yokuthengisa izindlu, njengokuhambelana nobhaliso lukarhulumente, irhafu yepropathi ayihlawuliswa.
UMaxim Novikov, injineli eyiNtloko yeNkampani yeJomemester:
"Ukunqongophala kolwazi malunga nemihlaba kungakhokelela kwimiphumo emibi. Isiseko esichanekileyo esingahambelaniyo nolu hlobo lomhlaba kunye nolwakhiwo, ubunzulu obuchazwe ngokungachanekanga buyakwazi ukuguqukela kwinto yokuba iminyango iya kushukuma Indlu eyenziwe ngomthi, i-Will Sprimes, kunye nezitena, zivele izitena ezindongeni ziya kuqala inkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa kwamacandelo okwakha. "
Abahleli bebulela iJomemeter LLC, i-CJSC, i-CJSC, iingcali ze-fedenc ye-Russian Federations, kwiZindlu ze-Russian Fedrity ye-Russia yoncedo .