Izitya ze-porcelain: Imbali ye-OFT; Iimpawu zanamhlanje ze-porcelain ephezulu; Izinto ezimisela ixabiso lezitya.
Omnye "waseRussia" ukhalaza omnye: "Ndithenge ngenye imini i-porcelain vase yexesha lelanga, kwaye ndicinga - i-China ihamba!"
Ngapha koko, wonke umntu uyazi ukuba iPorcelain yasungulwa eChina. Uninzi lweenkulungwane ezimbini, iiMuserors zaseTshayina zazingabathengisi "abasasazi be-porcelain kwihlabathi eliphakathi. Zingaphi iinkanuko ezingakanani ezigqunywe yimfihlo yezinto ezibuthathaka! Kodwa amaTshayina ayekwazi ukugcina iimfihlo, kwaye amaYurophu eshiye nto, indlela yokuvula iresiphi yabo yokwenziwa kwe-porcelain. Oku kwenzeka kwintendelezo ye-Saxon Emper ngo-1608. Ivskore kuyo yonke iJamani, kwaye emva koko iYurophu iqalise ukuvula i-Porcelactoctories ezininzi. Abanye bophawu lwabantu baseYurophu lwaphakama kwangoku. I-AVT yozuko lwePorcelain yaseTshayina yahlala ngaphambili - kweli xesha lethu i-China ebalaseleyo iveliswa eYurophu.
IJamani kunye ne-United Kile khwela apha, kwaye ubusuku obugqibeleleyo buhlala busemva kwamaJamani. Ukukhumbula iingcali, iintsilelo ze-cuisine yesiNgesi azikwazanga kodwa zichaphazela izitya zesiNgesi (i-teapot ngaphakathi). Ivili aliyi kuyilibala ukuba yayise-UK ukuba "ithambo" porcelain-icace vere-icace, incinci kwaye iqinelwe ye-UK. IBritane ibiza ukuba nguBonechina. Ke ngoko, ukubona ileyibhile enjalo ezantsi, musa ukucinga ukuba "i-china etyibilika". Endleleni, masithi: AKUKHO BUNGOZI BOKUGQIBELA kwaye udonga oluxineneyo, oluvela kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, kodwa kukho izitya ezibonakalayo kwi-chorcelain "yethambo". Yenziwe ngobunzima beglasi kwaye ibekwe kwinqanaba elingezantsi lomgangatho.
Ixabiso le-porcelain ligqitywe zizinto ezine: Izixhobo, ubume, i-Decor kunye ne-glazing. Ukuthetha malunga nezinto, ndingathanda ukubona ukuba "i-ceramics" yigama eliqhelekileyo lazo zonke iimveliso ukusuka kudongwe utshisiwe. Eli gama liguqulelwe. I-Ceramics yahlulahlulwe yanguhlobo oluninzi, apho phakathi kwayo kukho i-porcelain kwindawo yokuqala, nangexesha lokugqibela. Umgangatho we-porcelain ubunzima buxhomekeke kumxholo we-vorselain (udongwe olumhlophe oluchaphazela umbala wemveliso), kwizinto ezinqabileyo zokugaya umgubo, kunye nenani leempawu zetekhnoloji. Umbala we-porcelain izitya kufuneka zibe nobumnene kwaye zifudumele (umbala wekhrimu). Ukuba amathunzi engwevu aluhlaza alawulwa kuyo, ithetha ngomgangatho ophantsi wezinto. Ukuhlekisa kokugaya kunye nokucoceka kwe-porcelain ubunzima kulula ukuyikhangela kwilitha kumphezulu wezitya, "ufunda" kuyo ukuba zinjalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto iPorcelain elungileyo ayisoze igubungele ngokupheleleyo. "Iqumrhu elimhlophe le-porCelain", njengoko iingcali zibiziwe, mazigxininiswe, kwaye zingafihli.
