I-Anatomy yezitepsi, izisombululo zoyilo, izixhobo, ufakelo, ukhathalelo. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ekuyileni nasekwakheni. Abavelisi kunye namaxabiso.
I-Marshiham Ceirses yeFomu ye-curvilinear. Umnyango, ngokwemigangatho, uye kwizitepsi
Oku kuyintoni na i-strirses yomgangatho ongaphezulu ujongeka ngathi. Iya kukugcina ukuba ungawe ungene kumgodi
Isiteyiri, ifenitshala kunye no-Eddiist Winter proocation
Amanyathelo ancedisayo Gcina indawo
I-Mini ye-Mini ye-Mini: I-Metallic Kossur iya kugutyungelwa ngamaplanga
Izitekisi ze-screw zintle kakhulu, kodwa azikhululekanga kakhulu ekuhambeni.
Sombulula iingxaki ze-shrinkage yesakhiwo kunye nezinyuko ezininzi kulula ukuba ukuphakama kwesithuba senkxaso kuyalungiswa
IGara sisitepsi se-Classing. Amanyathelo enziwe nge-beech, kunye nocingo-ukusuka kwintsimbi ebilisiweyo
Imveliso ekhanyayo entle kunye nengqumbo. Le yi-Araya scairses esuka kwi-rintal (iFrance)
Izibane ezincinci zeselula - imililo yomlilo ecingeni
Umthi kunye nentsimbi, izixhobo ezininzi ezithandwayo kwimveliso yezitepsi. Ulwakhiwo lwe-Aero ukusuka kwi-alfa yesikali
Kwizakhiwo ezinokutsha nje okukhulu, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo ezomeleleyo, ezinjenge-porcelain yamatye.
Inketho enkulu - I-Wattans- inketho yendawo enkulu yeTekhnoloji
Inguqulelo engeyiyo eqhelekileyo ye-porcelain izitepsi: amanyathelo alungisiwe kwiKoser yentsimbi. Imolae deramiche.
Uyilo lwe-Decoetiment Ledder yenye yezona zinto ziphambili zengcali
Kumaxesha amandulo, izakhiwo eziphakamileyo, enye yezinto ezizezoyingezo ezaziyizitepsi, zazithathwa njengelungelo "lokuthetha" - ookumkani, ababingeleli, nokuba ngababingeleli. Namhlanje izinyuko zisikhokelela ekuphela kwesibhakabhaka kuphela, kodwa nakwigumbi lokulala eliqhelekileyo "lasemhlabeni", amagumbi aphilayo, amagumbi okuhlala, amabhilizi okanye amatyala asebusika. Eli nqaku liza kuthetha ngoYilo "oluzinzileyo ngaphakathi" izindlu zelizwe kunye namagumbi ahlala kuzo ezimbini.
Izitebhisi, okokuqala, ziyasebenza: isebenza njengekhonkco phakathi kwamagumbi ahlukeneyo, intshukumo kufuneka ishukunyiswe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ibe lula kakhulu. Ukongeza, ileli ihlobisa kwaye ithatha inxaxheba ekumiselweni kwesitayile sangaphakathi. Ukulungiselela ukuba ngumnini wenkandlala yendlu enemigangatho emibini okanye indlu yelizwe, ngokuqinisekileyo uya "ukujongana" kwimicimbi yesiteto. Uza kuyila nini izitepsi? Yeyiphi uyilo kunye nezinto zokhetho ezivela? Zeziphi iifemu ezizelwe kwimarike yaseRussia kwaye zinikezela ntoni? Okokugqibela, indlela yokuxhaphaza izitepsi ukuze isebenze ixesha elide? Malunga noku kwaye ezinye zeenkozo ezithile zeleli ziya kuthetha inqaku lethu.
Uyilo
Abanini belizwe elizayo okanye indlu enemigangatho emibini babuza kade okanye kamva babuze: Ngaba uza kuyila iZitepsi? Kwaye, ngelishwa, ihlala iyoneliseka ngumzobo we-schematic ngokuthinjwe, ishiya uPhezulu oPhakathi koyilo lweSitepsi kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokwakha. Le ndlela ayisebenzi, kuba ikhokelela kwiseti "yokwakha". Impazamo kuqala: indawo ecwangciswe ngokuchanekileyo. Indlu iphantse ilungele, ewe, kukho ingxaki yoyilo oluthandayo alunakubhalwa kwimilinganiselo ekhoyo yokuvula. Uqhakamshele ingcali, kwaye ngenkani ubanga ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukhethe umyinge ofundisayo wobubanzi bobubanzi beyona nto inamathelayo kunye nokuphakama komgangatho. Ngokwenene le yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwizitepsi, kuxhomekeke kuyo indlela efanelekileyo eya kuhamba ngayo kwimigangatho yendawo yokuhlala.Impazamo yesibini yesibini: Ukucwangciswa koyilo lwezitepsi ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo iimpawu zeendonga apho iNtaba yenziwe kuyo. Izitepsi zinokulungiswa kuphela, njengommiselo, ziphethe iindonga (ukuphakama, i-bar enobungqingqwa-i-kgpsostos, iindonga ze-kgpsos, zikho " Ukuhombisa "ulwahlulelo.
