Yangoku nekamva lolwakhiwo lweMonolithic

Izibonelelo zokugcina indlu ye-monolithic, iimpawu kunye neentlobo zezindlu ze-monolithic, iimbonakalo zetekhnoloji.

Namhlanje, ukwakhiwa kwe-monolikic yenye yezona teknoloji ezithembisayo zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala. Umbono wakhe ulula kakhulu kwaye uqhele ukuba amaninzi, kwicandelo elinye phalaza iziseko zendlu. Kwisakhiwo sonke, kujongeka ngathi kukwakhiwa kwezinto ezakhiwo kwikhonkrithi enomxube usebenzisa iFomu ekhethekileyo kwindawo yokwakha. Ukuthetha malunga neempawu zezindlu ze-monolikic, sacela umqeshwa weSebe leNkqubo yoTyalo-mali, umhlalutyi ofanelekileyo wentengiso ye-Eard Andreibirovich Kupriyanov

Imbali yembali

Kwilizwe lethu, kangangeminyaka emininzi, ukukhetha kwakunikezelwa izindlu ezilungisiweyo. Nangona kwiminyaka ye-1930s, ngexesha le-constructivism, amava athile olwakhiwo oluthile lwe-monolithic sele efunyenwe. Kodwa ifumene ngokubanzi kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. I-ITO, ngaphandle kwento yokuba kulwakhiwo lwe-monolithic, njengokuqina, amathemba okunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka kwezakhiwo bekuhlala kudityaniswa. Ke, ngasekupheleni kwama-70s, ukwakhiwa kwe-15-of i-15 yehotele kwiTekhnoloji yeMonolithic yakhiwa eSochi. Umsebenzi otyibilikayo kunye nekhonkrithi isetyenziswa ngokwe "Krane-Byja". Imisebenzi yekhonkrithi igqityiwe ngeentsuku nje ezili-15. Ukwakhiwa kwehotele enjalo kwikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi kuya kufuna ukwanda kwekhonkrithi ngama-30.7%, i-metaralas, i-metalllas - i-bitlas - iindleko zayo ziyonyuka ngama-20%. Kodwa iimeko zemozulu ezichaseneyo kunye neetekhnoloji eziphantsi zide zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kolwakhiwo lwe-monolithic kwindawo ephakathi yaseRussia. Ezona ngxaki ziphambili kukunqongophala komgangatho ophezulu kunye nokukhathalela okuphuma kwikhonkrithi ebusika, kufuna ukusetyenziswa kobushushu obuninzi. Yayingeyiyo ishumi leminyaka, ngaphambi kokuba itekhnoloji yolwakhiwo lweMonolithi inyukele phambili kangangokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ithethe ngokunzulu ngezibonelelo zayo zoqoqosho.

Ukukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwe-monolithic kwibhendi ephakathi yaseRussia kwenzeke ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweesongezo ezikhethekileyo ezikhawulezileyo zekhonkrithi kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ngexesha lombane obhudisiweyo . Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto zangoku (ngaphandle kwento yokuba iindleko zabo ziphantsi kakhulu), kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukukhusela ikhonkrithi kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya -1/1с kwaye lindise ixesha elibekiweyo kwizakhiwo ze-monolithic.

Ukusasazeka kolwakhiwo lwe-monolithic lube negalelo ekusebenziseni i-inventri ye-inventri, enokufuduselwa kumacandelo amatsha emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa. Oku kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuba banciphise iindleko zexabiso, ukuphucula isantya somsebenzi kunye nesantya sokwakha.

Izibonelelo zeNdlu yeNdlu ye-Monolithic

Nangona kunjalo, ivolumu yokwakha i-monolithic yezindlu ngekhe inyuke kwiNyaka yakutshanje kwimeko yokuba itekhnoloji ibingabinazo iingenelo ezibalulekileyo ezahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-panel yendawo. Phakathi kwabo, okokuqala, ukungakhathali kwamanyathelo olwakhiwo kufuneka kuqatshelwe. Ulwakhiwo lokusingqongileyo, zonke iindlela zokuyilwa zinemilinganiselo, ezininzi kwimodyuli ethile. Itekhnoloji yamagqwirha yoyilo kumzi-mveliso ayikuvumeli ukuba utshintshe ngokukhawuleza ubume be-snap. Kungenxa yeso sizathu le nto igcisa kunye nabaqulunqi babokwe kwiintlobo ezithile zesayizi kwaye zinqunyelwe ekuphunyezweni kwezigqibo zeprojekthi.

