Ukugquma njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo yesakhiwo esibalulekileyo: ukuba zenzeka ukuba yeyiphi ukhetho olukhethayo. Izikimu ezigqogqa.
Ke, mfundi othandekayo (ngoku mandithi, "Mhlobo wam"), uya kuqhubeka siqhelana nezisombululo zoyilo lwendlu yakho. Ukusuka kwiimpapasho zangaphambili, ufumene umbono wesiseko sayo, malunga neendonga. Ngoku ungaqhubeka nokuqwalaselwa kweyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu eyakhiweyo yesakhiwo.
Igquma - Ezi ziidayaragms ezithe tyaba, ukwahlula izakhiwo kwimigangatho kunye nemithwalo ebonakalayo ebantwini, ifenitshala kunye nezixhobo. Ukugquma kwe-digadity ye-digidity i-diaphragms eqinisekisa uzinzo lwesakhiwo xa iyonke, kubandakanya imithwalo yomoya kwaye idlulisele emngciphekweni, kumlilo, ingxolo enkulu. Ukusuka apha unokuyilwa ngokufutshane kunye neemfuno ezisisiseko zokugqobhoza:
- amandla -Ukugqithisi ngaphezulu kufuneka kulungelelanise imithwalo ebaliweyo engenayo;
- rigidity -Uphantsi kwesenzo somthwalo, i-overlap ayifanele inikezele ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo (ixabiso elivumelekileyo ukusuka kwi-1/200 ye-Attic Felings ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1/2005 ye-Spied ukuya kwi-1/2005 isithuba se-1/2005 kwisithuba esingaphezulu, kwaye ayifanele iguqulwe, ifenitshala, iindlela zokuhamba;
- iphilile -Ukukhusela igumbi kwisandi sesandi (esothusayo kunye nomoya) ukusuka kumagumbi akufuphi ngaphakathi okanye ezantsi;
- Ukhuseleko lobushushu -Ukuba i-oglaps yahlulwe ngamagumbi anomahluko wobushushu ongu-10 s, i.e. ngaphezulu komntu obandayo, ophantsi komhlaba, phantsi kwe-attic;
- Ukunganyangeki komlilo (Ukunganyangeki komlilo) -inqanaba lezikhukula ze-overlap, egqitywe yimigangatho yemililo efanelekileyo;
- uqoqosho -Ukuba kunokwenzeka, ubunzima obusezantsi kunye nobunzima obuncinci (ukuze kungabikho mqulu mncinci wesakhiwo), kunye nokushiyeka kwezimiselo ezenza ngaphezulu.
Ukugquma ngaphezulu, ukuba kufanelekile, kufuneka kwakhona kuhlangabezane neemfuno ezizodwa: i-proof yamanzi (igumbi lokuhlambela, amachibi), ukuqina kwegesi, ukuhlonitshwa. Ingqwalaselo ethile kufuneka ihlawulwe kungekuphela nje ekusebenzeni, kodwa nakwiimfuno zoyilo, eyileyo yokugqiba kwebala, i-kip kunye ne-phaling.
I-Belllang ngokuxhomekeke kwinjongo, i.e. Ukusuka kwindawo esesakhiwo, yahlulwe yaba yi-Atic, ephakathi, yamkelwa kwaye ingekaphezulu komgangatho ongaphantsi komhlaba.
Iindleko zokugqobhoza kwixabiso elipheleleyo lolwakhiwo lwendawo yokuhlala ukusuka kwi-15 ukuya kwi-20%; Iindleko zomsebenzi zekhonkrithi kwisixhobo sabo-ukuya kwi-25%. Ke ngoko, isimo sengqondo sokujonga malunga nokukhetha koyilo olusisiseko se-oglaves kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu ekunciphisweni kweendleko, ukuthembeka, ukusebenza, kunye neempawu ezintle zendlu xa zizonke.