Impazamo yesithathu: Ukubekwa kwezixhobo zokufudumeza ngqo phantsi kwezinyuko. Oku kuyingozi ngokukodwa kwizakhiwo zeplanga. Kuyenzeka ukumisela umgama ogqibeleleyo phakathi komthi kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza ngendlela esebenzayo: Jonga iindawo ezikufutshane nefowuni ukuya phambili kwaye uqiniseke ukuba azibeki. Kwangoko, qwalasela indawo yokushiyisela umbane, imibhobho, ukufudumeza kunye neWindows kwi-steyirses. Ukuba uyayixabisa indawo, zama ukusebenzisa ikona phantsi kwezitebhisi, yakha iwadi okanye iincwadana apha.
Kwimozulu yemvula (umzekelo, kumtya ophakathi waseRussia onesiqhumiso esekwindla)) thintela indawo yezinyuko kumantla eNdlu yeNdlu, kuba iindonga zimanzi apha. I-Ibeton kunye ne-Brick, i-Albeit kwinani elincinci, isambatha ukufuma, ngaloo ndlela ifaka isandla ekudalweni kwendawo eyahlukileyo ye-microclue nakwindawo enye. Ukuba isicwangciso sobutyebi asiyiphepha ikona esemantla, zama "ukutshitshisa" uyilo lweetebhisi oluvela eludongeni okanye unike indawo yokuhamba rhoqo komoya owomileyo kunye nodonga (umzekelo, faka umphathi we-irmal). Hlala ukhumbula ukuba ayingawo wonke uyilo luyingcali ekuyileni izinyuko, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuya kufuneka umeme omnye uMfundisi.
Xa usakha indlu yokhuni, kuyimfuneko ukhumbule i-shrinkige yesakhiwo, eqhubeka kwiinyanga ezininzi nakwiminyaka, kunye nodongwe kunye nodongwe. Iipilisi zesalathiso kwizitepsi kufuneka zibe noyilo lweMbuyekezo lohlobo "lweteleskopu", ukuba kukho imfuneko, ukuphakama kwezitepsi ezinokulungiswa. Le yenye kuphela ukhetho, iingcali kwityala ngalinye ziya kukubonelela ngesigqibo esichanekileyo. Akucetyiswanga ukwakha amanqanaba ngendlela yenkonzo ye-"entsha" yekhaya, unyaka kufuneka odlule ubuncinci kunyaka.
Abavelisi
Imveliso ye-stitsese ithatha ixesha elide: ukusuka ekuqaleni koyilo ngaphambi kokuhanjiswa kweenxalenye ezigqityiweyo kudlula kwinyanga ezintathu. Inqabile ukuba ibuyele kulo mbandela, iconjululwe kunye nomyili. Imakethi yaseRussia ibeka inani elikhulu labavelisi, bobabini bangaphakathi.
Ukusuka kwii-phedis ezininzi ezithandwayo ze-Italialian Albifontat, Alfa Scala, iMartorti, i-Inforcala, Tintal, I-Gintal, i-rintal, i-rintal, ivele ivele inja. Zonke zivelisa izinyuko zoyilo ezahlukeneyo (ukujikeleza, isikali) kwaye sizenze kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo, intsimbi, intsimbi, iglasi. Izinyuko zefemu zangaphandle ziyalelwe ngabathengisi abanikezela ngeenkonzo zoyilo lweekhathalogu, uku-odola, ukuhanjiswa kwezakwi-Russia izinto ezenziwe nge-Russia kwaye ekugqibeleni, ufakelo. Ke, baluhlobo 'bangabavelisi' ("abalimisi", "i-eurostroservis-k", "gcina ikhathalogu"). Ukukhetha, uhlobo lwako konke, uhlobo , Uyilo noyilo. Imilinganiselo imiselwa xa iyiyile. Yonke le ngcaciso ingena kumvelisi, kwaye yenza izitepsi ezisekwe kwimodeli oyikhethileyo kunye nengqondo.
Ukusuka kwiinkampani zaseRussia, obo banqolobi abakhulu 'yi-DoP # 1 "," isitayile seCaracks "," i-maple "," Podrodita "," Tomp "utyala". Kukwakho inani elikhulu lemifanekiso ekhethekileyo ekunikezelweni kwezitepsi okanye amalungu alo kwimpahla ethile (ihlathi laseCaucasi "libonelela ngamacandelo omthi," ilitye elimhlophe "- i-Granite, kunye neNkampani" Ingxowa "ivelisa amanyathelo kunye nokubiyela kwiglasi ye-multilayer kunye nentsimbi engenasibala).
Uyilo
Kukho ukuhlelwa kwezitepsi ezininzi. Siya kunamathela kweli nqaku njengelula kubo, ngokutsho kwezitepsi ezinokwahlulwa ziba machiza kunye nezikrelemnqa.Izitepsi ezihambayo zineziphango enye okanye ezingaphezulu zidityaniswe kwiindawo eziphakathi. Inani lamanyathelo kwisithuba esinye ukusuka kwiiseli ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-18 (ngokwemigangatho ye-snip 2.08.01-89 * "Izakhiwo zokuhlala"). Isitepsi esihambahamba sifana nomgca othe tye (uyilo olulula sisitepsi esingqalileyo esine-SERTE STATALS) kwaye ujike. Ithiyori, itshathi ingabekwa nakweyiphi na i-angle kunye nokuba i-curvilinear, kodwa ngokuziqhelanisa nokuyilola nge-90 kunye ne-180. ukutshintshwa kwefanitshala. Olunye uhlobo lolwakhiwo luvulekile: eyokuqala okanye ezimbini ngoMatshi ukhokelela kwisiza, apho abanye babini baphambuka khona kumacala ahlukileyo. Le yeyona ntetho iphambili, ihlala ihonjiswe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kwaye inokusebenza nenqaku elingaphakathi. Intshukumo ngaphezulu kwesitepsi se swing ngumsitho wonke.