Ukonyuka kwamanyathelo oyilo xa kuthelekiswa nokwakha okukhulu komkhweli ukusuka kwi-12 ukuya kwi-15-16 m, kwaye rhoqo ukuya kwi-20m ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20m ibonakala ngathi ibonakale isisombululo esitsha sokucwangciswa kwezisombululo. Ukongeza, ngokunyuka kobubanzi besakhiwo, akunakuphela kuphela ukugcina izixhobo, kodwa kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kobushushu ngokufudumeza indlu ye-20-30%. I-Ito ngempawu zobugcisa obufanayo zobunjineli bokufakelwa kwezakhiwo.

Isakhiwo esomeleleyo asinawo umthungo, okwandisa izalathiso zobushushu bayo kunye nezandi. Ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwe-insumpations, ikuvumela ukuba uphucule indlela yokusebenza kwendlu ebusika, unciphise ubunzima kunye nobungakanani beendonga kunye neendonga kunye neglasi zincitshisiwe kakhulu). Ngenxa yoko, izakhiwo ze-monolithic ziyi-15-20% ilula kunezitena. Kwangelo xesha, ngenxa yokukhululeka kwezakhiwo, ukuqina kwezinto ezibonakalayo zesiseko kuncitshiswa kwaye isixhobo sabo sincitshisiwe.

Olunye uhlobo olubalulekileyo lokwakha i-monolithic kukuba wonke umjikelo wayo wokuvelisa uqhutywa ngqo kwindawo yokwakha, ngokungafaniyo nokwakhiwa kwephaneli, xa zonke izinto zenziwa kumzi-mveliso, emva koko zikhuliswe zisebenzisa iirand kunye nezinye iindlela ezinzima . Ukwakhiwa kwendlu ye-monolithic inamanqanaba aliqela: Ukulungiselela kunye nokuHanjiswa kwekhonkrithi (amaBanga ngo-200 ukuya kwengama-20000), ukulungiselela ukwenza izinto ezenziwayo. Ityala lenziwe lula, ukuba unokwenza i-node yekhonkrithi ngqo kwindawo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ngokufuthi xa kusenziwa izakhiwo zezakhiwo zophuhliso lweendawo, ukuhambisa kunye nokugcinwa kweephaneli akunakwenzeka, ukubeka iitreyini zikaloliwe. I-asethi ekwenzeni izakhiwo ezazimiselwe kwangaphambili ithathwa njengamanyala kuzo zonke izigaba zetekhnoloji, yiyo ukuba iindleko ezongeziweyo zabasebenzi zenzeka xa kugqitywe amalungu. Ke ukuba ulwakhiwo lwe-monolikic lwenziwa kwisikimu esichithwe ngokucacileyo, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwenziwa ngexesha elifutshane. Kubalulekile ukuba umsebenzi oqinisekileyo wenziwa eMonolikic wokwakha iinkqubo zemfuneko yenkqubo "emanzi" kunye nophahla ziphantse zilungele ukugqiba ukuphela.

Ngenxa yeempawu zayo zetekhnoloji, izindlu ze-monolithic zixhathisa kakhulu kwimiphumo eyenziwe ngumntu kunye nezinye izinto eziguqukayo, ukunganyangeki kwe-seismic ngakumbi. Kwaye, yona indalo ngokupheleleyo, ihlala ihleli. Ukuba uBomi oKhethiweyo weZindlu zePaneli yanamhlanje yiminyaka engama-50, emva koko yakhiwe ngetekhnoloji ye-monolithic ayingaphantsi kwama-200.

Iimpawu kunye neentlobo zezindlu ze-monolithic

Ulwakhiwo lwe-monolikic kukho iimpawu zalo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, azikho iifemu ezininzi ezinokwazi ukulunga kwizindlu eziphezulu ze-monolithic eziphezulu. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, le yitekhnoloji entsha efuna ulwazi ngeendlela ezikhethekileyo kunye neendlela zokwakha. Inkqubo yoyilo entsha iyafuneka. Ixesha elide lidlulile phambi kweenkampani zasekhaya ezibandakanyeka kulwakhiwo lweMonolithic ezifunyenwe ngamava aneleyo.

