Iintsomi kunye ne-stereotypes ezilahlekisa abathengi beethayile ze-ceramic. Iikhrayitheriya ezisemgangathweni, abavelisi, abavelisi, uyilo kunye nexabiso.
Siza kuthetha ngembali yamva nje yezinto ezindala ezindala, iithayile ze-ceramic. Siza kubaxelela ngabavelisi, iikhrayitheriya zomgangatho, ukuqina, uyilo kunye nexabiso. Ndonza iintsomi ezininzi okanye, ukuba uyathanda, i-stereotypes enganikezeli bathengi kubathengi kunye nabathengisi
I-TALE yentengiso
Imarike ye-ceira ye-ceira ye-ceira ye-ceira ye-ceira ye-ceile yaqala ngokungaguqukiyo ngo-1996-1997. Emva koko abathengi banokuchaza iithayile njengabasekhaya kuphela, i-Itali, iSpanish okanye i-Czech, ngaphandle kwenkqubo yoyilo, umgangatho kunye namaxabiso. Abathengisi banele ukuzisa iimveliso kwiphakeni ecocekileyo kunye ne-Italiya isitampu, kwaye impumelelo yentengiso yanikezelwa. Namhlanje, enye into: Umthengi uza nobuchule kwaye usonge.Ngokweenkcukacha-manani zeNkcubeko ka-2002 kunye neeNkcazo zikaRhulumente zidibanisa, isabelo sezityalo zasekhaya kwimarike yaseRussia - i-66% ye-Ojcinesia "- kunye ne-20% ye-20% yahlulahlula-hlula-chitha phesheya. Beka le yokugqibela ukwehla: 29.2% yokungenisa elizweni ivela eSpain, 25.4% ukusuka e-Itali, 13.7% ukusuka ePoland. China, iSlovakia, i-turkey i-turkey i-5% kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kwiLithuania, iJamani kunye ne-Czech, ngaphantsi kwe-2%. Amazwe afana neFrance, i-Great Britain, i-Iran, njl njl, musa ukuwela umda we-prondlete, ke manyane, i-5.5% yengeniso yengeniso.
I-Itali, iFashoni yeFashoni yeTles idlulileyo iminyaka eli-100, ixhotywe ngezixhobo ezingama-95% zazo bonke abavelisi behlabathi bale mveliso. Ngaphezulu kwe-350 ilaphu kunye neqela lemisifundisane yoomanyanisi isebenza kwiLizwe liphela kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiMoneni. Nyaka ngamnye ekuqaleni kuka-Okthobha, bakhuphisana ngowona mboniso mkhulu wamazwe aphesheya e-Italiyane kwi-bologna. Izinto ezintsha ziwe kwizinto zokubala zeSalons zaseRussia kunye neevenkile zikaFebruwari-Epreli kunyaka olandelayo. Njengakwicandelo leempahla ezigqityiweyo, awuyi kukhumbula ijacket ethengiweyo kwintengiso, kodwa ungalibali i-rands ekhuthazayo, i-piere godin, umthengi we-gile suile anqabile ukwahlula amagama eefeksi ezininzi, kodwa ezingcwele Iintandokazi: I-Deperativa diramica di immola, i-marazzdi, i-Atlas Concorde, i-Iris, i-riago, i-riago, i-ridina, i-rider, i-ricketti, i-ricketti, i-ricketti, i-ricketti, i-ridir, i-ricketti, i-ricketti, e-ridir, njl.
I-Spain - Umhlaba emhlabeni ngokwemigaqo yomenzi we-tile-uqalise ukulandela i-Italy 50-60 eyadlulayo kwaye uyibambe ngempumelelo kwitekhnoloji ye-Italian kunye nezixhobo. Yonke into ifana kakhulu: ilaphu le-350 elikwindawo yeCastellon libonisa impumelelo yabo kwi-Cefamination yeSpanama, egcinwe kwiValencia ekupheleni kukaFebruwari nangoMatshi. Ukuphulukana nokujamelana neetayile kubonelela ngeefektri eziliqela. Phakathi kwabo, i-Aparici, i-visses, iMetropol, Tau, Tau, Tenus, Toronda, Navarti, njl.
Umenzi wasekhaya waziva kakuhle ukususela ngo-1998, xa wahlukana nabangenisi. Kodwa kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo, emva kotshintsho kwisiko labathengi, kwakufuneka enze izixhobo, ukuseka izixhobo ezingeniswayo (Rhin Italian), sebenzisa i-Italian Dyes, i-Snap, iGeridists zeTekhnoloji yase-Itali. Umzekelo, sinika "i-sookyol" (i-kdenovsk, ingingqi yeMoscow), "I-Velor" (i-Brand "Ingingqi ye-ceramic), i-ceramic ye-ceramic" (i-Ceraelic) (uMmandla we-POSCOW). Ngapha koko, imigca emithathu yase-Itali isungulwe kwi-OjcyFrial "(G. Shechta, uMda waseRostov) ukusukela ngo-2001. Imigca emithathu ye-Italia isunguliwe. Kutsha nje i-llc "i-bashkerama" (i-equanka ye-Eyoramic yeTyaramic) kunye ne-Ojcic-Imveliso eququzelelayo. "Yigcine, Comrades !!!" Nangona kunjalo, akuyomfuneko ukuba bajongele phantsi abangenisi abaye bafikelela kwivolumu yokuhambisa kwangaphambili ngo-2002.