Uyilo lwezitebhisi zeSpiral ibandakanya ireferensi ethe nkqo kwaye icwangciswe kwimivumbo ye-spiral ejikeleze yona. Uxinzelelo lwamatyala, intsika yesalathiso inomyinge onobunzima: Intonga engaphakathi kunye ne "GARDS" ifakwe kuyo, phakathi kwamakhonkco aphezulu kunye noncedo lwemikhono ekhethekileyo kunye namakhonkco. Ezinye iifemu zaseRussia zinika izakhiwo apho amanyathelo aqhotyoshelwe khona kwiPole yesalathiso usebenzisa iibakaki. Izitebhini ezinjalo azisebenziyo ekusebenzeni: baya kukhalimela xa behamba, amanyathelo kunye ne-pilla yenkxaso.
Ubuncinci be-screeter ye-screw staircase yi-110cm, kwaye eyona ilula - i-150cm kunye nangaphezulu. I-angle yokuphakamisa inokufikelela kwi-55-60. Izitekisi ezingabalulekanga zilungele ukushukumisela abantu, kwifanitshala (yenzekile ukuba abanini bathengisa ifanitshala ukuya kumgangatho wesibini ngefestile okanye kwifenitshala yonke yemoto ngokuvula). Izakhiwo zesibhakabhaka ngamanye amaxesha azinayo intsika yenkxaso ephambili, ezinye iingcali zibazile kwiqela elahlukileyo lezinyuko ezijikelezayo.
Ifashoni kwizitepsi ihlulelwe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho kweengcali zabo bonke iingcali kule furms, ezona zinto zithandwayo - umvuzo ovuthiweyo kwaye ujikeleze, udibanise iinkuni kunye nentsimbi. Izitepsi ezihambahamba zilungele kakhulu izikrelem. Ukuhamba kweyona yokugqibela kunzima ngakumbi kubantwana abancinci, abantu abadala, abantu abakhubazekileyo. I-Screw Staircals ihlala ifakwe njengowesibini (umzekelo, njengenyuka eyahlukileyo kwigumbi lokulala, igumbi lokufunda okanye igumbi lokunxiba) okanye kwimeko enkulu enendawo.
I-anatomy yezitepsi
Nasiphi na isitepsi siqulathe isiseko (Kosur, isivumelwano, i-hosts okanye i-vole yenkxaso) kunye namanyathelo (avulekile okanye ovuthayo). Izinto ezongeziweyo ngamaqonga phakathi kweMation, oololiwe kunye nezinto zokuhlola, ukufumanisa, kunye nokukhanya okungasemva. Umthengi uhlala enyula izitepsi ezisekwe kwimbonakalo yakhe kunye nokuthobela indlela yokwakha iyonke, kwaye ayizukuya ezindlwini zobugcisa, ezixhomekeke kwiingcali. Nangona, izibophelelo ezihle kakhulu, ziya kuthi, zize nazo ngendlela efanelekileyo kunye nolwazi olukhethekileyo.
Kosource - Lo ngumqadi othambileyo, oxhomekeke kumanyathelo okuqala. Kuxhomekeka kuyilo, izitepsi zinokuba ne-kouryra enye okanye ezimbini.
I-attiv -Kwayeyisiphelo esithatyambisi sezitepsi, kodwa amanyathelo 'aqhekeka "kumacala angaphakathi kwesixhobo.
IBoltz -Imenyithi yentsimbi idibanisa amanyathelo phakathi kwabo. Izitepsi kwiibhotile, mhlawumbi elona "likukhanyiso" kubo bonke ngokubonakala kwayo. Amanyathelo ayo ngesiphelo esinye siqhotyoshelwe eludongeni.
Umbhobho wenkxaso -Intsika ephakathi, ejikeleze apho i-screw yesikrini iqiniswe.
Phuma -Inxalenye ethe tye yenqanaba.
Isivumelwano -Inxalenye ethe nkqo yenqanaba, evala umsantsa phakathi kwembuyekezo kunye netekisi eqokelelekileyo yokuqina. Akukho zakhiwo zokwahlula.
Amanyathelo eUkubamba -Obo, apho kukho ububanzi obuqhelekileyo buqwalaselwa kuphela kumgca ophakathi we-Matshi. Umphetho wangaphakathi sele, kunye nomxhasi wangaphandle.
Balustrade -Ukugxiniswa kwezitepsi okanye i-balcony ngaphezulu kwesitepsi. Njengomthetho, unobuso obujikelezileyo.
Ibalaasins -Iinkcukacha zokuhombisa ngocingo, zithabathe i-fake yalo.