I-overlap iqulathe ikakhulu i-8iers kunye nokuzalisa. I-Parlaps i-Exgung ngaphezulu kweCandelo leNtlaloli lihlala phantsi, lihlala linamaqela aliqela, kwaye i-the the tyaba egudileyo egudileyo ilungiselelwe apha ngezantsi.
Kuxhomekeka kwezixhobo kunye neentlobo zezakhiwo ezixhasayo zokugqobhoza izindlu-cottiges, zihlala zilungele amaplanga (kwi-beamden ye-Woodn) okanye ekhutshelwe ikhonkrithi (ekhwela ipleyiti, i-monolikic). Amatyala afunyenweyo, umzekelo, ukugqobhoza igumbi lokuhlala, igumbi lendawo enomlilo, izakhiwo ezingenamhlaseli, zisebenzisa imingxunya yentsimbi ukusuka kwi-chapellor, i-AGOXID.
Nokuba ziyintoni na izinto kunye neentlobo ze-overlaps, kuyimfuneko ukufumanisa ubungakanani be-Akaky yemithi, iipleyiti, ezinye izinto zokwakha kufuneka zithathwe, yintoni onokuyikhetha ikhaya lakho? Masibuyele kwiprojekthi yakhe kwaye sibone ukuba ngowuphi ubungakanani besayizi phakathi kweziko elibizwa ngokuba liziko, i-modlar axes, ezilungisa indawo ezithengiswayo zezakhiwo ezithe nkqo-ezindulini, iintsika, iikholamu. Kutshanje, ezi zixhobo zithathwe ngumyili we-weakhi we-Afribit kunye ngokunxulumene nenye kuphela, iprojekthi yayo ekhaya. Ngokuhambelana, ukusuka kwiilogo ezikhoyo ngqo kwindawo yokwakha yenze imiqadi nganye yobungakanani bazo. Babebude be-3,85, kunye no-4.0, kwaye ngo-4.15, kwaye ngo-430, kwaye ngo-11,25m nabanye. Ngobukhulu bokuqonda. Ubunzima obukrelekrele. Ngendlela, ubungakanani beempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye neefom zazikhona, kunye nezitepsi, kunye neengcambu zoomatshini obuninzi, ukuvelisa izinto kunokuba ngakwisiza, kunye Ubungakanani obufanayo kunye nezinye iiparamitha. Ngaphandle koko ukuthetha-iyunifomu, umgangatho. Ezo mveliso zinoqoqosho kwaye zifumaneka esidlangalaleni, unokwenza izinto zomntu ngamnye.
Ke kulwakhiwo lwale mihla. Ubungakanani bezixhobo ezakhayo, ubulungu bezakhiwo kufuneka zilungelelaniswe kwaye zidibene nangokudibeneyo. Ukwenza ukuba ikwazi ukusebenzisa umgangatho (odityaniswe), izinto ezitshintshileyo. Ukudityaniswa kwemithetho yokulungelelanisa ubungakanani bobukhulu kunye nokucwangciswa kunye nezinto zezakhiwo zezakhiwo, iimveliso zokwakha kunye nezixhobo zenza inkqubo yemodyuli yemodyuli ekwakhiweni. Isekwe kulwakhiwo, ukuqhelwa nokungqiniswa koyilo, ukuveliswa kwezakhiwo kunye neemveliso. Ukuhlanjwa kwemodyuli ephambili yamkele ixabiso le-100mm, ibonakaliswe ngoonobumba. ZONKE IZIBHENO ZEMALI ZEZAKHONO ZIYAMISELWA UKUZE ZIYABONELELA Imodyuli emininzi.
Ukonyusa ukusebenza kwezaziseko, ukunciphisa inani leemodyuli zezakhiwo, iimodyuli ezandisiweyo (3m, ezingama-30m, ezingama-30m, ezingama-30m, ubude bezakhiwo, imigama yezakhiwo, i-spans.
Ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo nangokucwangciswa kwezinto ezithe nkqo kunye nezothusayo zomphathi wezakhiwo (iingqengqelo, iintsika, ukutyhoboza) kunye nezakhiwo, izezakhiwo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Imigca ye-axecudinal axes ihamba ngemigca yobubanzi besakhiwo (ihlala imigca ehambelana ne-pirallel ukusuka kumzobo wesicwangciso), kulisiko ukuba ichazwe ngoonobumba abakhulu baseRussia; Imigca ye-axes efihlakeleyo (isebenza i-perpendicular kubude besakhiwo), amanani abo amakhulu e-Arabic. Izitampu ze-AXLEs zifakwe kwisangqa. Yaphukile (Modrar) I-Axes iyadlula apho iindonga ezinkulu, iintsika, ezinye iinkxaso ezineziseko kufuneka zibekho kwiprojekthi.
Ukubopha izinto zezakhiwo ukuya kwi-Axes kunye nobungakanani bezinto ezimiselweyo kusetyenziswa la magama alandelayo:
- Ukutyibilika (Modor) ubungakanani -Umgama wokuyila phakathi kwe-Axes embindini; Kwinto ebonakalayo (umzekelo, imiqadi, ubungakanani be-overlap) -Ubukhulu becala uqoqosho olubandakanya iinxalenye ezihambelanayo zemithi kunye nezithuba ezilawulayo eziyimfuneko xa zibeka kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kuzo izinto ezizezinye xa zibeka kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kuzo izinto ezizezinye xa zibeka kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kuzo izinto ezizezinye xa zibeka kwezi zinto zifakwe kuzo izinto ezizezinye xa zibeka kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kuzo izinto ezizezinye xa zibeka kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kwezi zinto zifakwe kuzo izinto ezizezinye xa zibeka kwezi zinto zilandelayo;
- Ubungakanani obakhayo -ubukhulu bomqondiso, imveliso, eyahlukileyo kubungakanani bokwakhiwa, njengomgaqo, ngobukhulu bomgaqo olawulayo phakathi kweemveliso;
- Ubungakanani bendalo - ubungakanani bokwenyani kwimveliso. Kuyahluka ngokwakha ixabiso lexabiso lonyamezelo olusekwe kule mveliso (umzekelo, ngezitena 3-5mm, kuxhomekeka kwindidi yayo); Owona mgama phakathi kwe-axes eyaphukileyo yesakhiwo esakhiweyo.
Ngoku kufuneka icace ukuba i-Consurete yekhonkrithi ye-Ocriptops oza kuyithenga, umzekelo, ubude be-4.2m, iya kuba yisayizi, kwaye ububanzi bube yi-1.5 m, kuphela i-1490mm kuphela. Qaphela ukuba imizobo yezicwangciso ze-Overlap ibonisa ubungakanani be-VMM.
Sukuba nexhala, awuzange ukhohliswe, kodwa kwimeko yokuqala, ngokuhambelana neprojekthi, imilinganiselo yokuthintela i-4.2 kunye ne-1,2 m, kwaye ithengiswa ngobuqhophololo ngoyilo 4181490mm.
Ngoku singaqhubeka nokuqwalaselwa kwesisombululo soyilo sezinto ezigqithileyo. Olona hambo luhlala luhlala luhlala lusetyenziswa njengenxalenye ye-8 ye-8 yeTrick Wall-Insultrete Snobs kwi-Wall engaphandle (okanye kwinani leekholamu kwaye ziphawulwe kubo).
Kuxhomekeka kwiprojekthi kunye nobungakanani bendawo, iindonga zangaphakathi kunye neenkxaso, iikholamu zingahamba kunye kwisakhiwo nangaphaya. Ngokuhambelana, ukubekwa kweepleyiti zokugquma okanye imiqadi kunokuba utshintsha kwaye kunexesha elide ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo bokugqobhoza ispans, ngenxa yoko, iipleyiti kunye nemiqadi.