Oyena mntu ukhuphisana kwi-niche kwiimveliso zamashishini aseRussia ezihlaziyiweyo yiTweevela kwiMpuma Yurophu, ePoland neRiphabliki yaseCzech. Izibonda kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo yadlula ngempumelelo kwinqanaba lokuphuculwa kwemveliso kwaye ngoku ithengisa ngeethayile kwimarike yethu kwi-European yaseYurophu ($ 10-15 ye-1M2 yeethayile ze-1m2. I-Univers idume ngeefektri ezintlanu zePoland: I-Opoczno kunye neTubadzin, ilandelwa yi-ceramika-kyodkie, i-paradyz kunye neposcolorit.
Eyona miqobo iphambili eRussia eRussia (i-vileroyboch, i-hoba yentsimbi, i-steuleroyboch, njl.) Ixabiso le-rauleroyboch, malunga ne- $ 35 ye-1m2) kunye nabathengi. I-theile yaseFransi ebusweni bomzi-mveliso waseCerarabati, osisiyinxalenye ye-Gippo Marazsi (i-sennaya i-turnover ngo-2002, i-760mnere), yaqala kwi-Russia kuphela ngo-2000 kwaye i-1M2. Ngaphandle komgangatho olungileyo, uyilo olufanelekileyo, i-vols enomtsalane kunye nokuthandwa kweethayile zaseTurkey eJamani, ngenxa yesimo sengqondo sokuthelekiswa, le mveliso ayizange ixhaswe kuthi. Kwimpuma yeRussia, i-tile yaseTshayina ivele kwakudala, ngoku ngokuthe ngcembe ingena ngasentshona. Le mveliso ibonakaliswa ngumgangatho ophezulu (itekhnoloji), ixabiso lentengiso eliphantsi (nkqu nakwizothutho eziphezulu zixabisa malunga ne-10 ye-1m2 "imvelaphi" yengqokelela yengqokelela. Akukabikho kwinxalenye ye-verine yayo, kodwa kukho utyekelo lokunyusa ukuhambisa ngenxa yefashoni kuyo yonke impuma.
I-Tale malunga nomgangatho
Okokuqala, iithayile ze-ceramic ejongene neendonga zangaphakathi azinakuthelekiswa nomgangatho we-tile kunye ne-porcelain ngakumbi. Ngokutsho kwe-Eva ye-European kunye ne-27180 yemigangatho ye-ceiramic "i-ceramic" Iindlela zovavanyo ", zigxininiswa kwiklasi ekhethekileyo, ukongeza, i-Gost Gost yayihambelana nemigangatho yaseYurophu. Ngokweemfuno ze-ceram kunye ne-ceramic ejongene neendonga, iimvavanyo zokuchaneka kweeparamitha zejometri, ukufunxa kwamanzi kunye nokudinwa kwe-glaze ukuya kuthi ga kwi-flot kunye ne-rost " ).
Iimfuneko ze-ECO kwiimpawu zobugcisa ze-ceramic ejongene neethayile
| Inkcazo yobugcisa | Imigangatho ye-eth kunye ne-Gost | Ukuphambuka okufanelekileyo |
|---|---|---|
| Ubude nobubanzi | En98. | Ubuninzi0.8% |
| Ubukhulu | I-98. | Ubuninzi be-8% |
| Ngokuthe tye | I-98. | Ubuninzi 0.8% |
| Indawo | I-98. | Ubuninzi 0.6%(I-gost ayichazi) |
| Ukufunxa kwamanzi | En 99. | Ngaphantsi kwe-16% (ngaphantsi kwe-24% ye-carbonate ubunzima kunye ne-polylineral clay) |
| Amandla e-flexual | En 100. | Ngaphezulu kwe-15MPA |
| Ukuchasana ne-Abrasion | I-101. | I-6BABDS engakumbi kwisikali se-mos |
Ukujonga umgangatho wokujongana neethayile ze-ceramic kwenziwa ngesiseko senani leeparamitha. Ukuphambuka kubude kunye nobubanzi obungagqithi kwi-0.5% ihambelana ne-tile yeklasi ephezulu. Ameva abhekisa ekutyeni kwee-angles ukusuka kwi-ngqokho hayi ngaphezulu kwe-0.3%. Ubungakanani bomgca bunoxanduva lokuchaneka kwe-mandry, ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokufana kobungqingqwa bokukhupha imiqolo. Ukuhlanjwa komphezulu ogqunywe ziithayile ubukhulu becala ngenxa yomgangatho wento nganye. Iimveliso ezinomxholo onokubandakanya icandelo le-median okanye imiphetho ye-odges i-on-faphus ehambelana nelayisi. Ukongeza kwizalathiso ezixilongo, ukuzinza kwamachiza ze-physico-zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuvavanyeni umgangatho we-tile. Ixesha elingaphezulu, impahla inokungapheli, ebonisa umgangatho ophantsi. Enye i-ceram yepropathi engafunekiyo kukukwazi ukufumana amanzi. Olona phawu luhlala lusetyenziswa kumagumbi emanzi, kwaye lowo ungenayo ngokunyanzelwa ngumswakama, unokutshintsha umda wayo, aze atshabalalise izinto ezibophelelayo, aze emva koko aphumle. Umgangatho ufuna ukuba ukwanda kubungakanani besampulu yovavanyo ngexesha lokumisela umswakama khange kubepheli i-0.1%. Ukongeza, i-tile ihlolwe ukuvezwa kwe-shirmal kunye nokuxhathisa ngotywala obunoburharha, njenge-hydrochloric acid, potassium alkali, imichiza yasekhaya.