Indima enkulu enolwakhiwo lwe-monolikic idlala umsebenzi. Yiyo kanye le nto ichaza ixesha kunye nomgangatho wolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo. Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokwenza imisebenzi yanamhlanje kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kunyuswe ukwandisa ukwenziwa kwe-monolikic, ukuyenza ukuba ikhuthaze. Namhlanje, iinkqubo zendlela yokusebenza zihlelwa ngumgangatho wesicelo (zendonga, zokuphelisa iikholamu, njl.), Indlela yokufaka, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa), ubungakanani kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ngelixa inkqubo yendalo iphela ayikadalwanga kwilizwe lethu, ngoko ke abavelisi bendlela yokufowuna bangamanye amazwe basokola kwimakethi yokwakha iRussia.

Abakhi abakhoyo bafaka itekhnoloji ezimbini eziphambili: ngomkhondo wekhakati kunye nomsele we-tunnel. Isantya sokuqala esingakumbi, sikuvumela ukuba ufumane iibhloko zonke zamagumbi kwaye wakhe iindonga zangaphakathi kunye neglasi yazo nasiphi na isimo. Ngoncedo lomsebenzi wetekhnoloji yesibini, unokwakha izakhiwo zohlobo lwesakhelo ngaphandle kwezaqam. Ngenxa yokuba isiphumo sokuba sisithuba sokwenyani samagumbi. Ke ngoko, umthengi unoku-odola uyilo oluyimfuneko kwinqanaba lokwakha, okanye ucwangcise i-Inter emva kokugqitywa kolwakhiwo. Ngapha koko, ubungakanani bendlu kuphela inokuba kuphela komda we-fantasy.

Ngokohlobo lolwakhiwo, ingqokelela ye-monolithic kunye nengqokelela yezindlu zenziwe i-monolithic ezahluliweyo. Iqale i-monoliths yenza izinto ezithambileyo, kwaye iindonga zangaphandle zenziwa kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, ezinjengezitena okanye iipaneli. Ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezitena akuvumela ukuba unyuse iipropathi zabathengi zento, izibonelelo zeephaneli zibuhlungu kakhulu, imiqadi efanayo kunye nezinye iingxaki zezakhiwo zepaneli enkulu.

Ekuqaleni, iindleko zolwakhiwo lwe-monolithic zaziphezulu kakhulu kunepaneli. Oku kudale izindlu zekhaya le-monolithic zesityebi. Nangona kunjalo, kule minyaka idlulileyo, iindleko ze "monolith" zinciphile kakhulu, ngoku yi-20-40% kuphela ephezulu kune "panels". Iziphumo zekhaya ziye zavela ukuba zifikeleleke kwisangqa esibanzi sabathengi, kuba umahluko osele kwixabiso ngomdla uhlawulwa ngumgangatho wezindlu. Imihla emiselweyo yokwakhiwa kwezindlu zeMonolikic.

Ukufezekisa ilungelo lokwakha minyaka le, ukuba kunzima ngakumbi, ukuba kuphela kuba inani lamaqonga asimahla esixekweni lincitshisiwe. Abathengisi bafuna ukusebenzisa indawo enesiphumo ngembuyekezo ephezulu.

Iinyani zeMoscow

Esona sisasazi sikhulu se-monolithic se-monolithic safunyanwa eMoscow. Kukho izizathu ezahlukeneyo zoku. Okokuqala, ukunyuka okukhuselekileyo kwizindlu ezakhiwe eMoscow. Kunyaka ophelileyo kuphela kwikomkhulu lamawaka angama-3600 eyakhiwe. M2 iphela yezakhiwo zokuhlala. Amandla eMoscow DSC alinganiselwe, akunakwenzeka ukuba akhulise imveliso yeephaneli. Ngokuhambelana, inani lezindlu zephaneli azinakukhula. Le yindlela ekunokwenzeka ukuba ichaze utshintsho kwipesenti yepesenti ye-monolithic entsha kunye nezakhiwo zepaneli. Ukuba i-3-4 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo yayiyi-10: 99, yaye ngo-1999- 30:70 'kwiphaneli ", emva koko ngo-2001 yaba ngama-2001. Ukubhengezwa kwe-10-15% kulindeleke okwesihlandlo sokuqala ukuthanda ukwakhiwa kwe-monolikic.