Iipleyiti zenziwe kwikhonkrithi eninzi ye-Expeenti kwaye ukukhanya (i-ceramzete ikhonkrithi, iSlagobetone, njl njl) ye-brand200 nangaphezulu. Uninzi lwazo, iipleyiti zokugcina ikhonkrithi kwaye zinciphise ubunzima zenziwe ngee-voids ze-handetudinal.
Iipleyiti zibude obuthile ukusuka kwi-2.4 ukuya kwi-6.3 okanye 6.4; I-6.6m (yeesampulu ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso eziqhelekileyo kunye nezibophelelo ezahlukeneyo) kunye nobubanzi obubanzi be-0.6 ukuya kwi-1.8-2.4 m kwizithuba, kwimodyuli ye-3m okanye 4m.
Ubungqingqwa beepleyiti ezixineneyo zamkelekile kwaye bulingana ne-220 mm, kunye nomthwalo obalwa obalwa obalwa onobude obaliweyo onobude obahlukeneyo bee-slabs uqinisekiswe kukuqiniswa okwahlukileyo kunye nohlobo lwekhonkrithi. Ubunzima (ubunzima) beepleyiti ezinjalo ukusuka kwi-0.9 ukuya kwi-2,5t, evumela ukusetyenziswa kweetoni zelori ngomthamo we-3.
Iipleyiti zikhutshwa ngumthwalo obaliwe (ngaphandle kokhuseleko lweplate ngo-250-45) ukusuka kwi-300-450 kg / m2 ye-kg / m2 (kwikhilogrem nganye, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-800, umzekelo, kwifilimu kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke nezomzi mveliso. Umthwalo ophezulu obaliwe, iplate ebiza kakhulu - qwalasela xa uthenga.
Iipleyiti ze-oglaps (ezinjengezinye izinto ezakhiweyo zezakhiwo) zichongwe ziimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Iimpawu zeplate zinamaqela alphanumeric. Umzekelo, ngokweekhathalogu zommandla we-MOSCOW, uMark Pc 42.15T kuthetha: igama leemveliso zeplate ye-phailing enee-voints ezijikelezayo ngeempukane; 42.15- Ubungakanani bemveliso kubude be-CORMEARE-KOSE-4180, Ububanzi - 1490; 8- phantsi komthwalo oqikelelweyo wama-800 kgf / m2; I-T-ALT kwikhonkrithi enzima.
Ubunzulu benkxaso yeziphelo zekhonkrithi oqinileyo kwi-seriete kwiindonga zezitena (inqaku elibalulekileyo) kufuneka ubuncinci libe li-90-120m nge-Linesm ehambelana nesisombululo, ezinye izinto ezivumelekileyo ukuba zilungelelanise isitayile esithe tyaba Iipleyiti.
Iziphelo zeepleyiti ziphumle kwiindonga zangaphandle ngobungqingqwa obungaphantsi kwe-510 mm kufuneka zifakwe i-insure, umzekelo, iiminerali zivakala, i-Cong Ding Ding. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kweepleyiti ezikufuphi kunye nokuphucula ukuthembela kwesandi, i-Seams, izithuba phakathi kweepleyiti ecaleni kwekhonkrithi ebekwe kwikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi. Ngokufanayo, ukudityaniswa kodonga lwezitena kuyakhiwa kwakhona. Iziphelo zeplate ezibona umthwalo (ngaphezu kwe-1,700 kgf / m2, i-MADEI-CHEATE), ziyaphuculwa kwiimeko zefektri (okanye ngokuthe ngqo ngexesha lokufakelwa) kwi-diedimer ye i-voids ye-ixesha elide ekugqibeleni.
I-Multipuurb iplate enobunzima obuyi-220 mm ubunzima (ubunzima) ukusuka kwi-250-300 kg / m2, ukuphakama kwabo okunene (imeko, ukuba baqinile) i-120-160m. Ngenxa yoko, ezi plates zibonelelwa ngezikrelemnqa zayo ezifunwayo zezandi zobunzima. Ukuqiniswa kweplate kukho phantsi komaleko okhuselayo wekhonkrithi 20mm, eqinisekisa umda ofunekayo wokunganyangwa komlilo. Ngokuthenga iipleyiti, umfundi othandekayo, jonga ukuba ukuvezwa kwezicholo kwikhonkrithi bekungabi ngaphezu kwe-0.3 mm.
