Uphahla lwe-PAPO lwenza kungekuphela nje indawo yokukhusela, kodwa ikwanjalo nomsebenzi wokuhombisa. Malunga neentlobo zophahla, izixhobo, amaxabiso zizinto zethu.
Ifoto ngu-E. Lucia, V. Nekrasova
Luphahla njengendawo ebalulekileyo yenkangeleko yoyilo inika umyili ngamathuba amakhulu okudala inkangeleko entsha, yanamhlanje kunye nendlu yendlu yendawo yendlu
Ifoto K. Manko.
Ifoto K. Manko.
Ukuqinisa ubuhlakani bokuxhotyiswa bubonakala ngaphakathi. Isandi esoyikisayo. Kodwa kwingaphakathi yabantwana - le nto ayinakufikeleleka
Uphahla lophahla lwezindlu phantsi kwe-tile ethambileyo isebenza njengomgangatho oqinileyo weebhodi, i-plywood ye-plywood okanye i-chipbood ekhutshiweyo
2-Mauerlat;
Ukufakwa kwe-3-
4- Sukutshona;
I-5- twist
ukusuka kwintambo yokuqinisa unyawo lotshiso kudonga lwezitena;
I-6-crutch inqaku okanye intombi yokubambisa
Ukonyusa amandla kunye nobunzima bokuyilwa kwe-raft, ezona zinto zilayishwe kakhulu zenziwa kwinsimbi. I-Spans phakathi kwamalungu entsimbi izaliswa zizixhobo ze-thi
Ifoto M. Stepanova
Umahluko kwi-rafter yeyona ndlela ilula yokuphatha ukuxhaphaka kunye nokudityaniswa kwe-varnish okanye i-bioloct
Fudumeza uphahla lunokuba bobabini ngexesha lelungiselelo layo kwaye emva kwegumbi le-ottic
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphahla lwaqala ukuba lubonwa njengendawo elinganayo yonke inkangeleko yesakhiwo. Kwaye namhlanje i-avareji yomnini we-cottage, efuna ukunika indlu inganeli kuphela iintlobo ezinokuhlonitshwa, kodwa kunye nokubonisa, ixesha elifanayo, ukuthembeka komlilo, ukuthembeka komlilo, nje Ukuthetha, umoya kunye nokungatshiswanga), kodwa kukwakha uyilo lophahla.
Uphahla lusicaba kwaye luphazamisekile. Indawo ithathiwe ukuba ichaze izakhiwo nge-engile yotyekelo lophahla ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-2 ukuya kwi-2 ukuya kwi-2,5, kunye ne-caple. Kufuneka ngoko nangoko silumkisa ukuba kolu hlaziyo siza kuthetha kuphela eluphahleni lophahla, kuba ngaphandle kokukhusela (ngenxa yethambeka (ngenxa yethambeka kwi-skiates, i-precipation) benza umsebenzi wokuhombisa. Ndivakaliswa ngolwimi lweengcali, ndilufanelwa uyilo kwaye ndicacisa, kwaye ke ndikhoyo kulwakhiwo lwendlu ye-cotature. Isixa, ubungakanani kunye nobume be-rods kuxhomekeke (abakoyiki paphos) loMyili kunye nezilangazelelo zobuqu zemikhosi, kunye neemeko zokusebenza.
Iindidi zophahla olukhayo
Uphahla lusiwa ngokutshabalalisa kwicala elinye, iphindwe kabini, i-Hoble, intente, le milo, le milo yophahla ihlala ihleli (jonga uphahla lwezindlu kwifoto). Kunqabile ukuba kuhlangane, dome kunye nophahla lwenkozo. Ngokwemvelo, kulula indlela yoyilo, kuya kuba lula ukumisa. Ngobunzima (umzekelo, uhlobo oluninzi), uphahla lwenzeka uninzi lweerowu ze-rods ezisenza ii-angles zangaphakathi. Ngale nto ibizwa ngokuba zi-evedendanders ezizezona zincinci zophahla. Inyani yile yokuba amathambeka eemali angaphantsi kwamathambeka eentonga. Nangona kunjalo, ihamba elona nani liphezulu lamanzi, yiyo le nto ukumanzi kwezi ndawo kufuna ukuqwalaselwa. Ukongeza, ikhephu liqokelela kwiziphelo, elinyusa umthwalo eluphahleni. Kwaye wakhe uphahla olunjalo, kwaye kunzima ukuyibukela. Ayimangalisi into yokuba iingcali ezindala zithi: "Kuyinto enqwenelekayo ukuba indlu ivela eluphahleni lwemilo enzima yayinomkhuhlane obandayo. Emva koko uphahla luya kuhlala ixesha elide kuba kulula ukuyilandela. "Kwifom yayo ecocekileyo, zonke ezi zinto zingasentla (ezilula) zophahla ziyasebenza ikakhulu kwizindlu ezincinci zasehlotyeni, iikoti. Amakhaya eSzoodal, enzelwe ukuhlala isigxina, imeko inzima ngakumbi.
Izindlu zanamhlanje
Namhlanje, xa izindlu zelizwe ziyindawo yokuhlala ngokusisigxina kubanini bayo, zonyuke kakhulu ngobukhulu. Kukho izizathu ezininzi apha. Ukutyeba okokuqala nosisiseko womnini kwiimeko ezixineneyo zendalo kwindlu yasedolophini. Okwesibini, ukwakha i-cottage engaphantsi kwe-250m2 ingenamsebenzi yezoqoqosho: Ixabiso elincitshisiweyo le-1M2 liphezulu kakhulu. Owona mgangatho mkhulu, ulibekele ixabiso. Ngapha koko, umnini wale mihla akasafuneki ukuba wakhe intsholongwane, kodwa yindlu enkulu phantsi kophahla olubini. I-monster efanayo yendlu, eyakhiwa ekuqaleni kwee-Nineties zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, inokufumaneka nakwindawo yelizwe. Bajongeka bubuhle. Aba-Anecuters abasafikeleli-i-quasts ayinazo imali eyaneleyo kulowo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uthengise, akukho mntu uthatha.
Umnqweno wendalo womnini khaya wexesha elitsha wakhiwa indlu enomdla, ukuba ufuna, uyilo oluthandwayo. Kodwa imbonakalo yesakhiwo ayisiyiyo kuphela, kodwa kunye nophahla, oluye, kunye ne-Fiade, yenza umsebenzi wobuhle. Oovimba bethu abaphikisayo ukuba inkathazo ye-cottage yanamhlanje ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba eliphezulu ixhomekeke eluphahleni, ekufuneka lugqibile ukwenza imeko, ukuba nefanelekileyo kwimeko efanelekileyo. Ngapha koko, i-silhouette kunye nombala wophahla kufuneka udibane nobume bemihlaba ejikelezileyo. Kwaye baphendula phantsi eluphahleni abangengabo enye into yendlu.
Kukho ifashoni eluphahleni, olutshintsha malunga neminyaka emithathu. Umzekelo, ukuba kwiminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kweli-12, umthengi phantse wafuna i-turrets kunye nezinye ", ngoku (ngoku (mhlawumbi, zijonga zonke iingxaki zobugcisa ekwenzeni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle bathethe izicelo zakhe. Kodwa ekhaya bafumana ubuhle. Uhlobo lweklasikhi luye lwaba luhlaselo lwenqanaba elininzi kunye nenqanaba elininzi leprofayili. Olu luyilo lubalulekile ngakumbi xa lungenisiwe kwindawo ye-attic ye-ofisi eyongezelelweyo ngaphakathi. Ngaphandle kwabo, phantse indlu yanamhlanje ayigqithanga. Kwanakwizakhiwo ezikhulu kakhulu, apho kukho indawo eyaneleyo ngaphakathi kweendonga ezinkulu, i-cinema yekhaya, amagumbi eendwendwe, igumbi lokulala, njalo. Ngubani oza kubiza ngaphezulu kwezo Amanqanaba aphambili emigangatho?