Umaleko we-glaze kwi-tule ijongiwe ukuba ixhathise ukuqhekeza iintonga kwizimbiwa, ubunzima obuqinileyo. Umgangatho uzimisele ngokwesika se-MoOs (Kubandakanya izakhono ezili-10-ottilka ukuya kwidayimane). Ezona mfuno zisezantsi zokuzinza komphezulu we-tiles ebila-i-MOHS6, ehambelana nebala lemimandla.
Okwesibini, intsomi yokuba iBakala lesiBini nelesithathu lisithwalwa kuthi bangaphandle, bahluthwe ngokupheleleyo izizathu. Iimveliso zimiselwa ziindlela zobuhle kwaye zisebenza. Ngokweekhrayitheriya zobuhle, ngokungqinelana nomgangatho we-En98, umphezulu wethayile kufuneka ujonge ukuqina. Kwibanga lokuqala, ubukho be-5% yeethayile ezineziphene kwiqela ivumelekile. Ngokweekhrayitheriya zomsebenzi, ukuchaneka kwempahla, ukumelana nokuvezwa kwemichiza, i-erasion, njl njl., Njl njl., Njl., Njl njl. Ibakala lesibini livumela ukuphambuka okuncinci kweeparamitha ezisebenzayo zeTok ukusuka kumaxabiso avumelekileyo kwinxalenye yesine ye-batch. Phantsi kwenqanaba lesithathu, bayayiqonda yonke letayile, engakhange bangene kwibakala lokuqala nelesibini.
Umenzi ngamnye ngokwawo ubeka iintlobo zeemveliso zayo. Abathengisi abakhulu abajonganga mxholo wenani, kuba kuluhlu lwamaxabiso eziveli zibonisa iimveliso zebakala lokuqala kuphela. Ukongeza kule mveliso, ibanga lesibini liphuma, njengommiselo, akukho ngaphezulu kwe-10%. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uxele iindidi zamaqela ngaphambi kokuba umtshato ungakhethi. Ke ngoko, izityalo azinakuqinisekisa ubukho obuqhubekayo be-tile yebanga lesibini, engasokuze icwangcise umthengisi omkhulu. Ibakala lesibini kukwakhiwa kwezinto ezinkulu, iiarhente zikarhulumente, izikhululo zolondolozo apho ikhontraktha ithatha ijongene neengxaki ezinxulumene nemilinganiselo yokwasasaza. Ngamanye amaxesha iibatch ezinkulu zenqanaba lesibini zisawela kwiifemu ezincinci ezithengiswa yimiqolo encinci. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lokuthengisa kwesityalo kwithayile yebakala lesibini alikhulu kangako xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima obunokwenzeka ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kwale mveliso. I-vituoga ixabiso lokuthengisa lemveliso yebakala lesibini lingaphantsi kunexabiso lexabiso elipheleleyo nge-5-10%. Ukumakisha, ukupakisha kunye nembonakalo yethayile ye-tile ye-good yahluka kwiiparamitha ezifanayo, kwaye ingcali iya kuhlala ichaza iintlobo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba kukho ingcali efanayo phakathi kwabahlobo bakho, ngubani na oya kubanika umthengisi ongalunganga kwaye abuyise okusesikweni? ..
Okwesithathu, eYurophu kudala kucombulule ingxaki yomgangatho we-tile ngolo hlobo. Ukuba nemithombo yezezimali, thenga nje umgca we-Italian kunye neeNetMys, uqesha itekhnoloji. Ingxaki yomgangatho iconjululwe ngokuthe ngcembe, njengoko izixhobo zijongana nezixhobo zokuqala zamaza ezithengiweyo kwi-GDR (ezi ziicowuthi kunye nemigca yokugcwala). Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ithatha indawo entsha (nangona inokwenzeka, kwaye ayisiyonto entsha- kukho intengiso yesibini) izixhobo zase-Italiyane. Amanqaku aphambili kwimveliso yeethayile phambi komgca wale mihla ahambelana ngokuchanekileyo netekhnoloji kuwo onke amabakala kunye nenkqubo yokulawula umgangatho. Ke ngoko, ekuvelisweni kwesityalo se-ceramic, esisebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-Italian kunye nendawo apho inkqubo yolawulo iqinisekiswa khona ngokwemigangatho yamazwe iSo9001 okanye i-ISO9002, ungathandabuzi. Kodwa yonke le nto ibiza, kwaye ngelixa kungekho shishini linye eRussia, nangona kukho amanye amaqela ochwepheshe base-Italiya namhlanje (kwi-primmer, sibiza umzi-mveliso "ye-lira ceramics"). Masingathemba ukuba kufutshane nekamva elikufuphi ziya kuba sisiRashiya "Iingcali", ezidlulise i-Intanethi phesheya kwelinye ilizwe.
I-Tale yoYilo
Iiparamitha zobugcisa ze-tiles zibekwe emgangathweni kwaye zichaza isiqingatha sexabiso layo kuphela. Isiqingatha sesibini ngumgangatho woyilo-Ipharamitha iphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ngulo owenza impumelelo yentengiso yengqokelela (engcelele), ngenxa yokuba ngenxa yoko, i-tile ikhethi ikhethiwe ngokusekwe kwimishini nganye. Le mveliso ithengwa kwaye ithenge le mveliso kunye nengqokelela (uthotho), echaza igumbi elingaphakathi legumbi elinemigangatho (i-Neo-Free Sanfeyans). Ukulangazelela kwengqokelela nganye kubandakanya ukugubungela itayile ye-80% yeendonga zeendonga, kunye nezinto zokuhombisa. Ngaphakathi, zonke iintlobo zobugcisa ezilungileyo zidityanisiwe: Imizobo, ukupeyinta, ukuphosa, ubugcisa osetyenzisiweyo.