Iipleyiti zenziwa ngokuvula okanye ziqwalaselwe nge-plumbisa inyibilikisi emincinci, ethi, ethi, xa isetyenziselwa ukugqobhoza ii-anchers ezibonakalayo. Emva koko i-leps evulekileyo okanye i-cut.
Unxibelelwano lwe-Anchor (Hambisa) Iipleyiti ezineendonga zangaphandle kunye nezingaphakathi zifakwe kwiplate nganye yesine emqolo kuba ngasekupheleni; Yenziwe ukusuka kwi-fin finfentre feedent yentsimbi ene-6-12mm. Emva kofakelo, bagutyungelwe ukukhusela ukuvela ngokuchasene nongqingo lwesamente i-30mm. I-Hooks yokunqunyanyiswa kwezixhobo ezikhanyayo zibekwe kwimithi ye-ixesha elide okanye idluliselwe kwimingxunya etyhutywe ngokucocekileyo embindini weepleyiti zeplate.
Ukongeza kwiipleyiti ezixineneyo ngexesha lolwakhiwo lwee-cottages, oqinileyo oqinileyo oqinileyo (engazinzanga) unokusetyenziswa. Ubude babo 3.6 kunye ne-4.2 m ubukhulu beepleyiti ze-120mm; Ngobude obungaphezulu kwe-6.6m- 160 mm. Ububanzi beplate 1.2-2.4 m nangaphezulu, kubandakanya ubungakanani be "Nack". Iipleyiti ezinobunzima be-160mm zinzima kunezinto ezininzi ezinobunzima, zibonelela ngobunzima (i-300 kg / m2) yesakhono esaneleyo sokugqobhoza. Xa usebenzisa iipleyiti ze-120mm kwiyilo lomgangatho, amanyathelo ongezelelweyo okhenketho afanele ukubonelelwa, umzekelo, ngenxa ye-elabe ye-elastic kwinkxaso, imigangatho emiselweyo.
Ubunzima obukhulu beepleyiti eziqinileyo ngokubanzi bufuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-7-10t nge-crane yokulayisha kwi-crane yokwakha (endaweni ye-tons ezintathu zepleyiti ezihlala zininzi), ezingasoloko zikhona.
Kuxhomekeka kwiimeko zasekhaya, iRibbedbebed eqinisiweyo eqinisiweyo inokusetyenziswa kwisiseko sokwakha, ukudala i-inqongwana isebenza nge-cerding eyahlukileyo (xa i-ribs icetywe) okanye kumgangatho owahlukileyo
Ukuphelisa igumbi kunye neenqwelomoya 9, 12, 15m, i-15m, ibhokisi yangaphambi kwebhokisi, ipleyiti 2t, njl. Zisetyenzisiwe.
Iplate 2T ngumngcwabo wesekethe kunye neembambo ezimbini zexesha elide kwicandelo le-cross. Ububanzi bayo buyi-2.980m (ukuthintela i-3m), ukuphakama komphetho ngama-600mm. Iipleyiti ze-off-fortings ekhethekileyo (kwiibhalkhoni, i-loggias, ii-emers, igumbi lokuhlambela) zahlukile kwiipleyiti eziqhelekileyo ezineempawu zenkxaso kunye nobukho bongezilo olwenziweyo.
Kwisixhobo sokubhloka, iibhalconis zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokuqinileyo platete pletite, ezifumaneka kwiindonga ze-Bricks kwaye zifunyazwa ukuba zikhutshwe kwikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi yekhonkrithi. Kuyenzeka ukuba usebenzise izinto ezikhethekileyo zokubambisa, kwaye uzuze iipleyiti ezigqithisileyo. Ukugqobhoza kweLoggia, ungasebenzisa iipleyiti ezixineneyo ezinobuso bangaphandle kwe-console enepleyiti yentsimbi ye-moniting yokubiyela.