Mayitshilo ukuba uphahla olusasazwa ngoku kwilizwe lethu wahlukile kwakhiwa, umzekelo, kumazwe amaninzi asemazantsi. Ukuba kwindawo ethile eSpain okanye iGrisi, i-Greece, i-Arviects ihamba ngokulula ukuya kwifomu yefom yokuphumelela, abaqulunqi bethu ayizukwenza ngaphandle kwesidingo. Isizathu yimozulu elula. Apha kwaye ukuqinisa imvula, kwaye ikhephu lilele eluphahleni phantse kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Kungenxa yoko le nto izinto ezinamava ziyiyile ikamva elizayo ekhaya ziya kuqala ... ewe, ukusuka eluphahleni. Ngokwemvelo, kuqala banika umbono woyilo, phuhlisa isicwangciso ekhaya, chaza inani lamanqanaba. Kodwa emva koko ngokukhawuleza uqale ukuba yeyiphi ithwala (kwaye ingapheli kwangaphandle, kodwa ikwangaphakathi) kufuneka isuswe phantsi kophahla ukuze litshiswe ngoyilo lophahla. Ivele kwaye ayikwazi: ubukhulu bemifanekiso ayinakukwazi ukunqongophala.
Ngenxa yoko, i-Arvit ijongeka ngathi ijongelwa phakathi kwembono yoyilo kunye nohlobo lophahla, iqinisekisa ukuba iingxowa ezibizwayo zinokuqokelelwa, apho ikhephu liya kuba khona. Kwangelo xesha, kwenza uphahla njengoko lwaluvela kwiziqwengana zomntu ngamnye, apho uninzi lwayo uninzi lwayombini, i-tie, iintente kunye nemilo eyakhiwe njengeendawo zokuyila zakhiwa. Isiqwenga ngasinye sixhomekeke kwiindonga zebhanyabhanya (kuba oku basuswa phantsi kophahla), bababambelele kwinani lezinto ezikhoyo. Inye okanye kolunye uhlobo lophahla (kwizakhiwo ezithandekayo ezivela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-70) iqhotyoshelwe nje kuyilo (ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko zemozulu. Umzekelo, phantsi kobuninzi be-themospication ye-thamospic, i-bias ihlala ikhula, kodwa kwimida efanelekileyo, kuba izinto ezingaphezulu zikwiphahla ezipholileyo.
Ngokwemvelo, elula isicwangciso kunye nembono yoyilo yendlu, uphahla olunzima olunzima. Kwaye kuthetha ukuthembeka ngakumbi. Konke njengale meko ichazwe apha ngasentla "elula yophahla. Impembelelo kubunzima bophahla (njengoko siza kubona kwixesha elizayo) nakwizinto ezisetyenziswayo. Ke ngoko, ukuya kuMyili-wezi-makhi, zama ukugqiba kuqala uthathe isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo zendlu yakho ezayo ziya kwenziwa.
Uyilo
Ukuba ibhokisi yendawo yendlu ephantsi yendlu ephantsi iyakhiwa kwizinto zemveli (iilog, amaplanga okanye izitena) kwaye ibalwa ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga imbono yokubonelela nge-Ubushushu, amandla odonga aya kuqinisekiswa ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwaye nge-200 ukuya kwengama-2000%, oko kukuthi, ngomda omkhulu.Ngoyilo lophahla, yonke into yahlukile. Kufuneka iqiniseke ukubala. Uluvo lokuba kwanele ukuxhomekeka kumava abamelwane okanye i-rigade yabakhi abaye bangamameli hayi uphahla olunye, rhoqo lujika lube yingcambu yempazamo. Olu khetho ngandlela ithile luhamba kwindlu engama-66 m ubukhulu, apho kufanelekileyo ukuba inyathelo lenyathelo kwi-1 m, phantse nayiphi na iBhodi eSebenzayo efanelekileyo, i-50150m ifanelekile, nkqu nomda ). Kodwa ukuba unayo indlu engama-250m2 nangaphezulu, ngendlela enophawu olufutshane, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuvela impazamo ngokuqinisekileyo. Iimpazamo malunga nentsebenziswano ziya kuba ziingxaki. Isigqibo se-AIK sinokufuna inkcitho enkulu enkulu. Ngokubanzi, "jikelele hlawula kabini."
Uyilo lophahla oluphambili luqala ngokubalwa kweenyawo zereyitha. Icandelo labo limiselwe ngokusekwe kwimithwalo ekhoyo (ubukhali bokuyilwa ngokwayo, ukuphahla ", ikhephu", ikhephu kunye nomthwalo womoya) kunye ne-angle yophatho (ubuncinci 1.4). Ukubala kukwachaza umgama phakathi kweedrafti (inyathelo). Kodwa oku akusayilwa, kodwa ungumyili. Ibala izithuba, iphuhlisa ifama, ukuba ikho imfuneko, ijonga amandla okuxhasa amankxaso kunye nesiseko esihambelana nabo. Ithatha isigqibo, i-Urbard isebenzise iirafti okanye zixhonywe. Igqiba ukuba ingaba ikho imfuneko yezinto eziphakathi: Ukubhengeza okuvumela ukulayisha iirafrers, okanye ukuqinisa okwenzelwe ukuthintela uyilo "lokuhamba". Kuyenzeka ukuba uxele kwangaphambili ukuba iyintoni uyilo loyilo kuphela ukuba liza kwakhona malunga "nebhokisi" yezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo, kwaye imposiso yoyilo, kuba Indlu incinci, iya kulungiswa ngokulula.
Amacandelo omnqamlezo o-rafter axelwe ikakhulu yimarike ebonelela ngamaplanga olwenziweyo. Ukuba ubukhulu bomgangatho awuyinelisi umphuhlisi, emva koko uye wabhenela kwimixokelelwane eyongezelelweyo. Umzekelo, imilenze iyanda (xa kukho ubude obaneleyo) okanye iqhuma lokuqhuba ukuze uzixhase. Kukho ukhetho lokusebenzisa imilenze eqhelekileyo (i-bied) enokuba ixesha elide kwaye inamandla ngakumbi kunesiqhelo.
Umyili umisela amanyathelo kunye nokufakwa komswakama ongezelelweyo, ekufuneka, umzekelo, kwi-angle yokuthathwa kophahla ingaphantsi kwento ethile yokuhlaselwa kophahla. Ke, kwiithayile zendalo, ezona ntlobo zincinci zophahla zingama-22. Ephahlani kunye nethambeka ukusuka kwi-16 ukuya kwi-22, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kudweliswe umaleko ongezelelweyo wokufakelwa komswakama phantsi kwethayile. Nge-bias ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-16, xa kunokwenzeka ukuba igazi phantsi kwethayile yemvula, ikhreyithi eqinileyo ibekwe phantsi kwempahla yophahla (kunye nezinto ezibiweyo kwi-bitumen Isiseko sokwakha ikhaphethi esiqinileyo). Amanzi awela phantsi kweTok, eqengqele nje olu phatho longezelelweyo. Obu buchule bunokusetyenziswa kuphahla lwethayile yentsimbi okanye "i-erectoc".
