I-SISIIN EXINE

Ukuqhubeka koluhlu lweempapasho malunga nembali yoyilo lwendawo yokuhlala: iziko lengqwalaselo "lelona gumbi likhulu" ligumbi lokutyela.

I-Archirects i.yansne, k.avostins

Ifoto M.SSEpanov

Umbhali weProjekthi K.ABIK

Ifoto K. Manko

Igumbi elibandayo, igumbi lokutyela elimncinci linokungcamla izitya ezingalindelekanga kwisitayile se "fusion" enesidima esingaqhelekanga okanye esifutshane "

Iprojekthi kunye nolwakhiwo lweNdlu yeLalejia

Ifoto M.SSEpanov

Ukuhlala kwigumbi lokuhlala kwaye ujonge kwindawo yokutyela ephosakeleyo nge-buffee yesintu, ndifuna ukuphinda ndifunde amabali e-chenokhlov, ndibeka itafile emhlophe yetafile kwaye ndibeka i-samovar

I-Arkitect M. Pavlichuk

Ifoto Garshblovsky

Eli gumbi lokutyela likhulu lingenanto kwaye i-guloko. Imbono ayiphazanyiswa yihocoon-cations kunye nefenitshala.

Ifoto E.Lichina

Igumbi lokutyela lemveli elihle, apho kufanelekile kwaye imbi "yombhali" kunye neti kunye neti kunye ne-jam

I-Arkitect U.Serbergs.

Ifoto K. Manko

Intshukumo enye inokwahlulwa ligumbi lokuhlala kunye nendawo yokutyela, itshintshe irayisi kwiindwendwe ngonxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo ngokuzonwabisa kwesidlo kunye newayini entle. Ukubakho kwentshukumo yokubuyela umva - ukuba nentshukumo yengqondo

Abytetctts t.demin, D. Golodoki

Ifoto M.SSEpanov

Umbhali weprojekthi akwazi ukudala i "Gothic mod" kwaye kweli gumbi lokutyela, ukunqanda ukucaphula ngqo kunye notshintsho ekuholeni

Umyili we-S. Marova

Ifoto M.SSEpanov

IKhabhinethi. Kwigumbi lokutyela elinje, kulungile ukutya okumnandi, kodwa ngoqoqosho ngexesha. Emva koko ngxama ukuya kwi-manscripts

I-Arkitect K. Bayanan.

Ifoto v.neDova

Igumbi lokutyela liyinyani, okanye ihlobiso. Kunye nemeko engathethekiyo. Kodwa ubushushu bentliziyo yekhaya ifezekiswa ngokwahlukileyo kudonga olumhlophe kunye ne-Brick ebomvu "

Njengebhentshi, itafile, iwindow

Ngenyanga enkulu yeSilivere ...

A. AKHMATOVA

Ukulibala i-Idred yePotimer "Xa ndisisithulu kwaye", sibuyele kwisaqhwithi esadlulayo, xa isidlo sasihamba-hamba kungekuphela kweevidiyo, kodwa neencoko, sicula. I-viots yaseRussia ihlala igqitywe yinani elibonakalayo "pop" ebefanele ukuphucula ukugaya. I-Avokin yabhala: musa ukukhawuleza. " Phazamiseka kwaye ungxame ...

Elona gumbi likhulu

Umbhali weprojekthi r. krusopop

Ifoto K. Manko

Soloko ukuxubana okungalindelekanga kwezitayile kunye nezithuba zidala izinto ezithile. Izitulo-I-Ampar, izitulo zelizwe, i-chinetle yaseTshayina. Indawo yokutyela kwi-verge ye "dibanisa iimvakalelo" kunye nesitayile asiphumelelanga kwi-xvii. Amagumbi okutyela eRussia ayebizwa ngokuba ngamagumbi etafile. Banokufika kwizindlu ezinqabileyo ezahlukileyo kumbala, ubungakanani kunye nendawo. Elona ligama likhulu lokutyela elikhulu kwaye lalithathwa njengeyona ndawo iphambili. Ngaphambi koko, kwi-Xviv., Igumbi lokutyela labizwa ngokuba sisidlo, kwaye laliyinto enjalo phakathi kokwamkelwa kunye negumbi lomthendeleko. Phambili isiqingatha se-xviiIV. Igama elithi "igumbi lokutyela" laba yimbi, kuba lafika endaweni yencwadi "yeholo". Ngoku kweli gumbi ihleli phantsi izidlo. Kuzo cingo zemihla ngemihla, amagumbi asebenzela nje, okanye amagumbi. Ngoku, eFransi, itafile inokugutyungelwa ngaphambili. Kwaye kuphela ukusuka kwi-1770s. "Onke amagumbi anegumbi elilungiselelwe izidlo."