Ngeempondo zezarkethi, ezinamagqabi ahlukeneyo, kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-monolithic yoqiniswa kwekhonkrithi yekhonkrithi ekulula ukwenza ngqo kwindawo yokwakha.
Ngomda wokunyusa umda weendlela zokuphakamisa, umzekelo, ii-cranes ukuya kwi-0.5t, ukwenziwa kweebhulukhwe eziqinisekisiweyo zekhonkrithi ezisetyenziswayo njengeyilo yoyilo lwe-Deallate. Ukuphakama kwemiqadi ye-brass kunye neenqwelomoya ngo-4.8 kwaye i-6.0 m ilingana ne-220-260mm, kunye ne-6.4 kunye ne-6.6m- 300 mm. Ukuqiniswa kwekhonkrithi yekhonkrithi kufuneka kungeniswe kwiindonga ze-Brick 2002mm kusetyenziswa iipads ezincinci eziqinisekisiweyo zekhonkrithi ukuze zinikezelwe kwindawo enkulu yendawo enkulu yendawo enkulu yendawo enkulu ye-Masonry. Imiqadi iqhotyoshelwe eludongeni kunye nee-arcers, iziphelo zeza eludongeni lwangaphandle, "ezibandayo", zifakwe kwi-inter ebi-fakti enokukhanya.
Ukuzalisa (ukuqengqeleka) ngohlobo lokuqina (i-100 le-920mm) okanye i-Conse-ikhonkrithi ye-Rightretency ezimbini ngobukhulu becala yonke imigudu ye-beam ibekwe kwimiqadi yobhedu. I-SEAMS ephakathi kweebhulethi kunye nee-mners zithululuke ngokupheleleyo ngesisombululo, kwaye uphakanyisiwe.
Inzuzo yomgangatho onjalo ngumbala ophantsi wezaqamlwana kwaye kusetyenziswa intsimbi encinci yentsimbi yokuqiniswa kwabo. Kodwa, xa kuthelekiswa neplate enkulu yoqeqesho lomgangatho wekhonkrithi, ukungalunganga kwabo yinto enkulu yokuyila kunye nokuntsonkotha komsebenzi, ukusetyenziswa okukhulu komthi wenkuni yomgangatho, kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo.
Emva kokuqiniswa kwezilayidi zekhonkrithi, mhlawumbi olona lwabiwo lukhulu kulwakhiwo lwe-cottage luye lweza ebokini, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho ihlathi lehlathi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa komgangatho wamaplanga kuvunyelwe kwizakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nokuphakama okungaphezulu kwemigangatho emithathu nakuluntu kwaye kungabi ngaphezu kwesibini. Phakathi kwezinto eziluncedo kwezi zigqwirha ziphantsi nobunzima obuphantsi kwaye zixabisa iindleko eziphantsi ngokuthelekiswa nemigangatho yekhonkrithi. Ukungancedi - Ukuchasana kwabo ubuthathaka kwimimoya, ukunyangwa komlilo omncinci kunye nobunzima bokuyila. Ukonyusa ukuqina komgangatho wokhuni kunokufezekiswa ngokusetyenziswa kwehlathi elomileyo (i-lobby ayingaphezulu kwe-20%, i-bied beams, akukho ngaphezulu kwe-15%), i-antiveptition kunye nesisombululo esihlawulelweyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemiqadi yeplanga yokuziqwalaselwa kwezezoqoqosho kunokucetyiswa kuphela xa i-spans ingabi ngaphezu kwe-4.0-4.2 m, uninzi lweemeko zibeka ecaleni kodonga olugqithisileyo. Ngeendawo ezinkulu, amacandelo emiqadi ayaphazamiseka. Ukubeka iindonga ezingaphandle zexesha elide kuyakhawulezisa amanzi, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezixhasa imiqadi kwezindonga zibandayo.