Iinxalenye eziphambili zoyilo lweRafter
Uphahla lugcinwa luyilo olukhethekileyo olune-crate, ngokuthe ngqo kuphahla lomphathi, kunye neendawo zokucoca (iifama zokulinganisa) ukuhambisa umthwalo ophahleni, ikhephu, kwiindonga kunye neenkxaso zangaphakathi. Uyilo lolwakhiwo luxhomekeke kubume bophahla, ubukho kunye nolungelelwaniso lwenkxaso yangaphakathi, isixa sexesha, kunye nemithwalo ekhoyo.
Inani eliphambili kuYilo loRaft-unxantathu. Ubekhohlakele kakhulu. Eyona nto iphambili kuyo nayiphi na iinyawo zefama ezibekwe ecaleni komgangatho kunye nokuxhasa ikhreyithi.
Ukuxhoma iRafal Ixhomekeke kuphela kwiinkxaso ezimbini ezigqithisileyo (umzekelo, kuphela kwiindonga zesakhiwo ngaphandle kwenkxaso eziphakathi). Imilenze yazo yokuqengqeleka isebenza ngokunyanzelwa kunye nokugoba. Ukongeza, uyilo lwenza amandla athe tyando olwenziwe ngokuthe tyaba odluliselwa ezindongeni. Ukucutha le nzame inceda ukuqinisa (inyithi okanye intsimbi), iqhagamshela imilenze yeRAF. Ingabekwa njengesiseko esibekiweyo (kwaye kule meko isebenza i-beam yokugqobhoza, ngokuchanekileyo le ndlela idla ngokusetyenziswa rhoqo ekwakhiweni kophahla lwe-attic) nangaphezulu. Ngaphezulu kweyona, kokukhona kuya kufuneka ukuba njalo. Kwaye ukuthembeka okuthe kratya kufanele kube kunxibelelwano lwayo kunye neerafti.
I-Slopils Faka amakhaya anodonga oluphantsi okanye ophakathi ophantsi okanye kwiClasiminar. Iziphelo zabo zixhomekeke kwiindonga zangaphandle zeNdlu, kwaye inxenye ephakathi luphawu lwangaphakathi okanye inkxaso. Ngenxa yoko, izinto zabo zisebenza njengeebhunga kuphela ukuze zigobe. Ngobubanzi obufanayo beNdlu, uphahla olunemihlambi yesikhohlela kulula kunenye (ifuna ipriber encinci kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, iindleko zemali). Xa ufaka ngaphezulu kwe-spans ezininzi zoyilo oluthile eluphahleni, ukuqengqeleka kunye nokuxhonywa kweefama zoshicilelo kunokutshintsha. Apho kungekho zixhasi ziphakathi, iirafti ezixhonyiweyo ziyasetyenziswa, apho ikhoyo, ukhula.
UMariryLat. Imilenze engxamayo ayisekelwanga eludongeni ngokwawo, kodwa kwinkxaso i-baumer. Ukwakhiwa kwe-danderan ngu-Mauert sisithsaba esisentla kwecawe (Ngena, amaplanga). Ngeendonga zezitena, luyinto efakwe ngokukodwa kumphezulu wangaphakathi wodonga lwamaplanga (ukusuka ngaphandle, kufuneka ukhuselwe kukungabikho komgangatho wesitena). Phakathi kweMalelet ne-Brick, kukho ungqameko lwezinto zokugcina amanzi (umzekelo, iingqekembe ezimbini zeRubbemid).
Iziphelo eziphezulu zemilenze yokulinganisa, ukuba iyimfuneko, inokugcinwa yinkqubo yeeracks kunye ne-squak. Ukusebenza, ukhulula imilenze yeRafter ngokudlulisela umthwalo kwiindonga zangaphakathi okanye iintsika zenkxaso, kunye nokuqinisekisa ulwakhiwo lwengqongqo.
Ngaphandle kokungabikho kweendonga ezinxibe, isithende seenyawo zeerawter kunokuxhomekeka kwimiqadi enamandla enamandla, ubude bayo bunqunyelwe kumthwalo obabekayo.
I-ski ibalekayo. Iplani yoyilo lolwakhiwo lolunye uphahla lubeka i-run, iqhagamshela i-rafrid (ifama) phakathi kwabo. Kukuwo ukuba ikhava yelegi iya kulungiswa kwixesha elizayo.
Kunye neenkcukacha ezimbini ezimeleyo. Ukuba i-rigimidity ibonelelwe kwinqwelomoya yemilenze ye-raft, inikezelwa ziifama ezikhawulezayo, emva koko ke ngokubhekisele kwimithwalo yomoya, ukusuka kwintambo nganye yophahla, olufunekayo Inani leendlela ze-diagonal zisetiwe. Banokusebenza njengobukhulu obuyi-30 ukuya kwengama-40 i-mm ubukhulu, bebethelelwe kwisiseko sonyawo olugqithisileyo kunye nophakathi (okanye ngaphezulu).
Ukuze uphahla lungasinyibilili umoya, imilenze yereyithi kunye neMauert kufuneka izaliswe ziindonga. Ukwenza le nto, izitulo zensimbi (i-rams) zivaliwe kwi-masonry phantsi konyawo lwe-raft okanye kwangaphambili izinto zemali mboleko apho inyawo le-REFRE itsaliwe yi-wire yentsimbi ene-6mm. Abasiki, obu buchule bujongwa njengezikhethela: Isithsaba esisentla kunye nodonga sihlala sixhunyiwe ngokukhuselekileyo.
Iifom zophahla olugcwele
I-2-hauli-hauli;
I-3-cone;
Uphahla olunekratshi olunesiqingatha I-5-ting-titping;
6- Dodo;
I-7- pyramram Uphahla Olunye Yindiza ethambekele ilawulwa kwiindonga eziphakamileyo. I-Skat, njengommiselo, obhekiswa kwicala lomoya.
I-tie-tie, okanye i-cercep, uphahla Iqulethe amathambeka amabini ajolise kumacala ahlukileyo. Iindonga zokuphela konxantathu zenziwa ngoyilo olunje kubizwa ngokuba ngamandla kunye negama lophahla ngokwalo. Olu khetho kulula ukwenziwa, ukuqhubeka nokusebenza. Enye yeentlobo zolwakhiwo lwesakhiwo ezimbini ze "Helgent" uphahla. Inamathambeka amabini athambileyo avale phezulu, kunye neentsuku ezimbini ezihambayo, eziqhubekayo. Le fomu ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise ngokupheleleyo indawo ye-attic, kodwa kube nzima kwimveliso.
Uphahla lwephepha ezine. Zonke izikhuni zakhe zinembono yoonxantathu obolekileyo abaxhonywa ngokulinganayo baguquka kwizinto ezithile. Uphahla oluqinileyo oluqinileyo lwezakhiwo, isikwere ngokwemilinganiselo, kwabizwa ngokuba ziintente.
Uphahla lwe-walm Luhlobo lophahla lwe-ezine-bopha lwesakhiwo esingxande. Ifumene igama laso kumathambeka, iivali ezinamathele ngokupheleleyo. Umphezulu wenza i-skiezoidal yesibini ye-trapezal ecaleni kwamacala amade kunye ne-triaongor ezimbini - mfutshane. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-Ofisi yangaphambili, ifom enjalo ayigxininise nje umsebenzi wokukhusela uphahla, kodwa ikwanika isakhiwo sokubonakala kommeli ngakumbi. I-walm Uphahla lweWemi . I-Skides esecaleni inqunywe kuphela inxenye yeendlela (ukusuka apha kunye negama-haul), kwaye linexesha elincinci elincinci ecaleni kwethambeka kuneyona skiwo iphambili. Isiqingatha-haul singabekwa phezulu (unxantathu) okanye ngezantsi (trapezium).