Izixhobo, ufakelo, ukhathalelo
Isiseko sezitepsi sinokuba yinto yekhonkrithi, eqiniswe ikhonkrithi, intsimbi okanye iprint. Ukongeza koku, izitepsi ziya kuthiwa zikhonkrithi, intsimbi okanye ezenziwe ngomthi (okwahlukileyo (okwahlukileyo ngamatye, bafumana igama labo ngokwemibhalo yamanyathelo). Uyilo oluhlanganisiweyo - "umthi wentsimbi", "i-thy-iglasi yesinyithi", i-porcelain stamprices yokuqiniswa kwezixhobo zekhonkrithi, njl njl. Izitepsi ezenziwe ngeglasi okanye intsimbi ecocekileyo isekhona kwaye ixhaphaza.Kuxhomekeka kulwakhiwo lwesakhiwo, i-Seriquete yekhonkrithi eqinileyo ye-Overlap inokumelana nomthwalo we-500-1000 kg / m2. Oku kuhlala kwanele ukufaka izitepsi ezinzima ukusuka kwilitye okanye iglasi (enobunzima kwi-500 kg). Uninzi lwezakhiwo zenkuni kunye nentsimbi zine-150 ukuya kwi-350kg. NguSekela-ntsapho (apha imigangatho kufuneka athambele umthwalo ubuncinci i-250kg / m2) kwindawo yomgangatho wenqanaba lomelezwe ngemiqadi eyongezelelweyo. Kwinqanaba lokucwangciswa, imeko yokugqobhoza kwiindawo zokulungisa izinyuko kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo: kunokwenzeka ukuba abakhi babenze ukuba kubekho umthwalo owongezelelweyo kwindawo enkulu. Ukukhethwa kweendawo zereferensi zezitepsi kuxhomekeke kugcino lwemodeli ethile. Ke, isakhiwo esingqalileyo se-posing sihlala siqhotyoshelwe kwi-overlap kwaye siphumle phantsi. Izitepsi ezihambayo kunye nejika elinye ziya kufuna indawo eyongeziweyo eludongeni, ngokujikeleza kabini kokuncamathisela phantsi, ukuya kwi-overlap, ukuya eludongeni inkxaso ethe nkqo. Amacandelo eendaba anenani elikhulu leendawo zokujika zisetyenziswa ngokuphela kwe-cososov, oonogada okanye amanyathelo eludongeni. I-boosters yentsimbi iqhotyoshelwe kwimowudi yemali esebenzisa ii-bolts ze-anchor, kunye neendlela zokhuni ze-bolts-screen. Kumphezulu wangaphandle wendawo ye-anch kunye neebhanti zemaski ziiplagi zokuhombisa.
I-screw Staircals yenziwa ngowona mthwalo mkhulu: indawo yokudibana kwabo nomgangatho kwaye i-overlap incinci. Ukuthintela iingxaki ngokugqobhoza izindlu zokhuni, iingcali zizama ukubeka intsika yenkxaso yezitebhisi zesikreqo ngaphezulu kwe-beam okanye kufutshane nayo.
Kuxhomekeka kuyilo olukhethiweyo, ufakelo luya kwenziwa ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwakha. Ke ngoko, ukuqiniswa kwekhonkrithi ye-Conrete kosouris kuphoswa kwinqanaba lomsebenzi ophambili wokwakha. Intsimbi kunye ne-Woodle ye-Woods kunye nezinto zemali yezitepsi zifakwe kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokwakha, ngaphambi kokuqalisa ukugqiba imisebenzi. Izinto ezisele (amanyathelo, Balasins, njl.njl.) Zifakwe kuphela emva komomo opheleleyo. Kuyinyani, ezinye iifemu zithanda ukufaka izinyuko emva kokugqiba imisebenzi. Inzuzo yesisombululo kukukhusela izinyuko ezivela kwimithombo yentsalela yokufuma entsalela kunye nekhulu leepesenti zokukhusela uyilo olubi kakhulu kwi-inki engaqhelekanga okanye i-enamel. Ubunzima kukuba izinto zemali mboleko ziya kufuneka ziqhotyoshelwe ekuchanekeni okuphakathi, ukuze zingamonakalisi umhombiso weendonga, ukutyala kunye nesini kunye nesini kunye nesini kunye nesini kunye nesini.
Isixhobo ngasinye esisetyenzisiweyo kwimveliso ngendlela yayo exhaphakileyo kwaye ifuna ukhathalelo lomntu ngamnye.
Iinkuni - Ezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zokwenza izitepsi zalo naluphi na uyilo. Ngapha koko, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zohlobo zisetyenziswa njengokuthambileyo (ipine, i-pine, i-pir) kunye ne-fir) kwaye iqinile (i-birch), kwaye iqinile (Ash). Ngokukhethekileyo namhlanje yipine (njengeyona ndawo ifikelelekayo), i-beech kunye ne-oki. I-Extonic yezakhiwo ze-stair zithathwa njengeCherry, i-nuth, iCypress, i-Iroko, i-tick, mogano kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-mahogany. Nokuba ngubani umthi okhethiweyo womthi, zonke izinto (amanyathelo, umtya, umngcipheko, umngcipheko) kufuneka ube une-monolithic, kuba iinkuni ze-monolithic zikhawuleze kakhulu kwaye zibuthathaka. Umxholo ovumelekileyo wokufuma kweenkuni ezomileyo ze-steircals yi-8-12% - ukulinganisa kuya kunceda imitha ekhethekileyo yefowuni. Onke amacandelo ayacetyiswa ukuba athenge endaweni enye, apho bakhethwa khona kwiipropathi zokuhombisa (ithoni, ukuzoba) kwaye badluliselwa kuqhume. Ulwakhiwo olungenayo alucetyiswa ukudibanisa amatye kunye nokusebenza okwahlukileyo kwe-fiber, emva kwexesha elithile "ukubhukuda" okanye "ukuqubha" okanye "ukuqubha".