Kukho ingqokelela ye-classic nenamhlanje yeethayile ze-ceramic zeendonga zangaphakathi.
Imbali yembali. Ingqokelela yeklasi yenziwa ngabo bonke abavelisi ngokulinganayo. Oku kuhlala kuneetoni ezimbini zeethayile ze-thayile yemvelaphi kunye nemitha (ukuxelisa ilitye elithile). Qaphela ukuba ithoni emnyama, njengommiselo, ubekwe ezantsi kodonga, ukukhanya ngakumbi ngaphezulu. Ukudibanisa, ukufaka iindleko kwifom yeethayile ezinepateni, ukwahlula umda kunye nokuhonjiswa kunye nemigca emininzi emincinci, iqhekeza, i-plazi. Uyilo lusekwe kwiimpawu zesizwe zomenzi wobugcisa.
Kwingqokelela yase-Itali kwifom okanye enye into engumxholo we-antiquity (iziphumo ze-rustic, iindawo zemarble, isihombo seFlow Floral ye-curb). Imibala yombala kunye nombala ohle kakhulu. Abantu baseRussia baseRussia balawula i-beige, i-brownish, ukukhanya kwe-terracotta, ithoni eblowu. Ngapha koko, i-classic ikusiqinisekiso sabantu abavelisi base-Italiya. Olona nyulo lubanzi lubonelelwa nguAriana, uMarazzI, uTagalina, uMarca Corona, i-Iris, igumbi lakho lokuhlambela liya kujika libe yi-antina handmade dacor, okanye ekuthandeni i-tile Ukusuka kwi-filosofing uthotho oluvela kwiGadia OrsHidea. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuyakufuna utyalomali olukhulu - ukusuka kwi-1 000 yeedola ukuya kwi-5,000 yeedola nge-lineng ye-Line ye-20M2. Ingcaciso engathethekiyo icetywayo icetywayo kwingqokelela ye-DOARUS evela kwi-Ariana ($ 22 ye-1M2 "Imvelaphi"). Apha i-tile ayikulingi ilitye lendalo, kwaye iindleko zalo zikuvumela ukuba ugcine imali kwimibhobho. Ngokubanzi, ukhetho lweengqokelela zeklasi lubanzi kakhulu (iPosi kunye nembonakalo). Okufanayo, i-legendary i-Italic yeyona mpahla iqhuba kakhulu, ke yenza yonke into ingabi livila, kubandakanya eSpain, ePoland naseRussia.
I-spaniards ineethayile ezingaphezulu ze-shiny zisebenzisa i-dys eqaqambileyo, igolide, isinyithi. Umda womda, ukumiselwa kweethayile ze-manavas ze-mayarici ($ 24), iJazz kunye ne-jaze ukusuka kwi-disgoo ($ 20), kwi-colonialial evela kwixesha loloyiso lwekoloniyali. Ukuhonjiswa okuphambili kulawulwa kumzi-mveliso we-TAU ye-TAU ye-PAU, kwaye iiMotifi zeMeditera ziya kufundwa kwingqokelela ye-Tocana evela kwiPeronda. ELizwini, kwisithuba esimisiweyo sodumo se-tile, unokulandelela yonke indaleko ye-ART yeSpanical Classical.
Kumanqanaba e-menthon hollins ukusuka eJohnson (e-United Kingdom) wamiliselwa kwisitayile seVictoria. I-Bhritane ayiyi kugcinwa kwiipeyinti ezigcweleyo kunye noyilo oluhle. Kukho kwimarike yethu kunye neethayile kunye ne-Dear yakudala yaseRussia. Umzekelo, ngokusekwe kwi-Russitecture yoyilo yaseRoma yenza ingqokelela "i-ringlen yegolide" ye-brand "ye-kerama". Nazi iipateni zendonga zemibala ye-XVI-xvii ehonjiswe.
Kwi-Classics yeMbali yezeMbali ebaluleke ngaphezu kwe- $ 15 yeethayile ezili-1m2 ezilawula ukuxeliswa kwemithango yezinto zendalo, ubukhulu becala. Ngapha koko, iifeksti ezizimeleyo "ezininzi ze-shocherbit ngabom shcherbiat ezinemiphetho engalinganiyo kunye ne-chamfer yenze ukuze xa i-Seam ingenisanga. Kwangelo xesha, iphepha elirhabaxa lilungile kumgangatho, isiphumo senziwe ngenxa yenxalenye ebonakalayo. Oku kwendalo phantsi komaxesha amandulo kumenzi womenzi womenzi uqiniswa ne-mums emnyama (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100cm) kunye ne-mundry engalinganiyo. Engalunganga ngakumbi, i-curvilinear kunye ne-tile, ukusondela kwintsusa (ilitye), kubiza kakhulu. Okufanayo nokuqokelelwa, kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukuba i-mramor efihlayo ngomzobo wayo omnandi wokuhlala (njengakwi-Imarmidi evela kwi-Inrinta, eSpain). Ixabisa i-1m2 yento enjalo malunga ne- $ 35.