Uphahla lwelayini emininzi Isetyenziselwa izindlu zoqwalaselo oluntsonkothileyo. Umzekelo, kusekwa kwi-Squere Skweke kwi-Internetion yophahla olunamacala amabini kwii-angles ezifanelekileyo. Kuyenzeka ukuba wenze uphahla kunye nenani elikhulu leendlela. Inkangeleko efanelekileyo kunye nokugqobhoza amagumbi aliqela ngophahla lwenqanaba elinye. Ukungancedi kakuhle.
Uphahla oluhlanyaweyo Yiba nesetyhula okanye i-parabolic tits (izindlu zabucala zinqabile).
Dome kunye nophahla lwe-conical Faka isicelo sokwenza isakhiwo (okanye amalungu ayo), eneenxalenye ezijikelezileyo ngokwemigaqo ye. Inokufana ne-Dofeff Dome, iflethi okanye inkathalo ebukhali.
Izixhobo zezakhiwo zeRafal
Esona sixhobo siphambili sokwenza izakhiwo zoqhelaniso kulwakhiwo lwe-cottage kusekho umthi. Ke ngoko, sele ibonelelwe kwinqanaba loyilo kufuneka ibonelelwe (kwaye xa kufuneka utyalo) amanyathelo angqongqo okanye awongezelelekileyo kunye nokukhusela okwandisa ubomi beenkuni. Imisebenzi ye-KontCaltive ibandakanya: Isixhobo seegesi kwizinto ezingenamanzi kwiindawo ezinxibelelana nomthi, ukuthintela i-pick drive (ukusuka kwicala lophahla) kunye nendawo esetyenziswayo (ukusuka kwizakhiwo ezisebenzayo) Yezabetho, kunye nezixhobo ze-GOPS ezingenayo ezibonelela nge-vapors yokufumanisa umswakama ngomjelo womoya ophakanyisayo kwezi zithuba. Amanqanaba obuchule abandakanya ukwenziwa kweenkuni kunye ne-antiseptics okanye amachiza akhuselekileyo.Imithwalo kwiRafyla
Amagqabantshintshi ayabona imithwalo yexeshana kunye nemithwalo yethutyana. Ukusika imithwalo kubandakanya ubunzima babo bophahla, iikreyiti, zibaleka kunye neengcakari. I-Kropnnoe Snow, umoya, kunye nokuhlawula (ukuba kunjalo). Ixabiso elibaliweyo lomthwalo wekhephu liyi-180KG / M2 kwiprojekti yophahla olujikelezileyo. Ingxowa yekhephu elikhuthaziweyo inokunyusa esi salathisi ukuya kwi-400-500kg / m2. Ngokukhetha uphahla ngaphezulu kwe-60, umthwalo wekhephu awukamkelwa. Ixabiso loyilo lomthwalo womoya liyi-35kg / M2 (imilinganiselo yekhephu kunye nemilinganiselo yomoya inikwa i-Bhandi ephakathi, equka i-MOSCOW, equka i-MOSCOW, kwi-snip 2.07-85 * "umthwalo kunye nokuveza"). Uhlengahlengiso kumoya lunegalelo kubalo kuphela xa uphahla lube ngaphezulu kwama-30. Iinqobo zokuziphatha ezidwelisweyo zinokulungiswa ngokwazisa ukulungisa imeko yemozulu yendawo. Ubunzima bophahla kunye noyilo olrwelelwe umgca lumiselwa ngokungqinelana nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nobungakanani bayo yonke isakhiwo. Umthwalo wokusebenza kwi-rafter uthathwe njengento yokusebenzisa uyilo lokunqunyulwa (ukuya kwifama ye-RAFERT), okanye iitanki zamanzi ezifakwe kuzo, i-ventilation amagumbi, njl.
Umyili uqhuba ukubala ezimbini. Esokuqala amandla (apho kuqinisekisiwe ukuba unyawo lophawu aluyi kwaphula), okwesibini - kwiskistent (apho iguquka ukuba i-theam enjalo inondliwe njani). Ke, ngenxa yesakhiwo se-Attic, ubukhulu bokungakhathali kophawu akufuneki ludlule kwi-1/5050 ubude besiza. Umzekelo, kubude obuyi-6m, ukuxabana kunokufikelela kwi-2 cm. Kubonakala ngathi kuncinci, kodwa ukuba ugqitha eli xabiso, ukungcungcutheka kuya kuba yinto ebonakalayo ngamehlo. I-aprips yesiciko esikhulu sophahla inokuqalisa ukukhumbuza iPagoda yaseTshayina.
Kumaxesha adlulileyo, i-log okanye i-semi-crust yayisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abayili ezininzi kunye nabakhi ukhetha ukusebenzisa i esele zenziwe bar oluxande icandelo umnqamlezo, ulungelelene imithwalo ityala, okanye icandelo umnqamlezo 50150 (50200) mm, leyo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, eqinile. Umnyango ikakhulu ziinkuni zamatye asebenza ngokudibeneyo (ipine, i-pine, i-rine, i-brch) ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbi, kunye nomanyano akukho ngaphezulu kwe-18-22%.
Ukwenzela ukonyusa ukungafihlisi kunye nokungafezeki kwejometri yendlela yokufika kwamanye amacandelo, kwaziswa izinto zentsimbi, umzekelo, njengenkxaso yeyona hambo ilayisha kakhulu. I-spans phakathi kwamalungu entsimbi izaliswa zizixhobo zentsimbi. Uloyiko olunjalo lungakumbi ngakumbi kunokhuni, kodwa uvumela iirawni zenkuni ukuba zisebenze kwiskimu semikhono eseleyo.
Umthengi, njengommiselo, akachasi ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi (indoda yaseRussia iyathanda ukuba yi-COST). Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka ukhunjulwe ukuba ubunzima obuthile lunxulunyaniswa nokusebenza koyilo oludibeneyo. Inyani yile yokuba ngenxa yomehluko wobushushu wemihla ngemihla kumphezulu wensimbi, i-quinate inokusekwa, ekhokelela ekuqinisekiseni izinto ezikufuphi neeplanga ezikufuphi. Kwaye apha sisindisa kuphela unyango kuphela lwe-Woodrations yi-roistation-racictions ezinobungqina kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto zokwenza amanzi, ukufaka inyibilikisi emthini. Kodwa kule meko, kwimo yemeko yomatshini wamaplanga, kuyimfuneko ukuze ubeke iliso ukuba kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba kukho i-attic.
Kwizakhiwo ze-mannard esebenzisa inyithi, ubunzima babo, kuba ngusifundo esibandayo. Ngenxa yoko, indlela emiselweyo yokufakwa (xa kufakwe i-hermal iphakathi kwe-rafters) ayinakuphuma. Ukufakelwa kufuneka kubekwe ukuze amalungu entsimbi angaphandle kweengqengqelo, okanye angaphakathi kwigumbi (ngawo onke amanzi e-phahla, i-pumani, i-vaporization, ukuthunga ngaphakathi) Zombini iindlela zinokuzibamba. Ngaphambili, ityala lilahlekile ivolumu ebaluleke kakhulu yegumbi (abalwa khona ?!), kwindawo yesibini eyalwayo ?!), kwi-rafter yesibini inyanzelekile ukuba ibekho (iClapboard, iiphaneli zeGyppum, njl. Njl.).