Enye into ekhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwe-monolithic yayikukuba eMoscow bekukho imimandla ebanzi ilungele ukukhula kwesininzi. Inegalelo elikhulu kwesi kunye nesigqibo saloo gunya lesixeko malunga nokuvalwa kokuvalwa kwezindlu zepaneli kwilungu leSixeko. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, yitekhnoloji yolwakhiwo lwe-monolithic evumela ukuba usebenzise ezona zisombululo zoyilo kunye nezicwangciso zokucwangciswa, zibhalise ngempumelelo izinto ezazimiselwe kwimo yomhlaba kunye nesakhiwo esikhoyo. Iziphumo zokwakhiwa kwezindlu zephaneli ziye zashenxiswa ngaphandle kwe-moscow. Kodwa apha, izakhiwo ze-monolithic zenza ukhuphiswano olukhulu lwepaneli, kwaye hayi kuphela kwiindawo zophuhliso lwamanqaku, kodwa nakwiindawo zokwakhiwa kwesininzi. Iiprojekthi ezizodwa zezindlu zeMonolithic ziphunyezwe ngempumelelo eMinino, North Boovo, Mary Matsino, Kuzminahh, izibalo. Ngokukodwa ukusukela ekwakhiweni kwe-monolikic, ezibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezibizwa ngokuba zinanise kwakhona azisekho. Kukho engqondweni ekhaya, apho, ngokutsho kwabarhwebi, iseti yamagumbi anokufunwa kakhulu ngabathengi baphunyezwe ngempumelelo. Yonke into ngulayini, ivumela ukuba unciphise kakhulu iindleko zokuyila nolwakhiwo.

Ukukhula kokuthandwa kweMonolith phakathi kwabakhi nabatyali mali banegalelo lokwandisa imimandla ekhoyo, ukonyusa ubugqwetha kwintengiso (emva kwayo yonke loo nto, abathengi bayanda kunomdla kumagumbi asemgangathweni). I-Monolith ivumela umphuhli ukuba "acofe" kwindlu entsha indawo yokuhlala ephilayo ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwezakhiwo zentlalo. Yiya kuthi ke ngokusemthethweni ngokwesiko kwizindlu zeMonolikic, - i-KPrimbe, igumbi lokulala elinye linendawo epheleleyo ye-90m2. Iziphumo zesisombululo sokucwangcisa yindleko eziphezulu zezindlu.

Enye into yeMoscow kukwehla kancinci kwenani lezindlu ezixabiso eliphantsi. Kulo nyaka kulindeleke ukuba kulo nyaka indawo ye "typovyyshek" kwikomkhulu iya kuncipha kwi-1,200 ye-M2 (inombolo yangaphakathi yamawaka). Kodwa nokuba indawo yezindlu zepaneli entsha iya kuhlala ingaguqukanga, ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yokukhula kokwakhiwa kwezindlu eMoscow, isabelo sayo siya kuncipha. Ngapha koko, iindleko zemitha yesikwere ze-monolithic kunye neqela leqela elihamba kancinci kancinci. Ngoku iindleko ze-1m2 yeqela lepaneli yesiqhelo limalunga ne-250 yeedola, kunye ne-monolithic- $ 330, ngelixa kwiminyaka emi-2 eyadlulayo, lo mahluko yayingamaxesha ama-2 ngaphezulu. Ngapha koko, ngokuchanekileyo kwiindawo zophuhliso oluninzi ekufuneka umahluko kwixabiso lentengiso lemitha yephaneli kunye ne-monolithic ndlu ivela kumehluko kwiindleko zabo - $ 80-100.

Izindlu ze-Monolithic ngokuthe ngcembe ziqhelekile. Eminye yamagumbi ezindlwini ezithengiswa nge- $ 450-500 ye-1M2 (umzekelo, kumazantsi eMoscow, apho izindlu ze-monolit, njengephaneli, zithengwa kakubi). Iindawo ezininzi eziphakamileyo, ziyonwabele kwimfuno ephezulu kwaye zithengwa sele zikwinqanaba lotyalo-mali lwe- $ 800 nge-1m2.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba kwimarike yokuthengisa izindlu nomhlaba basebenzise izindlu ze-monolikic kwezi zixa? IKIKI izakuchaphazela ukukhula kwethamo yokwakha ngexabiso lesithembiso? Le yinto uluvo malunga nale ngxelo A. Kupriynova: "Uqoqosho luphuhlisa ngokuchanekileyo, ngaphandle kokuphela kwemali, intshabalalo ye-BOOM, i-BOOM YOKUGQIBELA, EMVA KONYAKA, Ungalindeli kodwa imfuno yendawo yokuhlala yomgangatho iya kuhlala iphezulu. "