Ngokuhambelana nemveliso yemveliso, kuyaqondwa apha hayi kuyilo (yincoko ekhethekileyo), kodwa ijometri eqhelekileyo. Ijolise kwiplate okanye ikomityi kufuneka ibe ngaphandle kwetheyisi ukuya kumphezulu wetafile phezu kobude obupheleleyo kwaye ayishukumi.
Ngokwendlela yomzobo, i-porcelain yahlulahlulwe yapeyintiwe ngesandla (okanye, njengoko ikwabizwa njalo, i-suufictory) kunye neDecoc. Isigqibo sento efana neMifanekiso yokuTshintshela. Ewe kunjalo, banazo iintlobo zabo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa iinkcukacha ezinjalo zinokuba nomdla kuphela kwezo ngcali.
I-Porcelain eyenziweyo ihlala isampulu. Ikhona i-cxoigwek, kwaye kwixesha lethu senziwa kuphela ukuze u-oda. Ezi zitya azikho kwako konke ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, nakwilizwe lethu liqale ukuyiphindaphinde. Ixabiso lale nkonzo lithelekiswa neRoll Rollce.
Inani lokuqala kolu luhlu yiMeyison. Bengazi, nje bajongane nomsebenzi ofanayo wobugcisa kwivenkile ye-moscow edumileyo kwisitalato inyama, ngaphambili kwi-Kuznetssovsky. Omnye umenzi wenqanaba elifanayo lesigaba, owakhe wadalwa eOstria - iHungary njenge-meison ye-intison. Ngoku eli lishishini elizimeleyo, kodwa apha sivelisa ingqokelela, sadalwa kwi-meison fesment. I-Conservatism yakhonza inkampani inkonzo elungileyo: phakathi kwabathengi ngamanye amaxesha ibonisa ukumkanikazi wesiNgesi kunye ne-rothschild.
Ngokubanzi, eTshayina, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindawo zokusetyenziswa koMyili icinga, hayi ububi, kodwa ngokwesiko. Ezi zinto zikhankanywe apha ngasentla zigweba abavelisi baseFrance nabase-Italiyane, banezinto ezisemgangathweni, bathanda kakhulu, banokuba yimfashini. Umzekelo, iimveliso ze-Taitu Brand (i-Itali) zibalaselisiwe ziifom eziqinisekileyo kunye ne-Ultra-yanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, eFrance kukho i-sevres brand, iboniswe emarikeni kuphela ngamagqabantshintshi. Kodwa iifektri ezininzi ze-Porcelain i-Impolies ibonisa ukuqokelelwa rhoqo ngonyaka. Le mveliso ibizwa ngokuba zii-antiques zale mihla, inyani yokuba ukucaciswa kwe-limoiges ye-limois ePorcelain kuhlala kusebenza kwi-louvre.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, enye yeenkqubo ze-porcelain ze-zurculages zivele kwasekuqaleni. Wavulwa ngo-1842. UDavid Havield, waseMelika, owaqala ukuvelisa i-Porcelain kuse kwilizwe lakhe. Hambisa umzi-mveliso waseYurophu, kwaye kwakusemzini obangela ingozi: i-aristocracracral endala yacela ukwenza ikopi yesosi esaphukileyo. Ke umsunguli wemveliso kuqala wadibana ne-Limoges Porcelain, eyamoyisa ngokupheleleyo. Ngoku i-heviland yenye yezona fektroli zinkulu zokuvuza, kunye nomxholo ophukileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkonzo, ekhe yakhululwa apha, kunokwenzeka ukuba zenze zonke iisampulu kwimyuziyam.
Ibinzana elithi "i-limons porcelain" yeva "kunye nentetho" Melah Tile ". Ufumene igama lakhe kwidolophu yakhe encinci yomzamakazi eJamani, apho ukusuka ekuqaleni kweXixvek yikomkhulu le-villeroyboch. Apha sisuka kwicandelo lobugcisa obuphezulu se-porcelactory porcelain ukuya kwiDolini yeDorne Porcelain, oko kukuthi, izitya zokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla. Yintoni engalunganga enomdla, kuba ukufundwa kwemiyalelo yemyuziyam kuyathandana kubo bonke, kodwa wonke umntu uyakuthanda ukutyela kwitafile egqunywe kakuhle.