Ingqokelela yanamhlanje. Inkangeleko yabo iphantsi kwengcinga yomyili, kwaye akukho mida ye-fantasy. Iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-decors ziyathelekiswa, ngaphandle kwenani lepeyinti kwigalari yeTorbikakov okanye iHermitage. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji yale mihla ikuvumela ukuba ufumane imifanekiso yoMgangatho weefoto.
I-Neoclassic yakhiwe kwi-canons enye ezizezolimo: I-tile enye enye, imida enye. Kodwa uhlobo ngokubanzi luphawuleka kakhulu, njengokupeyinta kwe-temexix-isiqalo se-xxvevek ukusuka kwii-Frescoa zakudala. Ukuhonjiswa kweentyatyambo kuguqulwa kube yimifanekiso ye-schematic (iMirado ukusuka eCerabati, iFrance (i-FARAGO ukusuka kwi "Lira ceram" ($ 10), "Elnorado" ukusuka "Carama "($ 10), yonke - iRussia). I-Decor ye-Stoingy Medievar ijika ibe ziipateni zejometri, endaweni yoko ifana ne-sinsusus, i-ristogram (iMatisse ukusuka kwi-Tau- $ 20), i-rifdangs ye-TAPE isuka kwi-Tep- $ 35 nge-1M2). Xa uyila i-tile enjalo, zonke iindlela ezimnandi zisetyenziswa, zihlala zixhaswa ngomatshini owomgangatho obanzi. Inokuxelisa i-ripple ekhanyayo emanzini (amaGraghic kwi-Atlas Concorde- $ 29), ukuba rhabaxa (i-Habana ukusuka kwi-Aparici- $ 21) okanye egudileyo kwi-tubadzin- $ 15 ) okanye "I-Podadzin" (i-dadzin "(i-radzik evela kwi-peronda- $ 22).
Indlela ephezulu yeTekhnoloji ibonisa indlela yokulinganisa kunye ne-postmodern yoyilo ye-tile, eboniswe kwiitoni ezimvelaphi ezimvelaphi kunye ne-alstact, i-lacocnic, idla ngokuba ngumzingeli we-monochrome. Iintyatyambo ezithobekileyo ze-nordic "i-nordeic" kunye nengca zikhwaza i-tiley ye-tilely yaseJamani evela kwi-Steuler. Kwiingqokelela ezininzi, ukuvela okuthe nkqo kuyavela, kuyavela ngokubonakalayo ukuphakama kwegumbi (umzekelo, kwi-Griff Dergimo esuka kwi-Sant'ago- $ 35 nge-1M2). I-Metallization isetyenziswe ngokubanzi. Rhoqo kune-neoclassic, kuqhotyoshelwe apha umphezulu. Qaphela ukuba ngaphandle kokungabikho kwezihomba zombala okhanyayo, umbhalo kunye nevolumu idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu (iBravo evela kwi-22 ye-22, i-cuir tabaco ukusuka kwi-didato- $ 22).
Ukusetyenziswa kweethayile ze-monockic ezininzi (iMarocco ukusuka kwi-bardElli) kuyanceda ukwandisa indawo. Kwinjongo enye, ungasebenzisa lowo ubizwa ngokuba nguMlinganiso (uMyili) i-tile. Le yiqhosha lemvelaphi lemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu (1010, 1515, 2020cm). Ivumela umyili wangaphakathi ukubeka nayiphi na into ehonjisiweyo.
Isitayile sobuzwe sifumana amandla ngomboniso ngamnye omtsha. Isihloko saseAfrika sijonge ngendlela entsha kumxholo obalaseleyo we-Iris Transbalarnarezef. Izinto zokuhombisa zoluhlu lwekatanga kwi-Steuler ($ 22) zenziwa ngokusekwe kwiimaski ze-totem kunye nezihomba zemveli zezizwe zaseAfrika. Iimilo zejometri ezilula kunye neendlela ezicacileyo zombane zinika imvakalelo yesingqisho kunye namandla angathintelwanga kwizilwanyana zasendle.
Igama lengqokelela ye-SAVANNA (Cerabati) lithi. Ngokungathi yimihlambi yeendlulamthi ezincinci, phakathi kwethayile yokuhlobisa, ixhonywe ngokuchasene ne-curb kwaye yashiya umzobo obonakalayo wezikhumba. I-AVT phantsi kophawu lwendalo iphela "yin-yan" bekukho ukutolikwa kwezinto ezinobuhlanga neendlela zobuhlanga zaseJapan nakwi-African-Yang Series kwiMarazzi).
Iindlela kunye neemveliso ezintsha. Namhlanje, iifomathi ezinkulu ziyathandwa: 3040, 3060cm. Umthengi ubonakala ezama ukulibala ukuba kwiminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20, yonke i-tile yayinemilinganiselo ye-1010 ne-1515 cm. Ngaphezu koko, ubungakanani bulwelwe ngumlinganiso wobubanzi obungama-3: 1.