Izitepsi zokhuni ziphathwa ngengcingo kunye ne-varnish. Inokuba zombini ii-varnish ezingenamibala kunye neevaring ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo, i-enamels kunye neepeyinti. Inkqubo yombala yenziwa ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kolwakhiwo lwesakhiwo. Gcina okanye hayi umbala wendalo womthi uxhomekeke kwintanda yakho. Uninzi olukhethayo lokuthintela iinkuni, ukufezekisa iingcango zayo eziphezulu, i-parqueet okanye iifestile zefestile. Abathandi bokufana kufuneka bakhunjulwe ukuba i-varnish icinyiwe. Buyisela imbonakalo yokuqala ye-varnish yombala ayiyi kuba lula - xa usebenzisa kwakhona ukuba ichithe iileyile zangaphambili, kwaye awuyi kufezekisa ukupeyinta iyunifomu ngaphandle kokungaphazanyiswa. Ukuba umthi wawusele ugqunywe nge-varnish engenamabala, ingxaki yokuphinda inyangwe isonjululwe ngumnini uqobo ekhaya.
Nokuba umthi wobumbekileyo unomdla wokuqhekeka, ngakumbi ngenxa yobushushu. Ke ngoko, abavelisi baqinisekisa inkonzo eqhelekileyo yendlela yokhuni phantsi kweemeko ezithile zomsebenzi wayo. Isilumkiso kufuneka sigcinwe ngeqondo lokushisa lomoya 20-22c kunye nokufuma okuphezulu kwe-60-70%. Imozulu ephantsi eyomileyo iyacetyiswa ukuba isebenzise i-subifis. Kubandakanyiwe kuphela izixhobo zokuthambisa, kungekuphela izixhobo ezizodwa ezinokusetyenziswa, kodwa zikwasebenza nezityalo ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa (umzekelo, "ukulila" i-lias), kunye nemithombo efakwe ngokuthe ngqo phantsi kwezitepsi. Izinyuko kufuneka zikhuselwe kwilanga ngqo, yiba ngumgama owoneleyo kwizixhobo zokufudumeza. Kukwayimfuneko ukukhuphela amathuba okungena kwiindawo zoyilo lwamanzi kwimeko yokusilela kwenkqubo yokubonelela ngamanzi. Ezi mfuno, ngelishwa, zenziwa phantse i-80% yokuxhaphaza izinyuko zomthi. Okokuqala, sithetha malunga nokubizwa ngokuba "kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali olubizwa ngokuba" ngohlahlo-lwabiwo mali olusezantsi "kwizindlu zasehlotyeni ezingafunwanga ebusika. Kodwa iziphumo zilungile: I-creaks ye-sterimable, ihluma, izithuba ziyavela kuyo.
I-thabatha yesibini yezitepsi zeplanga yingozi yomlilo. Ke ngoko, kwizindlu ezinobude obungaphezulu kwemigangatho emibini, ekuphela kwesitebhisi endlwini kufuneka ibe ne-metricic kor kunye namanzi ensimbi emanzini agqunywe ngumlilo onganyangekiyo (umzekelo, iyunithi).
Izitepsi zomthi, njengezindlu zeplanga, zinexesha le-shrinkige kangangeenyanga ezininzi, mhlawumbi, emva koko kuya kufuneka uhlengahlengise izikrelemnqa. Ukugqibezela iinxalenye zezitepsi zekwwwnen Ukubonelela ngefemu yaseRussia "Arbol", "ihlathi laseCaucasian", "Umsedasi waseKhanada", "uqhelisela".
Ilitye lendalo. Xa usebenza nayo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ube ngumqondo olungileyo wokulinganisa, kuba isitepsi samatye esincinci esongela ukuguqula ikhaya lakho kwisikhululo sikaloliwe okanye kwindawo entle kwifilimu malunga nale Russia. Akukho mfuneko yokwakha ilitye kwilitye, kwanele ukunciphisa amanyathelo kunye nezinto ezahlukileyo zokuhombisa. Isakhelo seququ senziwa sisenziwa ukusuka kwintsimbi, ikhonkrithi okanye ikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, i-railing idla ngokuqina.
Kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise ilitye elikhutshwe kwi-quarry ngokuqhuba, kwaye hayi indlela yokuqhushumba (imifuno engaphakathi eyenzekileyo ukusuka ekuqhushusheni kuya kuzibonakalisa ngokusebenza). Kuzo zonke izindlu, i-Granite kunye nemabula zazifumene olona lwabiwo lubalaseleyo, kwaye okulandelayo kuyaphawuleka. Imarble ityibilika ngokulula, ifumene i-acid eyahlukeneyo (ichiza ikomityi yekofu okanye iti iya kubandakanya iziphumo ezingathandekiyo). Akukho mfuneko yokuba usebenzise isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sesamente okanye ukunamathela kwi-ceramic tile ukubeka imarble - emva kwethutyana kumphezulu welitye, amabala angasebenziyo aya kuvela. Imakethi yaseRussia ibonelela ngeendlela ezinamafutha afanelekileyo kunye neeplasters ze-Akemi (iJamani), e-Bellinzoni (i-Itali), iLithofin (iJamani). Iifemu ezifanayo zivelisa i-mastic eyahlukeneyo ngokukhathalela amatye - omabini mangaze noGranite.