I-Villeroyboch, kunye ne-Weimar, ithatha indawo ephezulu kwindawo ye-porcelain yokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla. Kodwa kufanelekile ukuba ixabiso lesidlolo liya kwenza ukuba uninzi lwabanini bethu luxabise ngakumbi kwiparade. Ixabiso elifanelekileyo lenkonzo yesidlo sasemini ukusuka kwi "Ithambo" porcelain kwi-12000-1300, kunye ne-vitroy efanayo ye-vitro okanye i-porcelain entle iya kuxabisa i-500-700. Ixabiso liqinisekile ngomgangatho kunye noyilo lwezitya. Akukho, neyona nto ibalulekileyo yokupeyinta, ayizukulahleka xa iphindaphindwe, kuba yonke i-DerCelain isetyenziswa ngesandla. I-Komjez, ukuvelisa ezi zitya zeshishini akunayo imbali engalunganga kunabavelisi be-china manfactory.
Ke, uFrancois Boh wabeka imveliso ngo-1748, kwiminyaka nje engama-40 emva kokufumana i-Porcelain Mass eYurophu. Isizukulwana sesithathu se-bohov simanyene neshishini kunye ne-manuff yangaphambili ye-Nicolas Wilero. Le shishini ishishini lamiselwa ngumtshato womzukulwana kaNicholas Octavia noEzhen Baha. B1797 UPierre UJoseph Boh wayila uyilo olukhethekileyo lweziko elidumileyo, elivumela ishishini ukuba lithathe indawo ephambili kulo mmandla. Uyilo lweziko alutshintshile ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla. Kule mihla inkampani ikhokela isizukulwana sesibhozo semvelaphi ye-boh. Into ebangela umdla kukuba, uMlawuli wemveliso yobugcisa wemveliso ukwangummeli wentsapho uAlexander Folech. Ngokubanzi, ukuqonda ukuba ngumculi obeka iziseko zempumelelo, wavela kweli shishini ekuqaleni kweXixvek. Ngo-1921, isikolo sobugcisa sasilungelelaniswe kumzi-mveliso, ofundileyo bafumana isihloko soyilo. Mhlawumbi baba ngabaqulunqi bokuqala kwimbali yoluntu. Ngoku, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izithethe zesikolo sakhe soyilo, inkampani ikwasebenzisana neKenzo kunye ne-Luigi. Iingqokelela ezizodwa zeZitya ziyaqhubeka nokudala i-catasso ye-paloma, intombi kaPublo. Ukongeza, i-villeroyboch kunye ne-WedGwood Gement Rings izitya ze-porcelain ngazo zonke ezinye iiseti zetafile: Iitafile, izixhobo, iiglasi zewayini kunye neeglasi
Ngubani okungena okungenani ubeka umsebenzi wokugubungela itafile entle ngokwenene, uqonda indlela ekunzima ngayo ukungqubana kwesitayile seshishini. Sele sifundile ukuba singazifumani ezinye iinkcukacha zesuti yakho, sele ziqondakale ukuba i-Inter Tourit kufuneka iqinile kwaye ihambelane. Kodwa kutheni kwiitafile zeholide zisekhona iiglasi, zihonjiswe ngemithambo ye-steam, kunye neepleyiti ezinamagqabi aphambili? Siza kuzama ukundixelela ngakumbi kule micimbi ilandelayo yephephancwadi ngokweenkcukacha. Kodwa ukuba zimfutshane zonke izinto etafileni kufuneka ziphazamiseke. Ubandakanya ntoni kanye kanye? Kuxhomekeka kwimikhwa kunye nezithethe zentsapho nganye. Kwenye indawo ubukele ukuqala isidlo sasemini kwisobho, kwaye emva koko ufuna isobho (sikamasipala ngeplate nganye ekhitshini, kwaye awuyi kubeka imbiza etafileni). Kwenye indawo isitya esikhethekileyo se-hostess - uLasagna, ngoko ke ufuna uhlobo olukhethekileyo lokubhaka, apho unokwenza ifayile yesitya etafileni, kungenjalo iya kuphulukana nembono "yorhwebo". Kwenye indawo iya kubahlobo benkampani ukusuka kubantu alishumi elinesibhozo, kwaye kwenye indawo ibhiyozela kwisangqa sentsapho emxinwa.