Ngo-2001, kumboniso we-Italiyane iCersaie, ezinye iifektri zabhengeza ukuqokelelwa kwenqwelomoya yePseudo. Yayiyintsomi ye-ceramic ye-2020cm enemodeli ye-pseudo ye-squado kwizikwere ngecala le-1 okanye 2 cm. Ukomeleza ukuxeliswa kwe-mosaic, into nganye yenziwa ngandlel 'ithile kwabanye ngombala. Ngo-Oktobha 2002, phantse zonke iifemu zaqala ukuvelisa i-pseudomomosis njengemvelaphi okanye i-DECOR. Kucacisiwe nje: namhlanje i-mosaic ithandwa kakhulu, ethi, kunjalo, ayikwazanga ukusebenzisa abavelisi beethayile zemveli. Ukongeza kwiithayile ze-tender ngasemva, kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kwaye kukho kunye neekholamu ezithe nkqo kwi-sublecal subrest ukuze umhlaba oguqukayo unokujamelana nalo. Ukuhlanjwa kweendlela eziphelileyo (ezona zibizwa ngokuba yi-GAMUT ye-GAMUCE ye-mosaic) sine-china- $ 60 (i-Itali esuka kwi-Peronda- $ 22 (i-Itali), njl. Abanye abavelisi banikezela nge-moscor (umzekelo, ingqokelela ye-renhova evela kwi-FAP).
Ngo-2002, ku-2004, kwi-Soredoo Printa (i-Itali), i-Perle esuka eAriani (Spain), i-ceranda ye-ceramica (i-Itali) kunye nezinye iifektri zine-tile, ezukisiwe ngokufanelekileyo. Imifanekiso yemibala yemifanekiso kwaye iphinde ivelise imizobo isetyenziswa ngendlela yayo yovavanyo lwesilika. Masithi kuya kuphuhliswa impumelelo kwaye ngo-2003 ekuqokelelweni kubo bonke abavelisi baya kuvela iifoto zabantu okanye ukuvelisa ngokutsha ubugcisa kwi-tile.
Inyanga nje enesiqingatha edlule, ngoJanuwari 2003, ingqokelela emibini yaboniswa kumboniso eMunich, edibanisa imikhombandlela emibini yophuhliso loyilo lwe-tile. Indawo yokuqala sele idityanisiwe kwezinye ingqokelela, ezi zi-slots okanye ukusika eziveliswe kukusika i-hydrophic. Umzekelo wohlobo lwendlela inokuba yi-TIILE ye-Metropol ye-Metropol (Spain), apho kukho iindawo ezivulekileyo kwi-tile ye-tile, apho unokufaka khona izinto ezahlukeneyo zokuhombisa. Amaphiko kunye nokuhamba kweemvulophu ze-steuler azisasazi i-wavy engahambelaniyo ejikeleze imiphetho ye-teile yangasemva. Ukurhoxisa umphetho, unokwenza umthungo we-sinudal, ohlukileyo kwigridi yenkcubeko. Indlela yesibini iphunyezwa kwi-Emering Border Border, iphinda i-contour ye-slots kwi-tile. Isibane sasemva senziwe sisebenzisa i-LEDSEDED efakwe kubungqingqwa bezinto ezibonakalayo. Iimitha ezine eziguqulweyo zenziwe ngendlela edibeneyo iqhagamshelwe kwi-adaptha enye ye-voltage.
Uyilo lwemveliso yaseRussia lusesebusaneni. Ukuba ukuqokelelwa kokungenisa okungekho mgangathweni kubandakanya ukukhetha imibala emi-4-5 yemibala, abavelisi basekhaya bayinkosi3. Owona msebenzi ophambili wekhaya "ye-pliteprom" namhlanje kukuphuhliswa koyilo olunobuchule oluvumela ukuba unyule amaxabiso, kwaye emva koku, ufezekise ingeniso yemveliso kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekekayo lwemveliso. Iziphumo zinokufunyanwa ekuzameni ukukhulisa abaqulunqi bakho, njengoko besenza "i-chookol", okanye ekutsaleni iingcali zase-Italiya, njengoko zingena kwi "Lira ceramics" kwaye "i-verine" ye-kerama "kerama" i-kerama "i-kerama" kerama "i-kerama" kerama "kerama" kerama "kerama". I-ITO kunye nomnye sele izisa iziqhamo zabo, ukuze umthengi akufuneki alinde amashumi eminyaka.
I-TALE yexabiso
Okokuqala, inkcazo yabathengi ukuba iindleko zokuvala igumbi lokuhlambela ziya kufunyanwa njengesiphumo sokuphinda kwenziwe ngexabiso lendonga lendonga, alichanekanga ngokupheleleyo. I-AkaK ineendleko ezifanayo ze-Decor, ngaphandle kwegumbi lokuhlambela lakho lijongeka ngathi yindlu yangasese yoluntu? Ukuxhasa umhombisi Ixabiso lemithakhi lesikwere iya konyusa ubuncinci ngama-30% kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kweethayile zaseRussia, kwaye kabini njengoko kungeniswa kabini. Oku kuchazwa yinyani yokuba i-TIILE yeThongo kwiimeko ezininzi ixabisa kakhulu kunemvelaphi xa kubalwa i-1m2. Umzekelo, into yokuhombisa yemveliso yaseRussia yobukhulu bexabiso le-620cm malunga ne- $ 1.2 xa kubalwa i-1m2 iya kubiza i-9m2 ixabisa i- $ 96. I-ITO kwixabiso le "Mva" $ 8. Ngeeqokelelo lwangaphandle, unokwakha uthotholo lolwalamano lwexabiso lentengiso eliphakathi "Imvelaphi" (1m2) / I-Bord (1PC.): $ 11/25; $ 15/5; $ 20/8; $ 35/13. Ewe, eyona ndawo enkulu ye-Decor, ixabiso layo eliphantsi lendawo nganye yecandelo nangaphezulu kwexabiso layo.Utsho ukuba ubudlelwane ngqo phakathi kwexabiso lezinto zomntu ngamnye kunye neendleko zokugqibela zokuhanjiswa akunjalo. Masinike umzekelo: 2M2 I-TARS ixabisa i-20m2 ye-1m2 nge-1m2 ye-1m2 yahlulwe yi-tiles ezintlanu ngobukhulu be-520cm, kwixabiso le- $ 8. Emva kokwenza ukubalwa okulula, sifumana ukonyuka kabini kwiindleko zokuhanjiswa xa iyonke.