Igumbi lokutyela lihlala likhona kwikona yeNdlu kwaye inyikitywe yifestile kumacala amabini. Quclock xviiiv. Sele isondele embindini wesakhiwo. Eli gumbi lifundiswa ecaleni kwe-faide enkulu kwaye ikhukuliswe ngesisa ngokukhanya kwemini (kunye noxande apho kujikelezile kwaye i-oval caentens). Kwangelo xesha, ubunzulu bakhe buncinci. Imigangatho ihlala inxulumana, kwaye hayi i-raquet, njengakwiholo.

Sele ikwi-Xix. I-caneteens igxothwayo kwi-STAMPILimited Rumited kwaye ivele phakathi kwamagumbi okuhlala ebekwe kwi-sade ye-facle. Ukukhanyisa ngoku akulungelanga kangako, kodwa ukulungela unxibelelwano nekhitshi kunye nokususwa kwizamkela kwizamkela ngaphambili. Ukutshintsha kwe-1839-1841GG. Ke ithi: "Igumbi lokutyela kufuneka likwazi ukususwa kumagumbi angaphambili ngenxa yevumba likaKusan. Kwigumbi lokutyela, kuluncedo ukucwangciswa komlilo kwigumbi lokutyela."

Igumbi lokutyela yaseRussia kunye neholo kwiNkosi yaseYurophu yahlukile kakhulu. I-RODIniIIIS i-on-ubungakanani kunye nendawo ebalaseleyo

Indlu kaGolitsy kwi-vorkhonka (1760). Icebo laphantsi

Kwikona ebomvu yegumbi lalizaliswe ziivenkile kunye netafile, kwaye izitya ezibizayo zema eludongeni niche. Embindini we-arch egxuma i-mica lanterner

Indlu satozhnikova (70-80-Russia. Xviv.)

"IHolo" ye-Alwelilalo yaqhagamshelana neKhabhinethi kunye nokuhamba kwegumbi. Yeyona gumbi likhulu nelikhulu eliqaqambileyo, iifestile ze-faide eziphambili

Ekuqaleni kwe-Xix. Igumbi lokutyela limi ecaleni kwendlela (ngaphambili), likhanyiselwe iifestile ezimbini nezontathu kwaye zineengcango ezintathu ziyidibanisa ngaphambili, ukufikelela kwintendelezo kunye ne-cuisine. Ngamanye amaxesha i-canteen icocekile i-buffet, eyayixa yayisisidlo sakusasa phakathi kweholo kunye negumbi lokutyela, ukulungiselela ukusebenza kuwo omabini amagumbi.

Kwizindlu ezincinci, igumbi lokutyela alizange lingoneliseki. Wayekhonza njengeholo, eyayingumlinganiswa welo xesha. Ewe, nangethu. Igumbi lokutyela kwifom eyahlukileyo ihlangana rhoqo kwezindlu zelizwe kwaye ifana kakhulu neVeranda eqhekezwe.

Umzobo wehostess

Igumbi lokutyela guys golois le uthetha malunga nawe njengomphathi kunye nomphathi. Ukuba uyazithanda iindwendwe, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka ukuba zibenzi, ngaphambili kwaye zibe seti zezinto eziphathwayo (iitafile ezisongelayo, izitulo, iitafile ezikhoyo). Kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, musa ukwenza ngaphandle kwesixa esikhulu sezitya kunye nezixhobo ezilula zokugcina (iikhabhathi, izilayidi, imiboniso bhanyabhanya). Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko (kwaye kufuneka!) Nika "indawo yokufudukela" ukusasaza iindwendwe, ukukhonza itafile, izitya zitshintshela.