Yonke le nto yenza ukuthengwa kweenkonzo, umsebenzi awunambulelo kakhulu. Kulumkile kakhulu ukukhetha izinto eziyimfuneko kwinani elifanelekileyo lodidi oluthile lwenziwa kwindawo enye. Amathuba obubanzi kwesi sicwangciso, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, enikezela iVilleroyboch. Ingqokelela nganye yenkampani imelwe yiseti epheleleyo ye-porcelain izitya kunye nazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko.
Umgangatho ophezulu wasePorcelain (Wtach China) ukhupha inkxalabo yaseJamani i-Hutchenruther, esekwe kwi-1814 eBavaria ngumculi oselula uKarl Mauchroyer. Kwimarike ethu, lo mntu uboniswa phantsi kwengqondo ye-Ingo. Inkxalabo ye-Hututsher -rher ibandakanya iifektri ezininzi ezivelisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izitya zeehotele kunye neendawo zokutyela (kunye ne-Decor yomntu) kunye ne-porcelain skroptire.
Ifumaneka ngakumbi kumaxabiso e-China Formes "Fiellink yasebusika" kunye ne Khala. Kodwa apha ukhetho aluyiyo iinkcukacha ze-porelain yomhlobiso wetafile kufuneka zenze ngokwabo. Kuyinyani, eMoscow kukho indawo enye eyahlukileyo ye-porcelain "yendlu ye-Slavic", apho unokufumana khona izitya ze-European Brands, kwaye kwangaxeshanye khetha kuye ngoncedo lweengcali zonke ozifunayo.
Ngokuzenzekelayo ngokungabizi kakuhle nge-Czech elungileyo yaseCzech Porcelain. Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili ze-porcelain izitya. Le yi "Bernadot" (ukuba ingadibani nendlela kunye ne-French Bricker Berbardsuud) - izitya ezimhlophe ngaphandle kwepateni, kwaye "Zwebibel" - mhlophe.
Ngokubanzi, i-porcelain emhlophe enomzobo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sisixhobo esingenamiqathango sohlobo. Lo mphoso wavela eTshayina. Kodwa ukuba eTshayina, umhombisi sisiqhamo serharnati, emva koko baseYurophu, bengazi isityalo esinjalo, bayithabathela i-anyanisi kunokuba baqala ukuhlobisa izitya zabo. Yiyo loo nto igama. Isibhedlele, kuLwandle olungaphezu kwe-porcelain esiza kuthi kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech, "I-Zwibil" inqabile kakhulu. I-ASHLY, kuba uluhlu lwayo lunezinto ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amane.