Ngamanye amaxesha ukwakhiwa okuqinileyo kwenziwa ngokupheleleyo ngentsimbi. Inketho enjalo iyasebenza: Akukho kukhathazeka ngomthi wesinyithi. Itekhnoloji yokufakelwa iyafana nakwimeko yangaphambili.
Ukuveliswa kwezakhiwo zeRafal
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, izakhiwo ze-raft zinokuba ngumthi, isinyithi kwaye sidityanisiwe. Masiqale ngokhuni. Iindlela ezinokubakho zerisithi zazo zimbini: i-odolo yokuqala yeefama zoshicilelo kwiworkshop okanye kumzi-mveliso, indlela yesibini yokubenza basebenze.Iifama zeenkuni kwiimeko zefektri ziveliswa ikakhulu zisebenzisa iipleyiti zensimbi (izipikili). Zinikelwa kwimarike yethu ye-Mitek Finland (Finland), iNkqubo yeWolf (Austria), "I-Technonekt" (iRusno) kunye nentsimbi enesitampu ukusuka kwi-1,2-2.5mm. Izakhiwo ezixineneyo zisebenzisa iiplate ezifanayo zenziwa kusetyenziso kunye nezixhobo zoshicilelo. Iipleyiti zifakwe kumacala omabini onxibelelwano. Itekhnoloji enjalo yenza ukuba kube nzima ukwenza iifama zeRafal ukuze uphahla luphantsi. Inokwenziwa zombini iifama zizonke kunye namacandelo abo ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo ezifakwe kwindawo yokwakha.
Indlela yesibini inezisombululo ezibini. Eyokuqala kukwenziwa koyilo loyilo yindlela "yeGroove-Spike" okanye ekusebenziseni izikhonkwane, iibakaki, ezihonjisiweyo kunye nonxibelelwano olufana nonxibelelwano. Ezona ziqhelekileyo zixhaphakileyo ngezipikili kunye neebakaki (kodwa kufuneka zikhunjulwe ukuba njengoko iinkuni zomile, olu nxibelelwano luphume kakhulu ngamandla nangokuthembeka). Iibhloko zivumela oku kungathandekiyo ukunqanda (nangona kunjalo, imingxunya enemingxunya ephantsi kwazo, yenza buthathaka amaplanga). Isisombululo sesibini kukuphamba kwezinto zeplanga usebenzisa iinxalenye ezinamatampu kunye nezikrelemnqa. I-Vagrika enjalo itekhnoloji yaziwa ixesha elide, kuba okwangoku lingunovelwano. Umzekelo, inkampani i-WKret-i-WKret-ihlangane (iPoland) inikezela ngengqokelela yeenxalenye ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ke ifom eyahlukileyo, kwizinto ezizodwa (iipleyiti, iikona) zizomeleze). Ubungakanani besicelo sabo simiselwa yisangqa seengxaki zobugcisa kunye nobuchule bokuyila kwi-wizard. Umsebenzi wokudala ubume be-thedlen onzima ngaxeshanye uncitshiswa kwinqanaba lomyili wabantwana: Ixesha lecandelo elifunwayo kunye nobude obufunekayo, kwaye bathenge izikrelemnqa ezifunekayo, kwaye emva koko, njengoko Yithi, Winni kwimpilo.
Izakhiwo zokulinganisa zensimbi zenziwe ngeendlela ezimbini. Imveliso yokuqala-imveliso kwiimeko zefektri. Sele kukho iifemu ezininzi kwintengiso emarikeni, kule ngxaki. Umzekelo, iifama zoRafter ziya zisanda (ngokuthe ngqo, zizonke) ukusuka kwicandelo eliqengqelwe i-L- roud-rabir (i-C-Dide (i-Cenfick (i-0.7-1.5 mm, ubude beProfayile- 2, 4 ne-6 m). Iiprofayili zinikwa ukuveliswa kwemveliso yasekhaya neyaphesheya. Zirhameza ngokuthelekisa iimveliso eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo zincinci kakhulu, ezivumela ukuba bazimisele oomatshini bokukhanya kwaye ngaphandle kwawo. Ukuqina kwezinto ezakhiwo kwenziwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-welding-ukuzingca ngentsimbi enkulu. Ngenye indlela, ukwenziwa kweefama zentsimbi kwiimeko ze-Steel kwiimeko zefektri kunoku-odolwa, emva koko ubakhulise ngoncedo lwe-crane kunye nokufakelwa kokugqibela ukuvelisa indawo.
Indlela yesibini kukuveliswa kweerafti zensimbi ngqo kwindawo yokwakha. Sithenga intsimbi yesi-2, iindlela kunye neekona zecandelo elihambelanayo, qasha i-suucet kunye ne-alder kunye ne-alder enesidima (mhlawumbi i-therder (mhlawumbi i-therder (nangona kunjalo, kukho amaqhinga, kodwa ngandlel 'ithile). Ngendlela, yindlela esetyenziswa ekwenzeni izinto ezininzi ezinyangwa.
Ukufakwa kweCreyiti
Inkxaso-mali ixhasa ikhreyithi, isixhobo esixhomekeke kuhlobo lwezinto ezihlahlayo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukuyifaka, umaleko ongaphantsi komhlaba unamathele ngqo kwi-rafter, elungisiwe yi-Countrecial (umthi wamaplanga uvelisiwe ecaleni kweRafter). Umsebenzi wesibini walo msebenzi kukwenza ukucaciswa okuqinisekisiweyo okufikelelekayo, okuya kususa izibini zokufuma. Imfuneko ye-rusev, ifakwe kwiinyawo ze-rafter ngokuhambelana ne-countersee. Ukuqeshwa kwayo kukuqonda ngokuthe ngqo umthwalo ophuma eluphahleni kunye nokudlulisela ubuchwephesha (kwaye abo baguqukayo bahambisa umthwalo ezindongeni).
Ukuba iirafters zibonakala ngaphakathi kwigumbi elingaphakathi
I-phenomenon enjalo iphawuleka iphindwe kabini kunye nezakhiwo ze-adtic. I-Wayfish Rafter Rafters kufuneka inikezelwe kakuhle ngaphambi kwexesha kwaye isonjululwe. Ukuba zikhona ngokwaneleyo phantsi, eyona ndlela ilula yokuphathwa nge-veneer kunye ne-varnish okanye i-varnish okanye i-birnish entsokothi. Kwangelo xesha, ukuqulunqwa komthi kugxininiswa kwaye iqhotyoshelwe kulo naluphi na umbala onqwenelekayo. Abaqeqeshi abasezantsi abaza kuzisa ubushushu kunye nobume kwi-Internation-classic kunye ne-APIR, yanamhlanje nephezulu. Kodwa ukuba esi asisosisombululo kuwe, ukukhutshwa komnye kuphela ukuya-fihla isilingi sokusika. Kule nto, kumphetho wabo ongezantsi, naliphi na iphepha le-onpper okanye i-orapper i-onpper (i-chipboard, i-chipboard, ilayini, zonke iiphaneli ezinokwenzeka, njl.njl.Uhlobo lwekhreyithi lubangelwa luhlobo lophahla. Umzekelo, kwiithayile zendalo, iithayile zensimbi kunye nezixhobo ze-roy kunye ne-«ye-" yorectoc "), iphakanyiwe kwimivalo engama-3050 (4050, i-6050, njl njl)) Imivalo kunye nomgama phakathi kwabo kuboniswe kumaxwebhu obuchwephesha kwizinto zophahla). Iithayile ezithambile ezithambile, ayisekho mhlaba, kodwa umgangatho oqinileyo ovela kwi-odd kwaye wafumana iibhodi ezinecandelo lama-25100 okanye i-25150mm (i-Plywood ye-Plywood okanye i-OSB -3). Ukuba umsebenzi wenziwa ebusika, emva koko xa usebenzisa i-plywood eliqinileyo okanye i-OSB-3 yeepleyithi phakathi kwamashiti, kuyafuneka ukuba ushiye isandi sokwandiswa kwe-3mm.