Kodwa ukuba igumbi lakho lokutyela lincinci kwaye linoyolo, akukho mntu uyakhulula izinto ezifanelekileyo. Ubuncinci, itafile nezitulo kufuneka zibekho. Enye into, ukuba unamathele kwimbono yegumbi lokutyela ekhitshini. Kodwa iya kuxutyushwa kamva.

Umhlobiso wegumbi lokutyela lilizwe elikhanyayo, imeko engxamisekileyo okanye i-crictaks enecebo kwisitayile seScandinavia. Oku kuvunywa ngokubanzi ngamasango afanelekileyo. Uhlobo lwayo, njengoko iingcali zengqondo ziyaqiniseka, kuxhomekeke kubudala bohostele kunye nezithethe zayo zosapho. Ifilimu izidalwa ezincinci ezazingaphezulu kwe-30, ubuncinci. Yongeza kolu thando lokuthantamisa ngenxa ye-cuisine yaseJapan, kwaye uya kufumana umfanekiso onokuqikelelwa ngokupheleleyo kumoya ofanelekileyo. Izidalwa ezincinci ezingenamhlaba ezikwiminyaka efanayo, enothando ethandekayo kwaye zisazi kakhulu kwi-cuisine yesiqhelo (i-pies ewe i-puyshki), zithambekele emazweni okanye i-crickins nge-tint ye-Russia (i-napkins, iitawuli). Ngonaphakade Iintombi ezincinci kakhulu zihlala zilondolozwa. Umhlolokazi uyajongwa kulwandle lweempawu zesitayile, zinikwa ilizwe elinye okanye i-APIR. I-Amprere ithole ngandlel 'ithile, kuba iyinyathela kakuhle xa ifuna lonke ubhedu okanye igolide. I-buffet ekhanyayo kunye neKitchelore ye-parade, itafile yetafile emhlophe nezitulo ezinamatyala agobile zisongelwe kumfanekiso wangaphakathi. Esi sitayile silungile kuba zonke izinto ezongeziweyo kunye nemibala zinokuqikelelwa kwaye zifumana ngokulula. Ukongeza, kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye kufutshane nengqondo yaseRussia.

Amadoda ahambelana negumbi lokutyela bengafundanga. Phantse aza kuthatha inxaxheba kule nxalenye yezindlu. Umthombo ophezulu wangaphakathi Olu hlobo lwegumbi alubikho. Kukho isithuba esithile esibandakanyiweyo ikhitshi, igumbi lokuhlala, kwigumbi lokutyela, igumbi lokulala kwaye ngamanye amaxesha igumbi lokuhlambela. Imida kule qunglomerate ineziqhelekileyo kwaye ichongwe ngumnini. Indawo yokusabela enye yeGenesis kunye ne-Epikuren enetalente emfutshane ye-cudiyo.

Abantwana abalithandi igumbi lokutyela, kuba lithumela ngesandla nangemilenze. Kumnandi kakhulu ukwakha itafile ephuculweyo kwigumbi lakho kwaye uziva ngathi ngumququzeleli wePyr yam.

Zenzele imnandi

Igumbi lokutyela kufuneka livuye amehlo kwaye lincede ukuphucula inkanuko, kufanele ukuba icoceke kwaye ngumhlobo. Umbala omhlophe awunasiphoso kwaye indalo iphela. Idityaniswa ne-phuzi, emhlophe kunye nentsimbi ebomvu, kunye nomthi omnyama okanye wokukhanya. Uya kuthi okanye agxininise. Kodwa, wazisa ngombala omhlophe ngenkuthalo, kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo ukuba kulula ukusebenza. Ngamafutshane, umphezulu omhlophe kufuneka uhlambe ngokulula, ukuthoba okanye ukucoceka.