Qaphela ukuba iindleko ezikhulu eziphezulu zilele kwiiqokelelo zeklasikhi yendlela kunye ne-neoclass (iiseti zemida, i-hocotimes).
Okwesibini, kukho uluvo oluzinzileyo lokuba ingqokelela ye-riptharite eveliswe kwishishini elincinci ihlala ibiza kakhulu kunengqokelela yobunzima. Ngamanye amaxesha akunjalo. Abavelisi abakhulu basemzini ikakhulu benza "imvelaphi", kwaye zonke izinto zokuhlola ziya-odolwa kubathengisi bentsebenziswano, ukuze amaxabiso ala manqanaba anyuka kwangoko. I-Aschen kunye neefektri ezincinci zigcina ixabiso le-Decor ephezulu yokuphucula inzuzo. Ke ngoko, akunakubakho uthelekiso olulula. Ukukhuthaza ukhetho, qwalasela uqikelelo ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, kwiindleko eziphantsi "imvelaphi" kwi-marazzdi yefektri inokubiza kakhulu kune-Demade yeNdawo e-Takina.
Ulwakhiwo lwamaxabiso kwiithayile ze-ceramic ezingenisiweyo
| Icandelo kwisakhiwo sexabiso | Yabelana,% |
|---|---|
| Ixabiso lekhontrakthi yokufunda | I-100 |
| Umsebenzi weZiko | Shumi elinantlanu |
| Umgangatho werhafu edityanisiweyo (ukuya kwi-100 + 15 = 115%) | Amashumi amabini |
| Intlawulo | I-10-15 |
| Ixabiso lilonke, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwiindleko zothutho kunye neentlawulo zesembuso | I-148-153 |
| Uphawu lwe-wholeup | 25-35 |
| Ixabiso leThululo | 175-188. |
| Rhwebisa | I-10-25 |
| Ixabiso levenkile | 185-213 |
I-Tale malunga neZixhobo
Uninzi lwabathengisi, ukudumisa iimveliso zabo, ukukhankanya udongwe olumhlophe, ukudubula kabini, ukulinganisa ezi zinto kumgangatho weemveliso ezibonelelweyo. Masizame ukucacisa ukuba zingalunganga.I-Tile yenziwa kwi-RED ubunzima kunye nobunzima obumhlophe ikakhulu ngokucinezela. Ubunzima be-Mass bundakanya udongwe olubomvu okanye olumhlophe, ngokulandelelana, isanti ye-quartz kunye ne-alcominasilicates ye-calcium kunye ne-magnesium (i-magnesium (okanye i-carcets) kunye / okanye i-carcets) kunye / okanye i-carcets) kunye / okanye i-carcets) kunye / okanye i-carcets) kunye / okanye i-carcettes) kunye / okanye i-carcettes Ngegama le-masses kuya kucacile ukuba umahluko ophambili kufuneka abe ngombala wethayile ye-cemramic ye-cemarayic. Phambili, ijika i-reddish-brown-brown, kwi-ofisi yesibini emhlophe okanye ekhanyayo. Eyona paratheli yesakhiwo se-ceramic ye-ceramic sisimo sengqondo, nto leyo ibeka inyathelo elimiselweyo lamandla kunye nokuthathwa kwamanzi kwemveliso. Ukuphakama okuphezulu, kokukhona ukufunxa kwamanzi kunye namandla amancinci. Umgangatho wezinto zethayile unokuthelekiswa ngokuvavanya ukufunwa kwamanzi.
Iithayile zokudubula zivela kwiqondo lokushisa le-900-150c lemizuzu engama-40-70. Ivela kubushushu kunye nexesha lokungqubana kuxhomekeke ekubeni ne-tile scrap, kwaye hayi kubunzima bokuqala okanye inani lokuphulula. Ukongeza, ubunzima busonjululwa ngaxeshanye kunye ne-icing (ngokungathi kukutyeba enye) okanye ngokwahlukileyo (njengakwicala lesibini) -O ayinamsebenzi. Lo ngumbandela wokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji eyahlukileyo yokufezekisa iziphumo. Kuphela lixabiso elikhula: ukuthambisa ngakumbi kunombane ngakumbi - ngaphezulu kwe-tile.
Ke, iithayile ze-lineng zangaphakathi zeendonga ezisekwe kumgangatho obomvu okanye omhlophe eveliswe usebenzisa i-biii enye okanye ezibini, kwaye zibandakanyiwe kwiqela elinye le-biii ukuya e-inii . Nangona kunjalo, udongwe olumhlophe (i-kaolin) yiplastiki engaphezulu kwaye ivumela ukuba ifumane ubukhulu obukhulu besayizi. Ukongeza, kwezinye iimeko, xa usebenzisa i-clazes ebonakalayo okanye iithayile ezingafakwanga, umbala wesiseko ubalulekile. Idipozithi yeKalina ifumaneka eFrance, iBritain ne-Grain kunye neJamani, ngoko kulapho ukuba udongwe olumhlophe luhlala lusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iithayile ze-ceramic.