Uhlaselo lomoya
Indlela yokucwangcisa uphahla olungenanto kwizakhiwo zeManard, iphephancwadi lethu sele lithe ngokweenkcukacha ngo-N 6 ngo-2003, ngoko ke asiyi kuphinda. Ndiza kongeza amagama ambalwa malunga nokungena komoya wezakhiwo ze-attic.
Ebusika, i-attic ihlala ibanda, kodwa imigangatho ye-attic, kunjalo, ifanele ifakwe kakuhle. Umoya owoneleyo we-ventilation uqinisekiswe yi-firlux yomoya kwindawo ye-eaves okanye kwiifestile zophicotho-zincwadi kunye nendawo yayo yeskate. I-chimneys kunye nemibhobho yenkqubo yokufudumeza kufuneka ifakwe ixilongo. Umahluko phakathi kweqondo lobushushu kwindawo ye-attic kunye nesitrato kufuneka incinci. Ingathi ikhusele uphahla lwakho ukusuka ekumiselweni kwee-icicles nase-Avalanche-njengekhephu kuyo.
Ixabiso lophahla
Iindleko zokwakhiwa kophahla zenziwe ngeendleko zokuphatha, ukuphahla ukutya kunye nezixhobo zekhekhe elingaphantsi kwe-"yekhekhe" kwaye, kunjalo, iindleko zomsebenzi ofunekayo.Masiqale ngento yokuba inani le-pumpber ethengisiweyo (kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iindleko zemali) ziya kuxhomekeka ngqo kuhlobo lophahla. Azisekho uluvo lokuba owona mthi unokubangela i-truss ye-truss iphantsi kwe-tile yendalo (ubunzima-malunga ne-45kg / m2). Ngophahla oluncinci, ibhanti incinci kakhulu. Kwaye thina, ngokunyaniseka, sasikulungele ukwamkela le ngxelo ye-Axiom. Nangona kunjalo, xa ukuphononongwa kwethu bekulungiselela, iingcali zeBraas zibonisa ukungafezeki kwale mvume. Ukuba ubala umthwalo opheleleyo kwimitha ye-rabbown yomlenze okhawulezayo, emva koko kwi-tile yendalo iya kuba yi-15-20% kuphela. Kwaye rhoqo lo mthwalo uphethe ngokupheleleyo nkqu nonyawo lohambo ngecandelo le-50-150mm. Ewe Ewe. Ezi ziingcamango ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemveliso phantsi kwazo zonke izixhobo zokuphumla. Nangona, i-tile yendalo iya kufuna inyathelo elincinci leerawters kunye nokomeleza iindawo ezinokwenziwa kweengxowa zekhephu. Kodwa kwakhona. Icala eliqinileyo, ukwakhiwa phantsi kwe-tile ethambileyo ye-guimuous ihamba kunye ne-trint eqinileyo. Ngenxa yoku, kunzima ukuyithetha into engaphezulu emthini.
Iingcebiso ngomphuhlisi wabucala
Nantsi ingcebiso esiyifumene kwiingcali ezivela kuAna: Impazamo yesiqhelo Ngumzamo wokwandisa okuthile kwesakhiwo esakhiweyo xa kuqaliswa kuyilo nangokwahlulwa kokunyusa izinto zophahla. Sukwenza umngcipheko. Kukhuselekile ukubhekisa kuMyili ophinda uthatha uphahla kwaye uya kwenza utshintsho oluyimfuneko kwimizobo onokuthi ube ngumntu owukhuselekileyo.
Ukuba kukho amathandabuzo. Kukho iifemu ezininzi apho ungatsalela umnxeba khona ukuba ujonge amaxwebhu eprojekthi anikezwe kuwe okanye abuyise uyilo onalo ngalo mzuzu. Umzekelo, kwiNdlu 1010 m, itsheki yeprojekthi iya kuxabisa malunga ne-100 yeedola. Ukuphinda uhlengahlengise uyilo, ngokwemvelo, kubiza kakhulu, njengoko kufuneka uhlawule ngokuhamba kwengcali kwindawo apho kuya kwenza imilinganiselo efanelekileyo, emva koko, ukubuya, kuya kwenza ukubala okuyimfuneko. Kwiifemu ezifanayo onokuthi:
- Hlela iprojekthi yophahla kwindlu esele yakhiwe;
- Ukuqesha ingcali yokwenza ulawulo lobuchwephesha phezu kolwakhiwo lophahla kwaye, ukuba kukho imfuneko, babonisa abakhi, benza ntoni (iliso likaMbhali).
Ungalufumana njani iimpikiswano kwimbambano nabakhi? Ibinzana elithi "Ndinazo ezi ngxaki zibonakala ngathi ziziijikajika!" Abakhi abaphikisi. Kungcono ukuthenga i-STIP 3.03.01-87 "Ithwele kunye nokubiyela ukwenza izinto", ikwicandelo "lemveliso", ikwimithetho "yokwamkelwa kweendlela zokungqinisisa kunye nemigaqo yokuphambuka. Emva koko ukuphambuka okufunyenwe, kuchazwe ngamanani (amabanga, iisentimitha, njl. Njl.), Kuya kuba yingxoxo esengqiqweni kungekuphela kubakhi, kodwa nasenkundleni.
Ukuba kukho izikhalazo Kwinkampani esebenza njengokwakha phantsi kwemvumelwano, iindlela zokusombulula iingxaki ezimbini. Ungaya enkundleni, kwaye iya kuqesha uviwo oluzimeleyo. Unganxibelelana kwangoko kwiingcali. Iingcali ezinjalo zihlala zingamaphenyane ezaziwayo ngegunya elikhulu kulwakhiwo lomthi. Umzekelo, abahlali baseMoscow banokunxibelelana neSebe leMibutho yeWoodnu okanye elebhu ye-Woodniyini ye-TSNII.
Apho ufumane khona incwadana yokwakhiwa kwendlu yomthi. Zininzi iincwadi zanamhlanje zangoku ngesi sihloko. Iingcali ezinamava zikhetha ukonwabela incwadi ethi "Uyilo lwezakhiwo zoLuntu" kwiinguqulelo ze-ACADMILMILYILY
Ngoku malunga nobunzima bophahla. Kucacile ukuba le nto ichaphazela ngqo iindleko zezinto. Ngapha koko, ukuba kwiindleko zezinto ezikuthethwa kwemali engaphantsi komhlaba "ichaphazela kancinane, emva koko ukuhamba kweenkuni kunye nezinto zophahla zinyuke kakhulu. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi ngezinto zophahla. Iingcali kwilizwi elinye bathi, umzekelo, i-tile yentsimbi eluphahleni lobunzima obukhethekileyo kusetyenziswa ukungasebenzi ngokupheleleyo, ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-60 ukuya kwinkunkuma. Kodwa iziqwengana ezisebenzayo, ezinjenge-teile yendalo kunye nethayo. Inkunkuma banika okuncinci. Kuyinyani, uphahla oluntsonkothileyo kuyo nayiphi na into efuna imiceli mngeni kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iindleko ezinkulu zemali. Ngokubanzi, ubuhle bufuna amaxhoba athile.