Umyili P. Fedorov

Ifoto P. Leadeeva

Kwiindonga zeli gumbi lokutyela, imifanekiso ye-hunge yokuqala yadlalwa. Kwaye ukuba ngenkxaso yomfanekiso ukongeza iphunga lomdlalo, ukudubula kwi-Spit, akukho nzima ukucinga ukonwaba kunye nemibhobho yabo baqokelele etafileni. Ayifanele kuphela ukusebenzisa "imichiza" yemichiza okanye imibala ye-games ebandayo, njengoko benika ukutya "komthunzi" umthunzi "womzimba. Kungqineke ukuba yeyona nqanaba libomvu lombala. I-shades ye-codepymelon, i-strawberries, iitamatisi okanye iiapile zingamalungu akho kumzabalazo wekhaya kunye neendwendwe. Kwindawo yesibini ityheli, kuluhlaza okwesithathu. Kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuba ugcine "ubukhulu" bombala kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Izixhobo eziqaqambileyo, ii-napkins, izitya zokuhombisa ezitolo eludongeni, ziqaqambile (kodwa ezincinci) kwitafile ezaneleyo zetafile ezaneleyo zokungafuni "kwiMexico encinci." Iphethini enkulu nene-iniko, kunye neevoti zombala ezibukhali ezibukhali eziphezulu ezindongeni eziphazamisayo etafileni. Ngamanye amaxesha kakhulu kangangokuba ifana nento elula ayikho mdla. Ngoku, ixesha liqaqambile, kodwa umbala ogcwele udonga lwenza igumbi lokutyela libe nemitsalane kwaye linomtsalane. Kabini kwisidlo sangokuhlwa akufuneki sitsalele umnxeba.

Uyilo lweefestile luxhomekeke kwimithetho efanayo. Ingashenxiswa kakhulu, kwaye ingathathi hlangothi, kwaye inomdla. Ayisiyo njengabandakanyeka kwizihloko "zovuyo" ezivela kudidi lwemifuno yemifuno yeziqhamo okanye izihombo zejometri ezenziwe ngu-riot. Kuyinyani, umxholo wempunda, ikoloniyali ubaluleke kakhulu nakwiifestile ezahlukileyo.

Izibane kwigumbi lokutyela uqobo. Eyona nto kugxilwe kuyo kuthunyelwa ekudekeni, izixhobo kunye nezitya. Kufanele ukuba iqaqambile, kodwa ayikadeki. Isibane ngaphezulu kwetafile yokutyela kufuneka sixhonywe ngaphezulu ukuba singazenzi abantu ababandakanyeke kwisidlo. Ukuhamba okuhlekisayo, unokufumana imodeli eguqukayo ekuphakameni, kwaye ikwazi nokuyinika i-dimmer. Amakhandlela akhangeleka kakuhle, kodwa ubukho babo kwitheyibhile bubulawa luphawu olunjalo, nto leyo endingayaziyo nokuba kufanelekile ukuba basebenzise. Kwimeko nje, ndiza kucacisa ukuba idangatye kufuneka libekwe phezulu okanye lingaphantsi kwenqanaba leliso leliso lakho. Ukuba usebenzisa itafile esebenzayo, phatha isibane sasemva kwesibane okanye isikhafu esihlukileyo. Isibane sangasemva sabasebenzi, i-buffets, isilayidi kunye nemiboniso yakho iya kunika amehlo akho ukuba ayonwabe ekucimeni kwempahla ye-parade ethandekayo, amaziko eentyatyambo.

Ukonwaba kweFedorino

I-Architect Y. Burdov

Ifoto K. Manko

Indlu yelizwe inegumbi lokutyela elahlukileyo ukwenza igumbi lokutyela elahlukileyo. Kule "bambalwa" bambalwa "bambalwa kakhulu ifanitshala yeSoviet 60-70-kgg., Kodwa kwangaxeshanye apheleleyo Ngezitya zekristali kunye nolwakhiwo lwezitya kufuneka zihlanjwe kwaye zigcinwe ngokufanelekileyo. Injongo yokugcina i-buffets i-buffets, i-sraches kunye nezilayidi. Zonke izinto ezidwelisiweyo "ezidwelisiweyo ziya kujongeka zintle kwigumbi lokuhlala. Eluthandweni, ngokuzithemba ngokuzithemba ngokwabo ukuba yintoni esetyenziselwa ukuyisebenzela itafile. Ngobugcisa obotshwe phantsi kwendlela yamandulo okanye yobukoloniyali, ezi zinto ziya kuba negalelo kumhlaba wetafile ngoku "umvundla" womthunzi. I-Abduchi yenza ngokungathathi hlangothi ngengqondo, iya kuthi iveze izitya zakho "zezihlangu" zeendwendwe, ngaphandle kwesandiso. Indawo yokuhlala, isixa, ubunzulu bubangelwa kuphela bungakanani begumbi lokutyela. Kwisibane esingasemva sakhankanywa apha ngasentla, ke andizukuphinda.