Ngolungiselelo lwezinyuko, ukukhetha kungcono ukunika iindawo eziphoswayo, kuba kwilitye eliqingqiweyo kulula kakhulu ukuba lityhutyha. Ukufumana ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kumathontsi, eyona nto iphambili kumanyathelo agqunywe zii-rugs ezizodwa ze-anti-slip (umzekelo, inyathelo eliphezulu). Zinokwenziwa kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo: i-SISL, yoboya bendalo, i-polypropylene, i-polyamide okanye irabha. Imatshi elinje kwicala elinye ihlala imbethe, ngenxa yokulungiswa kwayo kumanyathelo, kwaye ukuba kukho imfuneko, itshintshwa ngokulula. Inketho yesibini, ivumela ukukhusela izitepsi zamatye kwaye kwangaxeshanye singazifihli zonke ubuhle bendalo - i-anti-slip bands ezinqunywe okanye zitshizwe kumda wangaphandle. Ukuchukumisa, lo mda uba rhabaxa kancinci.
Kwimarike yaseRussia, amanyathelo amatye njengemveliso ezimeleyo (iipleyiti zovelwano obahlukeneyo), "ilitye elimhlophe", "i-Pelms" i-Pelms ", i-Pelms" i-Pelms ejolise kwizitepsi zamatye kwiseti yamatye kwiseti yamatye kwiseti lamatye.
I-ceramics. Enye yezisombululo ezinokubakho kwabo bafuna ukucwangcisa imigangatho kunye nezitepsi kwisitayile esinye, ukungqubana kwabo kunye neepleyiti ze-ceramic okanye i-porcelain yamatye. I-Votchchychi evela kwilitye lendalo, zizinto ezomeleleyo ngezixhobo ezinganyangekiyo ekuvezweni kweekhemikhali kunye ne-abrasion.
Uninzi lwabavelisi beethayile zomgangatho bobabini bobabini baseRussia kunye nabangaphandle, benika iimveliso ngobukhulu 3030, 2020 no-1530cm. Izinto ezinjalo zilula, kubandakanya noyilo lwamanyathelo eetepsi. Kungcono ukukhetha iithayile ze-anti-slip. Abathandi abafudumeleyo banethuba lokubonelela ngesitebhisi se-ceramic "ye-ceramic".
Ukudalwa kweZinyuko kumiselwa yiseti yezinto ezininzi: I-engile yokuphakamisa / yokuzalwa; Ububanzi bendawo; ubukho beendawo zojikelezo, iindawo eziphakathi; ubukho bendawo yasimahla ngaphezulu kwentloko yomntu onyukayo; Ucingo lwangaphantsi olukhuselekileyo; Ukukhanya okuhle.
Kuyacaca ukuba izitepsi ezithambileyo zilungele ukuntywila, ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwe-tilling kwizitepsi ezihambahamba ziyi-30-40. Ukuba uyilo lwenzelwe ukuhambisa abantu abadala okanye abakhubazekileyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ixhaphake ngakumbi. Ukuhlala nokuphakamisa kunxulunyaniswa nomyinge wenyathelo elinamacala amabini (ukuphakama) kunye nobubanzi benyathelo (inamathela). Buyela kwi-Xviiivek, i-French African-Francois Blondez ibalwe ifomula yendlela "yenqanaba lezinto ezikhoyo": G + 69 64 cm, apho i-G's Ark, kunye ne-5964 I-CM Avavation inyathelo lomntu. Kodwa xa kuthelekiswa namaxesha akude namhlanje, kungekuphela nje ukuphakama komntu, kodwa nobungakanani bemilenze yakhe (ke, kwi-Xviiiv, ngokomyinge, ubungakanani bendoda yabantu abadala yayingu-37-38). Ke ngoko, ngoku ezona zitebhisi zikhululekileyo ezine-14-16 cm kunye nobubanzi bendawo ebukhali 34-37 cm. Esona, kucetyiswa ukuba khetha uyilo kunye nekhuselekile.
Ezona qumpact zezitepsi eziguquguqukayo ("goose"). Amanyathelo ayo anenjongo engaphantsi "ngokupheleleyo" iinyawo zomlenze omnye kuphela.
Kwisiqendu esifanelekileyo esinywini somntu omnye, ububanzi baso bufanele ukuba bube yi-70-80 cm, i-20-150cm. Umgama phakathi kwenqanaba loMatshi kunye nophahla kufuneka ubuncinci zibe ziimitha ezimbini. Lo mgama unyuka ukuba ukukhula komgcini ungaphezulu kwe-180cm. I-railssings esemgangathweni kunye ne-balayins zinokuphakama kwe-90-100 cm. Ukuhamba kakuhle kwizitepsi ezikhulileyo, uyilo lusiditshelwe ngudonga lwe-80-85 cm. Umgama phakathi kwe-12 ukuya kwi-25 cm.