Ngeendleko zomsebenzi umfanekiso malunga nokufanayo. Uluvo olonyukayo lokuba intlawulo yemivuzo ye-masters iphantse ilingane nexabiso lezinto ezichithwe, iyavela ayikho rhoqo. Umsebenzi unokuba nzima kwaye ubize kakhulu, kunye nezixhobo, ngokuchaseneyo, zixabiso eliphantsi. Okanye ngokuchaseneyo. Oko kukuthi, amaxabiso okwenza umsebenzi owenzayo ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeka kubunzima bophahla (kunye nophahla oluntsonkothileyo lufuna iziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo ze-masters), kwaye intlawulo yezabasebenzi inokutshintsha ngaphakathi kwe- $ 9-20 nge-1m2. Kufanele ukuba ukhunjulwe ukuba iindleko zomsebenzi kwinkampani eqinileyo yokwakha, njengommiselo, zigqitha amaxabiso "Shabashnikov" Brigade Times Times Times Times Times Times Times, Ngayo: Intengiso, njl. Njl.). Kodwa inkampani ilungile kuba iqinile. Kukho umntu oza kukwazisa izikhalazo, kuba kuya kubakho. Abasebenzi abaqeshiweyo kule meko baya kususwa nje kwaye baya kuhamba. Kwaye nokuba kukumangalela akuyi kuba njalo kubani.
Ukukhetha izinto zophahla
Enye yezona zinto zibiza kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kophahla. Iityholo zezona mfuno ziphezulu. Ungalukhetha njani uphahla olulungele zonke iiparameter zekhaya lakho? Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukwenza ukhetho phakathi kwezixhobo ezinzima zophahla. Ngaphantsi kwesisindo, sithetha, izinto ezifana nesamente-isanti kunye ne-ceramic tile, kwaye wonke umntu ngowaselula. Kwaye olu khetho kufuneka lwenze kwanangaphambi kokuba uyilo luqale. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinzima kunegalelo kuhlengahlengiso lwayo lophahla, kwaye mhlawumbi ekhaya uphela (umzekelo, kuya kufuneka kwandise amandla odonga lwezakhiwo). Usenokwala uphahla olunzima ukuze uthanda okona kulula onokuthi, kodwa okuchaseneyo akunakwenzeka.Ukuba uyeka ukukhetha ngezinto ezilula, emva koko uya kuba nethuba lokuthatha indawo enye uye kwenye. Kuyinyani, akunakwenzeka ukuba uthintele ukuba ukutshintshwa uya kudalwa ngokulula,-nganye kwezi zixhobo zibandakanya amanqaku ayo kuyilo lwe-crate kunye nophahla ", ke ukuba ingabandakanyi Iindleko ezongezelelweyo.
Ngokubanzi, kusoloko kungcono ukukhetha izinto zophahla kwangaphambili kwaye uthathele ingqalelo olu khetho xa uyila. Ukukhetha izinto zophahla, kubalulekile ukuba cinga ngokucacileyo, ukuba isakhiwo senzelwe ukuba senzelwe inkonzo ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye noqwalaselo lophahla. Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha izinto ezithile zezi:
- Ukuqeshwa kwesakhiwo (nokuba iyakhiwe, indlu yelizwe lasehlotyeni, igumbi lokuhlala isigxina, ulwandiso, njl. Njl.);
- ukuvumelana kwezinto zoqwalaselo kunye nezinto ezakhayo, ubunzima;
- Iimeko zemozulu zendawo;
- Ukuqina komxholo kunye nokuthobela ukuqina komoya okucwangcisiweyo kunye nesakhiwo sisonke;
- Iimfuno zobuhle kunye nezinto ozithandayo zomphuhlisi;
- ukuthotyelwa kwezinto ezinokubakho kwezoqoqosho kumphuhlisi; Apha ixabiso lezinto ezibonakalayo liqikelelwa, kubunzulu bokubekwa kwayo, inani lenkunkuma kuphahla oluntsonkothileyo;
- Ingxolo yengxolo kunye nezinto zobushushu;
- Ubunzima boKhathalelo (ulondolozo) kunye nomsebenzi wokulungisa;
- Ukuziphatha kwento yezinto ngokunxulumene nekhava yekhephu: Kwelinye icala, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ikhephu eluphahleni alikhethwanga; Kwelinye icala, ukuze ingabinayo iAvalanche-njengam, kuba inokubangela ukuqhekeka kokugqobhoza kunye nemibhobho eshukumayo, njl.
Yintoni kanye kanye ayizukuhlawula. Akukho zixhobo ezilungileyo okanye izinto zendalo iphela, kunye nokumisela iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha eyabo nganye. Kumntu omnye, yonke into icombulula ixabiso, ehambisa enye ngasemva. Enye into, eyona nto iphambili kukufumana yonke iphakheji yeempawu zabathengi ezifanelekileyo, kwaye ixabiso linomdla kude kube ngoku. Okwesithathu ukhetha uphahla ngokomgaqo: ukuba njengabamelwane kuphela. Okwesine, ngokuchaseneyo, uqonda kuphela ukuba izinto ezinokuba zilungelelaniswe nommelwane ngasekunene kunye nommelwane ngasekhohlo.
Iglosari yethu
Endovma -Ukuwela isiketi esenza ii-angles zangaphakathi.
Konk -ukuphuphuma ethe tye, nto leyo eyinxalenye yeentonga zexesha elide.
Uphahla -Uloyilo olungaphezulu oluvalekileyo, ukuqonda iziphumo ezingaphandle, kunye nokwenza iziqulatho zamajoni, kunye nezakhiwo ezinganyangekiyo (ne-ATTAC) kunye neMisebenzi yeFotic).
Uphahla -Izinto zophahla oluphezulu. Ukudibana (umaleko omnye okanye i-multilayer), isakhiwo sokuthintela kuzo zonke iintlobo zempembelelo zemotookic.
Ifama yeStropyl -Yilo lwe-latrice latetice, ekwakukwenza ukubhukuqa amagumbi amakhulu. Yinkqubo ye-geometri ye-geometri ye-rods efumaneka kwindiza enye kwaye idityaniswe kwiziphelo. Iintonga zefama ezibekwe kwi-complour ephezulu ibizwa ngokuba yibhanti ephezulu, ecaleni kwe-bertor esezantsi yebhanti esezantsi. Iirods ezithe nkqo zangaphakathi zibizwa ngokuba zii-racks, ukuvezwa kokubhengezwa.
Iimbambo -Ukuwela iintonga zophahla ezibonisa ii-angles ezikrwada.
Ithambeka elithambekileyo Kuxhomekeka kwizinto zophahla ezisetyenzisiweyo, iindlela zokubekwa kwabo kunye neemeko zemozulu zemozulu kwisakhiwo. Ibonisa: 1) kwiidigri; 2) I-engle ye-tangent yotyekelo, oko kukuthi, umyinge wompu wophahla (H) uphakamise ubude bendlela yayo ethe tye (eboniswe ngamaqhezu ayo alula (eboniswe ngamaqhekeza alula okanye ephahlani).
Uphengululo lwezixhobo zokwakha uphahla ezinikezelwa kwimarike kwijenali yethu yapapashwa kutshanje (kwinqaku elithi "uphahla, eluphahleni". Ukuze siphinde siphinde, apha eluphahleni "ukuba sifunde itafile edityanisiweyo, Iqulunqwe ngokwe-ekobusyroy kunye ne-UNICICAM. Ukongeza, sele sizinikezele kwizinto zophahla, kwaye zikwadwelisa iitekhnoloji zazo zetekhnoloji, ezisebenzayo nezosebenzayo.