Okwesithathu, ukukholelwa kakuhle ukuba i-tile ye-Spain i-Itali esezantsi kwe-Itali i-Italian ibangelwa kukuba uninzi lweethayile zeSpanish ezibonelelwe kwimarike yaseRussia ziimveliso zenqanaba eliphakathi kunye noyilo lweklasi. Kwimveliso yayo, itekhnoloji yokuhlola engafunwayo iindleko ezikhethekileyo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uthelekisa uyilo kunye nenqanaba lempahla, baya kuba nexabiso elilinganayo. Ukongeza, ngokweKomiti yeNkcubeko, qho ngonyaka umsantsa phakathi kwamaxabiso ekhontrakthi ancitshisiwe. Ngokweziphumo zika-2002, yi-3.5%, ke akufuneki ukuba uthethe malunga nomahluko omkhulu.
Okwesine, kwiimarike zokwakha, i-thayile ayisoloko ibiza ngaphezulu kwevenkile. Oku kuyinyani kuphela kwiimveliso zasekhaya ezinokuthi zithengwe kancinci kwaye ngokuthe ngqo. Njengommiselo, abathengisi abancinci bathatha iithayile ezingeniswayo ezingeniswayo kubathengisi abakhulu kakhulu, ngenxa yoko ayikwazanga kubetha ixabiso kwiivenkile zabasasazi abasasazi. Ukongeza, kwimarike, unokudibana rhoqo kwimeko apho ungakwazi ukukhetha iithayile ukongeza kwilahleko okanye eyaphukileyo.
Masingathemba ukuba ibali lethu elifutshane liya kukunceda uhambe ngokukhawuleza kwimarike ye-cele ye-ceirac kwaye ungangeni kwiikhabhathi, ubekwe ngobuchule kwindlela yomthengi.
Uluhlu lwabavelisi abavelisi baseRussia kwi-ceiramic tile
| Igama lefektri | Umda | Imveliso yesalamane,% |
|---|---|---|
| I-CJSC "velor" | Ingingqi ye-Oryol | 17.7 |
| I-Ojcy Volgograd Ceramic | Ingingqi yeVolgogradd | Thoba |
| I-CJSC PKF "voronezh Ceramic" | Ingingqi yeVoronezh | 7.6 |
| I-Ojsc Oscco electrometalGeline | Ingingqi yeBelgorod | 6.6. |
| I-DoAO "isityalo se-ceramic" | Ingingqi yeMoscow | 6.8. |
| I-Ojcc "Nephririt-Cemirics" | Ingingqi yeLeningrad | 6,1 |
| I-OjSC "isityalo seemveliso zeceramic" | Ingingqi ye-Sverdlovsk | 6,1 |
| I-aot "i-falcon" | Ingingqi yeMoscow | I-5,7 |
| I-Ojcc "Stroyfaar" | Ingingqi yeRostov | 6.9 |
| I-LLC "I-Kuchinsky ye-ceramico-tile" | Ingingqi yeMoscow | 4.8. |
| I-CJSC "Nxibelelana" | Ingingqi yeLeningrad | 4,2 |
| I-CJSC "I-PARTZ" | Ingingqi yeLeningrad | 2.6 |
| I-CJSC Pskovkisotor | Ingingqi ye-Pskov | 2,1 |
| I-CJSC "Chebosharskaarskaya ye-Ceramics" | I-Chuvash Republic | I-1,2 |
| I-CJSC GLEBICH VIRAMKY Ceramic | Ingingqi yeLeningrad | 1.5 |
| Imveliso ye-LLC " | Ingingqi yeMoscow | I-1,6 |
| I-OJSC yokuveliswa kwezinto zokwakha "i-ndssovo" | Ingingqi ye-Smolensk | 1.5 |
| I-CJSC PIASRLA | Ingingqi ye-Sverdlovsk | I-1,7 |
| I-Ojcc "I-Bunkikovsky yezityalo ze-ceramic" | Ingingqi yeMoscow | I-2,3. |
| I-CJSC "isityalo se-ceramic" | Ingingqi ye-Irkutsk | I-0.9 |
| I-Osoo "taz-ceramics" | Ingingqi ye-Samara | I-0.9 |
| Ngo-Okthobha uCeramic Tile kunye ne-Porcelain Mveliso | IRiphabhlikhi yeBahkortostan | 0,6 |
| I-OJSC TESTKLO | Umda we-Tver | I-0.8. |
| I-CJSC "I-TOMSK yeToms yeZinto zeCeramic kunye neeMveliso" | I-Tomsk Olter | 0,3. |
| I-CJSC "kwi-kirov stroyfarsuar" | Ingingqi ye-kalika | I-0.4. |
| Umzi-mveliso we-lpetsk | Ingingqi ye-lpetk. | 0 |
| I-LLC OP "krasnoyarktroymiallimial" | Ingingqi yeKrasnoyarsk | I-0.1. |
| Llc "Makhalinskoe" | Ingingqi yePenza | I-0.1. |
| I-Ojcc "Bez" | Ingingqi yeMoscow | I-0.1. |
| Iyonke | I-100 |
Enkosi ngoncedo lwakho kulungiselelo lwenkampani "yendoda endala yaseHottabych", "U-Weraeeer", "uKerami", "pharggi", "seva" . Kumisebenzi wezinto ezibonakalayo, idatha yohlalutyo yeZiko loPhando lwamaBandululo kunye nokuqhutywa kwemakethi yendlela "ye-ITCOR".