Iminyaka emithathu edlulileyo kwimarike yaseRussia kukho iimveliso ezintsha - amanyathelo e-Monolithic avela kwi-Porcelain yamatye. Ziya kufundiswa ziifektri zase-Imola Ceramica, ePanAria, i-Mirand Ceramica kunye neLitye eliMhlophe ". Amanyathelo e-oesthetic (amathungo akayonakalisi inkangeleko yabo) kwaye, akavalwa ngentlabathi nodaka. Banokulungiswa ngaphandle kokulinganiswa kwangaphambili kwesiseko sekhonkrithi. Ukubeka kunconywa ukuba usebenzise i-adhes ekhethekileyo (umzekelo, i-Atlas kunye nenkampani yePolish Atlas okanye iKeraflex Inkampani yase-Italian Mapei, okokugqibela kuyabiza). Ixabiso le-Altair Prorite Plater (uMvelisi- Imola Deramica) ivela kwi- $ 34. I-ITO lelona xabiso liphantsi leepleyiti ze-monolikic, lifezekisiwe ngenxa yokuhamba kwamanyathelo emveliso angama-330125022mm kunye nokulandela kwabo okulandelayo phantsi komgangatho wezitepsi. Ixabiso lamanyathelo ezinye iifemu ngamaxesha angama-2-3 abiza kakhulu. Iipleyiti ziya kufuna kanye amanyathelo amaninzi amanqanaba akho. Abavelisi babonelela ngezinto ezincedisayo - umngcipheko, iplinte, amanyathelo e-Angular, aves. Amanyathelo e-ceramic atyibilika, njengelitye, iingcebiso zokudala iimeko zokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo ziyafana.
Intsimbi - Ezona zixhobo ziqinileyo kwizinyuko. Amanyathelo aveliswayo kwimisebenzi engxamisekileyo yenziwa ngentsimbi (irente) kwaye ikhuphe i-iron (ityhidiwe). Iingcingo zentsimbi zihlala zisetyenziswa njengendawo yeteyisi yomthi, ilitye, i-ceramics okanye iglasi. Ezona ndlela ziphambili zokucingela kukunyanzelwa kwentsimbi enzima, iprofayile etyheliweyo okanye umbhobho owenziwe ngentsimbi engenasimo okanye ubhedu. Ukwahluka okungaphezulu kunye nokubiza ixabiso leentsimbi ezingenantlonelo, kunye nokudityaniswa "kweglasi yesinyithi", "i-thy-ceramics". Ukubiyela ngexabiso eliphantsi kukuqiniswa, i-rod, igridi. Iifemu zensimbi zensimbi, uninzi lwazo zinikezela kunye neengcingo zezitepsi ("paravoz", "i-Welgart", "ukunyanzelwa komzi", "crystalk").
Iglasi. Le yindawo engaqhelekanga, i-ave-gardi yegadi yoyilo lwezinyuko. Ukwenzela ukwenziwa kwezitepsi, iglasi, eyenziwe kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji ye-Winde-Winder ye-Winder ("Triplex"), isetyenzisiwe. Iingqimba ezimbini okanye ezingaphezulu zeglasi zidityaniswe nezinto zePolymer (oku kunokuba yi-polymer ye-polymer, ilandelwe yifilimu ye-ultraviolet okanye ifilimu ye-polymer, ibekwe phakathi kwezixhobo, ilandelwa ngokufudumeza iziqitha ezizodwa). Umbeki ophakathi we-polymer yinto eyomeleleyo kwaye unika uyilo lwamandla, kwaye akevumeli iziqwenga zeglasi ukuba zikhubeke kuvuthuza. Ukuveliswa kweglasi engekasiyo kwi-polymer, i-core odremestices iyaziswa. Ubunzima benyathelo elinye yi-15kg kwaye ngaphezulu (ngobukhulu be-100035028mm). Ukhuseleko lokuhamba kumanyathelo eglasi, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ubeke iikhaphethi ze-anti-slip, intaba ifaka irabha okanye naziphi na izinto ezingafakwanga. Ukongeza, iibhulukhwe ezikhuselayo ziya kususwa kwiglasi kwizinto zokukrala. Ixabiso lezitepsi liphezulu kakhulu kwaye lingaxhomekekanga kuyilo olukhethiwe nguwe- indleko zeglasi ngokwazo (ukusuka kwi-500 ye- $ 500 nganye). I-firms yaseRussia "San Stark" kunye "nengxowa" zibandakanyeka kwimveliso yamanyathelo eglasi.
Isitayile
Uyilo, isixhobo, umbala-Zonke ezi zinto zibonisa isitayile sezitepsi, ezifanele zihambelane ne-stastry yendawo yangaphakathi okanye ilawule indlu. Akukho hlulwa lukhuni lwezakhiwo kwizitayile ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngaphambili zikho ezinye izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka. Ke, ingaphakathi le-classic linxulunyaniswa nezitepsi ezinkulu zomthi. Bahonjiswe ngobunzima bokumiselwa nguBlaillines, amatyala, ukuqiniswa kwe-fittings. Umdibanisi womtya unesimo esinzima. Kwangelo xesha, izitepsi kufuneka zibe mhle kwaye akukho tyala alikho rhabaxa. Igumbi leklasikhi linokuhonjiswa nge-stucco kwaye ihonjiswe ngeephatho zenkuni kunye nezinto ezifanayo ze-Decor njengezitepsi. Isimo selizwe esifudumeleyo kwaye sithandabuze amakhaya. Yamkelekile apha elahliweyo ngamatye edaywe ngamatye, amanyathelo e-ceramic anefuthe, umphezulu weenkuni ezimnyama ezinamaqhosha amancinci okanye amaqhosha amanqatha. Emacaleni eetepsi zixhonywa iibhedi zobhedu, ii-boqueets zemibala eyomileyo okanye i-anyanisi. I-STYLTICS yentsimbi evuthiweyo, kunye nentsimbi ngokudibeneyo neglasi isondele kubantu abathi "beTekhnoloji" kunye ne-Tech ephezulu. Ukubiyela ngentsimbi yentsimbi kuyinto yemveli yeendlela zanamhlanje ne-gothc.