Ukugquma kwi-beams yeplanga kuhlala kusetyenzwa kwizinto ezithwala; Ukuzalisa phakathi kwe-wimble ye-Woods ye-Woods, iFibrafite okanye ukukhanya kwekhonkrithi kwiLizwe kunye ne-Lantral Foobs kwiLigring kwi-500-700mm encotsheni yemiqadi.
Ngeephaneli ezenziwe ngomthi, kunokwenzeka ukuba usebenzise inkunkuma yenkuni - induli, iibhodi ezizolayo, njl. Iiroli zibekwe ngokwemivalo ye-cranial enecandelo lama-4040 (5050) mm, ingena kwizandla kwelinye icala (xa sele lisondele eludongeni) okanye ukusuka kubini. Ukukhusela ukungcungcutheka ekuthinteleni, kugutyungelwe ngumaleko we-sandy-clay yodongwe kunye nobunzima be-20-30 mm okanye ithoni, kunye nokunyuka kwesanti etyhefisiweyo Ubungqingqwa be-50-60mm yokuphucula ukufundiswa kwesandi. Ifakiwe igqunywe ngaphezulu kwe-vapor kunye ne-valer ye-vapofer (kuphela kwaye inje) ibeka ungqimba (i-ceram yekhonkrithi, njl. Njl.). Ukwenzela ukuba ubushushu bubushushu, azonakaliswa kwaye azizange zonakaliswe kukudlula kwabantu kwigumbi eliphezulu, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ulele iibhodi ezibalekayo emimabeni.
Uphahla luhlelwe kwiibhodi eziqingqiweyo, lugqunywe ngeeplasters ezomileyo okanye ugqitywe kwiphepha lodonga, okanye ezinye izinto.
Imigangatho emiselweyo (imivalo okanye iqulethwe iibhodi) zinecandelo le-captander, ukusuka kwi-100 ukuya kwi-200 mm ephezulu kwaye ubukhulu be-50, 75, 80mm. Zibekwe kubalo emva kwe-0.6; I-0.8 okanye i-10 m, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo zokugcwalisa umgangatho (off). I-GLT igcina ukuphakama kwe-Beam igqitywe ngokubalwa kwaye ihlala i-1 / 20-1 / 25 ukusuka kwisithuba.
Iziphelo zemigangatho esondeleyo kwizidleke ezisele zishiyiwe kwiindonga zezitena, ukuya kubunzulu be-150-200mm, i-antiseptic kwaye ikhusela i-culting, isongelwe ngamaqhekeza amabini ophahla nge-250mm. Iziphelo ze-beam zityhutyha i-30mm kwaye ishiywe ivulekile ukuba ivulwe. Iziseko zenziwa ngama-20-30mm ngaphezulu kwecandelo lomnqamlezo lemimandla. Iindonga ezinqabileyo ngamanye amaxesha zifaka ibhokisi (idrowa) ukusuka kwiibhodi ze-antiseptic kunye neephakeji, ukuphelisa iibhulorho ezikhoyo ".
Ukugaya imiqadi kwindonga yelitye zangaphandle ngobungqiwa-mali kwi-510 mm kwaye kwenziwe kancinci, i.e. Amacala aphezulu nangecala le-beam (emva kokubekwa kwayo) asondele kwisisombululo kunye nokutyunyuzwa kubunzulu bama-100mm. Itywina elivulekileyo lisetyenziswa ngobukhulu beendonga ezingaphezulu kwe-510mm kwizakhiwo ezingafunekiyo kwaye xa ungena emiza kwiindonga zangaphakathi. Iziphelo ze-beams ziqhotyoshelwe kwizikhonkwane kwi-anchors zentsimbi ezifakwe kwi-is.
Kwidonga le-warriers langaphakathi, iziphelo ze-beams ezizayo, zisongelwe italente, zidityaniswe kwi-axis efanayo yezi ziqabatho okanye zibeka ecaleni (i-brazity) kwaye ibotshelelwe ngumtya wesinyithi.