Igumbi lokutyela elikhulu linetafile enkulu engxamisekileyo. Kulungile kuyo kunye netafile ye-oval, ngakumbi ukuba iguqulwe ibe ngumjikelo. Umzekelo onjalo uya kuba neendwendwe ezinjalo kunoxande. Kwaye emva kwakhe, njengasentendelekweni likaKumkani uArthur.

Itafile ejikelezileyo iya kucebisa kwigumbi lokutyela elincinci. Unobangela uyafana. Kwinani elikhulu leendwendwe, unokuba nawo nje osongelayo okanye imilenze esuswayo (njengeendlela zokhetho-iibhokhwe) ezinokuchithwa ngokulula kwaye zisuswe kwigumbi lokugcina. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiXesha Eliphakathi.

Kwigumbi lokutyela elamkelekile naliphi na inani lezitulo. Enye into kukuba ukuphakama umbuzo: Ngaba bonke badinga ukuhlala besetafileni? Uninzi alunjalo. Kungcono, ukuba akukho ngaphezulu kwentsimbi yesithandathu, kwaye ezinye zinokusonga kwaye zilinde iyure yethu kwigumbi lokuzibeka.

Itheyibhile encinci esebenzayo ihlala ifunwa ukuze ibekwe iintlobo ngeentlobo zeziselo kunye nezidlo ezingumphunga kwimeko ye-buffet. Uya kukwenza nenkonzo elungileyo ngexesha lomthendeleko omkhulu, kufanelekile kwi-plector yakhe yetafile, i-napkins, iiglasi kunye nezixhobo ezinokulala kakuhle.

Ukuqaqamba

Igumbi lokutyela linyanzelekile ukuba lityedlele. I-Midress yegumbi lokutyela eliqaqambileyo lifanelwe yintlonipho. I-Aiveni ebusweni be-hostess eyonwabileyo ilawula uncumo oluhlaziyiweyo, oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokucoca igumbi lokutyela alikho buhlungu. Ukufezekisa oku kulula.

Okokuqala, imigangatho kufuneka iqinile, kulula ukuwohloka kwaye kungakhanyisi kakhulu. Okwesibini, musa ukubuza iikhaphethi. Ngexesha langoku, ungasebenzisa ii-rugs, mats okanye i-mat kwi-cane okanye ingca yaselwandle. Kodwa jonga ukuba abayitywili kumgangatho womgangatho. Okwesithathu, isinxibo senziwe "isinxibo" kwizigqubuthelo ezisuswayo ezinokusongelwa ngokulula okanye zinikezelwe ukucoca owomileyo ngaphandle komngcipheko. Kananjalo, izitulo ezinendawo yokuhamba kunye nedreyini ziyachazwa. Okwesine, iindonga kwigumbi lokutyela kufuneka zihlambe okanye zikhwele ngaphandle kweengxaki. Kwangelo xesha, banokufumana intabalala okanye ipateni, ukuxelisa umthi okanye ilitye. Isihlanu, sokuhombisa iifestile, ungalibali ukuba iindwangu ezinzima zamakhethini athambekele ivumba lokutya. Qwalasela oku xa ukhetha. Isithandathu, ngokuchanekileyo nangokufumana ngononophelo izitopu zomhlaba.

Akumangalisi ukuba ezi ngcebiso zilungele ngokupheleleyo ikhitshi. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, uninzi lwayo lungangqinelani ikhitshi kunye negumbi lokutyela. Indawo enjalo ilungele zombini i-hostess, kwaye kwiindwendwe, kunye nekhaya. Itafile yetafile ilungele isidlo sakusasa kunye nokwamkela. Itheyibhile yokuvula ngequbuliso ibaleka. Kodwa incoko malunga nezi ze-metamorphoses ifanelwe kwinqaku elahlukileyo, ukuze bangabi kunqwenele ixesha elide kubo.

Kwaye ingcebiso yokugqibela: Zama ukutya cwaka. I-cemn. Idiot.