Amaxabiso
Ixabiso lezitepsi libandakanya iindleko zeprojekthi yoyilo, izixhobo, ukwenziwa kwamalungu, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubunzima boyilo olukhethiweyo (iibhali-bhiya ze-Handmade), ukuHanjiswa kunye nokuHanjiswa. I-pine elula yeyure enye xa umgama phakathi komgangatho, iimitha ezintathu ziya kuxabisa umthengi malunga ne- $ 2 000, ukusuka kwi-4,000 yeedola, ukusuka kwi-ash okanye i-oak - nge- $ 6,000. Kwakhona wavuma ukuba abale indleko wemitha enye uyaziphakamisa nkqo. Ngezakhiwo zeplanga, i-IT i-IT i-1500-2000 ngemitha nganye, ye-iron-$ 1000-1 , zeze-rabellic- $ 2500 -5000, kwiglasi- $ 7000. Ungeno aphezulu amaxabiso ayikho. Uninzi lwemigogo oluthengiswe kwimarike lubekwe kwithuba le- $ 5-6 yamawaka amawaka i-12-15 amawaka.Izitebhisi ze-attic
Izitepsi ezikhethekileyo kunye ne-Mannard zinikezelwa ngeemfuno ezithile. Olu luyilo lusetyenziswa ngokungaqhelekanga, kufuneka lungabonakali kwaye lungabonakali ngokuxhomekeka kwendawo yokuhlala. Ukungena kwidrowa encinci kunye nokubola ngokufanelekileyo xa ufuna. Zizo ezo izinto ezininzi "cool" (engile lweendawoezithile utyekelo 63-74). Kwimarike Russian zinikwa yi Alfa Isikali (Italy), Century (USA), Henke (Germany), Oman (Poland), Rintal (Italy), Roto (Germany).
Kuxhomekeka uyilo, ezinyukweni eliphezulu zezi owawusisibonakude (sliding) kunye yokusonga (yokusonga njenge harmonica), yaye ngokutsho indlela eqwalasele kuyo, eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi kwaye eqhotyoshelweyo (abasusekayo). Ukwenzela ukuba ukwazi ukufikelela uphahla, izinyuko eliphezulu abo benziwa isixhobo ukuvimbela elikhusela ikhaya yakho kusebenziso olungavumelekanga. Factory izinyuko kuba nomphakamo ka 250-350 cm, ungakwazi umyalelo uyilo kwezinye ubukhulu. Izitepsi zexabiso eliphantsi emthini ziya kuxabisa i-100 yeedola, uninzi lweemodeli ezinikezelwa kwimarike zixabisa i-300-400 yeedola.
| Qinile | Ilizwe | Imodeli | Uyilo | Izinto | Izixhobo | Ukuqinisa | Ixabiso lemveliso *, $ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-Albini Fontane. | ElamaTaliyane | Imidlalo ye-Skonik | Isikere | Running post, amanyathelo aphilileyo, Ukubiyelwa udidi "Pouthene" | I-Beech (i-Bleiched), i-aluminium | Kumgangatho kunye nokugquma | - |
| UAlfa Scala. | ElamaTaliyane | UVanaia. | Isikere | Inkxaso, amanyathelo, Ukubiyelwa ngohlobo iintente spiral-ezimile | Umthi obomvu | Kumgangatho kunye nokugquma | I-15000. |
| Phosa. | ElamaTaliyane | I-Mini ye-mini. | Ukuhamba, i-curvililinear | I-Kosur, amanyathelo, oololiwe, Balasins | Isakhelo, i-Persian, isinyithi, umthi | Kumgangatho kunye nokugquma | 7500. |
| I-laperyre | Fransi | Prima. | IMarsh, m-imile | Iintente ezimbini, amanyathelo (13-14), abukhali, u-railing, iibhalu | I-tarari (i-oak ye-brazil) | Kumgangatho kunye nokugquma | Ngama-2500. |
| Nelur | ElamaTaliyane | UNautilus. | Ukuhamba, i-curvililinear | I-testers ezimbini, i-grooves, uhlobo lokubiyela "i-pouthene" | I-Potoine "-Umanyathelo, amanyathelo, raylen | Kumgangatho kunye nokugquma | - |
| Irintal | ElamaTaliyane | Gara. | Marsh kwaye ujike i-180 | Iintente ezimbini (enye iqhotyoshelwe eludongeni), amanyathelo, ukuphakama, iintsika zesalathiso, i-balusters | I-Beech, intsimbi esetyenzisiweyo (ucingo) | Phantsi, iindonga kunye nokugquma | I-6000. |
| "Bona isikwere" | Rhashiya | Iklasikhi | Marsh kwaye ujike i-180 | Iintente ezimbini, amanyathelo, ukuphakama, iintsika zesalathiso, i-balusters | I-pine / oki | Kumgangatho, iindonga kunye ne-overlaps | 1600/4700. |
* - Imveliso yindawo enemigangatho yobubanzi be-1m, ukuphakama kwe-3m.
IBhodi yokuHlela ibulela inkampani i-Interrior "," i-Eurostroyservis-"," Skiars "," Jonga isikwere "ukuze ufumane uncedo ekulungiseleleni umxholo.