Yenza ufundisile funda, velise umququzeleli wakho okanye indibaniselwano yeekhrayitheriya, ungqinile yonke into kunye nokuchasene ne-goritect okanye ifumane izixhobo zophahla.
Zingaphi izinto zokuphahla? Musa ukubandezeleka! Thatha iprojekthi ezandleni kwaye uye kumthengisi "omkhulu", iingcali ziya kubaleka nonke. Akukho projekthi? Siza kufika kuloo ndawo kwaye silinganise iintonga zophahla kwaye siya kuvelisa ukubalwa okubonakalayo (nangona kunjalo, kuya kufuneka uhlawule endaweni yendawo). Ungawahlula-hlula njani umthengisi "onzulu" ovela "ongenabunzulu"? Ewe, ilula kakhulu! "Umthengisi" obalaseleyo ubonelela zonke iinkonzo ezidweliswe apha ngasentla. Ukongeza, ihlala isesitokweni hayi impahla yophahla, kodwa yonke into, kodwa zikho kwintengiso. Kwaye iphakamisa iseti epheleleyo, ukusuka eluphahleni ohlaziyo ngokwalo (ngokwemvelo, kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko) kweyona nto ifanelekileyo) kuyo, ekuzenzeleni i-fluer. Iingcali zayo akufuneki bazi yonke into malunga nempahla yophahla onomdla kuyo, kodwa nokuba ukwazi ukusebenza nayo. Kwaye, kunjalo, umphatha ngononophelo umthengi, ungalibali ukuyibonelela ngemfuneko kwaye ungayithethi kakhulu.
| Uhlobo lwezinto | I-tile yendalo (i-ceramic kunye nesanti) | Amaphepha ensimbi yensimbi (i-tile yentsimbi) | Ithambile yethayile | I-bitumen yokukhanya i-wavytelter ("EuroShorter") |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abavelisi | Bras, i-Bramac, Tegal, i-Coppo, i-Baltic Tile, i-Bindes, i-viteti, i-viteti, i-viteti, i-vitkamp, iRupp, njl. | Rannila, uLindab, uWeckman, i-Gasell Prolsil, iprofayile yensimbi, njl. | I-Icopal, katego, iTegola, i-PikiPoika, i-bardline, i-IKO, i-IlCO, i-Ilco, i-ilconikol, njl. | I-Onuline, iBituwell, eOndura, i-Aqualin, njl. |
| I-Mass: Izixhobo / kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubunzima be-crate, kg / m2 | (45-50) / (55-70) | 5/10 | Malunga ne-8 / 20-25 | Malunga ne-3/10 |
| Iprofeneref | Kufuna ufakelo oluchanekileyo nochanekileyo lwekhreyithi. Ubuncinci benkunkuma nangayiphi na iintlobo zophahla. Iidiski zedayimane. Inyuke i-10-16% yomthwalo kwi-rafters. Phantsi kwe-slots ezincinci, ukunyanzela amanzi ongezelelweyo kuyafuneka ukuthintela umswakama ukuthintela umswakama kwi-inzulu | Ukubekwa ngokukhawuleza kwamashiti ophahla oluqhelekileyo. Ukubakho kwenzeke ngokutsha ukuphathwa kwakudala ngaphandle kokuphucula uyilo lwe-raft. Sebenzela amanyathelo aphezulu eenyawo. Inkunkuma eninzi kuhlaselo oluntsonkothileyo (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60%) | Esebenza eluphahleni lwawo nawuphi na ubunzima-isixa senkunkuma asidluli kwi-3-5%. Ukufakwa kubushushu obungaphantsi kwe +6 c. ukulala kwimvula akunakwenzeka. Ifuna i-crate eqinileyo ye-creraf (iBhodi yeBhodi ye-Blywood okanye iBhodi eHabhothi). Sifuna ikhaphethi yendawo. Ifuna ukufakelwa ngononophelo, kungenjalo iskintrakthi ye "petals" inokwenzeka. | Ufakelo olulula. Ilungele ukwakhiwa kwakhona. Amashiti alula ukusela umthi wesiqhelo womthi |
| I-angle encinci yotyekelo | 12 | 12-14 | Shumi elinanye | Ntlanu |
| Inkonzo kunye nokuLungisa | Ngokwenyani ayifuni kukhathalelo. Intshukumo ethembekileyo eluphahleni. Ukulungiswa kuya kwenziwa ngokulula ngokutshintsha nayiphi na into. | Kwintshukumo eluphahleni, amanqanaba ayadingeka. Ifuna isaphetha esicokisekileyo sokusika kunye nokuqhekeka kwendibano. Mhlawumbi ukutshitshiswa kancinci kwe-polymer raidas. Amaphepha amancinci e-swid (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8m2) ngenxa yokwandiswa kweqondo lobushushu kuyenza buthathaka izikrelemnqa oziphethe kakuhle - i-laach yonyaka iyafuneka. Ukuqokelelwa kombane ka-Static | Imivumbo phantsi kwesenzo selanga ngokwayo, sinika amanzi apheleleyo. Intshukumo ethembekileyo eluphahleni. Ukulungiswa ngokulula. Mhlawumbi i-ripping ehamba kancinci ngombala ngenxa yokuphambuka kwe-bitumen kwi-sprinkle yangaphandle | Ungahamba eluphahleni kuphela ngemigibe okanye kwizitepsi. Ukulungiswa ngokulula. Mhlawumbi ukuphefumla kancinci |
| Ukhuseleko lomlilo, ukufudumala kwesandi | Izinto ezingafunekiyo. I-inclouling yesandi esifanelekileyo | Izinto ezingafunekiyo. I-inshunser ephantsi (nokuba kudityaniswe kunye nokufakelwa) | I-Peoullis. Ukuvunwa kunikezelwa kukutshiza izimbiwa. I-inter | I-Peoullis. I-inter |
| IMfundo yeFonda | I-thermostat: ehlotyeni phantsi kwayo kupholile, ubusika bushushu. Ubuncinci bokwakhiwa kwe-countences | Ukuqulunqwa okuninzi kwe-Quimba ngaphakathi kwi-Loour (isikhokelo esongezelelweyo seSikhokelo siyimfuneko) | Ubuncinci bokwakhiwa kwe-countences | Ubuncinci bokwakhiwa kwe-countences |
| Ikhephu | Ukuphelisa ingozi ye-Avalanche-njengekhephu | I-Avalanche-efana nendibano yekhephu inokwenzeka, ngenxa yento eyenze umonakalo kwiinkqubo ze-crainage kunye nokulimala kwabantu | Ukuphelisa ingozi ye-Avalanche-njengekhephu | Ubunzima bomphezulu bukwenza kube nzima kwi-avalanche |
| Ukuqina: Isiqinisekiso saseburhulumenteni / inkonzo yokwenyani yobomi, iminyaka | I-30 / ukuya kwi-100 | I-15 / ukuya kwi-50 | I-10-25 / ukuya kwi-40 | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 / ukuya kwi-20 |
| Ixabiso lezinto ezibonakalayo / zokufaka / zokuphahla zizonke (kubandakanya izinto ezifanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokubonelela ngamanzi, $ / M2 | "Braas" (5.9-11.9) / malunga ne-9 / 56-70 ye-ceiramic tile (17-37) / (9-12) / (75-120) | (4.3-12) / Malunga ne-7 / (18-30) | (7-10) / malunga ne-8 / malunga ne-30 | (6-7) / malunga ne-7 / malunga ne-20 |
Abahleli bebulela "iZiko lophahla lweNtshona", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Ekobusystroy", "I-Scy-1", "I-STRMY", kunye ne-GOPEVV V. G. ukuba ilungiselele isixhobo.