Ukongeza kwi-chenokv, i-porcelain emhlophe ebomvu ivelisa inkampani yesiNgesi i-Spode, kodwa ezi zitya sele zingalindelekanga ukuba zenze isigqibo sokulahlela yonke imihla. Kuyinyani, i-porcelain spode sisiseko se-cire, kwaye hayi i-suufi, kodwa iDecoc isetyenziswa kuyo ngendlela ekhethekileyo efana nokutsala, kwaye oku kwenziwe ngesandla kuphela. Ke ngoko, ayimangalisi into yokuba amaxabiso enkonzo abantu abalishumi elinambini asondela kwi- $ 50 lamawaka. Itekhnoloji yomhlobiso ongaphantsi komda we-decor ihlala ifana neyaphezulu kwamakhulu amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo uMsunguli wenkampani Zhosaya Spoo Spoo Spoo Spoow. Italente yale ndoda, yangaxeshanye umntu osomashishini nomculi, enikezele ngokuqinileyo kangangesithuba senkulungwane phambili. Yenziwe yingqokelela- "isiBeblian isiTaliyane", "inqaba eBlue" kunye ne "Willole" - ziveliswa kude kube namhlanje kwaye ziqhubeke nokonwabela impumelelo. I-Isterl zama ukucinga ukuba yeyona clays ininzi yazo zonke iitafile zokutyela, inkonzo yase-Itali yase-Itali iya kuma kuyo. Mhlawumbi, ngenxa yokuzibophelela okunesi-siseko kwisithethe kunye nomoya okhethekileyo wobungangamsha, i-Spode ihlala inolona hlobo lwe-porcelain emhlabeni.
Uyilo lweClassic loyilo lweClassic loyilo lweklasiki lubandakanya ukutsha kwe-chichentenbach kunye ne-wedgwood. Amaxabiso- $ 3-10 yamawaka amawaka kwinani lezinto. Ijikeleze icandelo elifanayo lexabiso yiRosethal, apho abaqulunqi abadumileyo beVelosi kunye ne-Bulgari basebenza. Phakathi kwengqokelela yolu hlobo unokuthatha izitya zoMntu oQhelekileyo.
UHermes uthatha i-niche ekhethekileyo. Eyona mveliso iphambili kule nkampani ibisoloko ingu shawls, ngoko ke i-china ayizivelisi apha ngokuzimeleyo, kodwa i-windouli. Ngapha koko, umphoselo woluhlu lokuqala lwale Brand nayo ukhutshelwa kwi-head (i-fieny ivela kwi-Bud ukuya kwizilwanyana eziwileyo). UHermes akafuni ukwenza ingqokelela epheleleyo yamagumbi okutyela, kwaye avelise izinto zomntu, kufanelekile izipho.
Ukuqukumbela, akunakwenzeka ukuba ungasathethi ke iPorCelain yethu yaseRussia. Isityalo sokuqala se-porcelain eRussia sakhiwe kufutshane neSt. Petersburg phantsi kwe-Ellabeth ngo-1744 kwaye yabiza igama. Iinkosi zaseRussia, ngokufutshane ngaphambi kweNtshona ye-European, imfihlo ye-Porcelain izisombulule. I-Ivaring ye-Porcelain ye-Ivanovich ivanovich vinograph. Ngo-750, ngakumbi i-vress kumzi-mveliso, inkonzo "eyakho" yenziwa ngenani elimangalisayo lezinto. Zonke zapeyintwa yigreyidi emdaka ngeentyatyambo ezincinci. I-echoes yale decor iphawuleka kwinkonzo yetiyisi "ye-Cobabalt Grid" ikhutshwe emva kwemfazwe. Mhlawumbi le yeyona mveliso iphindaphindiweyo yesityalo se-lomonosov.
Abalindi abathathu abaphambili ePorcelain eRussia, isityalo se-DITMILK KWI-MOSCOW (OKUFANELEKILEYO) nesityalo eDoldvov (ngaphambili ku-Kuznetsovsky) - kugxile kumthengi omkhulu. Izikhundla ngokwayo, ziqala nge-sxviiIV, kunye neVilleroyboch. Kodwa iziphumo apho zifikile khona ezi femu kufuneka zithathwe. Nangona kunjalo, sonke siyayazi ukuba kukho izizathu zenjongo. Ihlala ithemba kuphela ukuba ukuchuma, yeyiphi i-Portlain yaseRussia esisinda kwikota yokugqibela ye-xviiIV, ephindaphindayo ngenye imini. Iimveliso zomzi-mveliso we-lomonosov porcelain oveliswayo zisandula ukuvumela ukuba ithemba.