Iziphelo zemiqadi yamakhamane kunye nemigangatho ye-ATTAC yezakhiwo ezisezihlathini ziqhuba kwizithsaba zangaphandle kubo bonke ubukhulu bazo.
Kwiindawo zonxibelelwano zomgangatho wamaplanga onamacandelo eendonga ezinamanqanaba ommoya (i-140270mm), kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukusikwa komlilo.
Kwizakhiwo zokuhlala (kunye nezixhobo ze-timece), ukusikwa kumda wejelo lomsi kwindawo ekufutshane ye-Woods ekufutshane (ububanzi) ubuncinci abangama-250mm. Ukuzahlula okongeziweyo kufuneka kwenziwe ukuba kuziva, kubiwe nodongwe okanye kwiqhekeza le-Asbestos. Ukuba i-buam isebenza kwindawo yokusika, i-Beam ifanelekile, ke kufuneka inqunyulwe kwaye iphele i-riglel encedisayo, inkxaso okanye ukunqunyanyiswa kwi-romps yensimbi ukuya kwimiqadi ezimbini ezikufutshane. Iipakethi ezimanzi (amagumbi okuhlambela, amagumbi okuhlambela) agqunywe ngaphezulu kwenziwe ngcono kwiipleyiti zekhonkrithi. Ukuba iiglasi zenziwe ngemiqadi yomthi, zishiywe zivulekile, ngaphandle kokuvala umsila wokuphola. Umaleko wamanzi ubekwe phantsi komhlaba ococekileyo, imiphetho apho i-Pimeter kufuneka iphakanyiswe kwaye ilungise i-Pltyh.
Ngexesha lokwakhiwa, kufanele ukuba ukhunjulwe ukuba ngocingo (ukugqobhoza, ukwahlula, iindonga) iindidi ezimbini zezandi (ingxolo) ingenelo: umoya kunye nengxolo. Iindlela zokukhusela kuzo zahlukile.
Ingxolo yomoya yenzeka xa uthetha, ukucula, umculo, njl. Idluliselwa kwigumbi lokuthengisa ngenxa yoyilo lwe-wistborne memgrane, kunye nokuzikhulula, izithuba. Ke ngoko, kunyanzelekile ukuba ulandele i-undelecftives ecokisekileyo, ubukhulu bezinto ezikufuphi nenye, kunye nokusetyenziswa komgangatho ophakathi kunye nokwahlula umthwalo othile, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla.
Ingxolo yezixhobo (I-Shock) yenzeka xa ukuhamba (ngakumbi kwizithende), ukuhamba kwefanitshala, ukudityaniswa kwezipikili, njl njl. Ukukhusela, ukubekwa kwezakhiwo kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zobunzima kunye noxinano, iinkomo ze-elastiki zisetyenziswa, yindawo yomgangatho wekhaphethi, kwaye unje.
Ke, xa kuphuhliswa iprojekthi yekhaya lakho kunye nokwakha ikhaya, ngoku unokwazi ngakumbi, ngokufanelekileyo uthathe isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lwezinto ezinqabileyo luya kufaneleka.
Izikimu
Cwangcisa ngaphezulu ngaphezulu kwe-iron consebs. Inkqubo yemodyuli emanyeneyo ezokwakha. Uhlengahlengiso lwe-Iron-ikhonkrithi ye-Iron Distobs ngaphezulu kodonga lwezitena.
Ukucoca ngaphezulu kweebhulorho zensimbi. I-Hooks ebolayo yokunqunyanyiswa kwezixhobo zokukhanyisa.
Igqunywe yimiqadi yomthi. I-Woody Poevement Subles ngenkxaso yemivalo ye-crangy.
Ukusika i-chimney. Ukususa imiqadi yomthi kwiindonga zezitena. Izikimu zokwenza amaphiko ngaphezulu.
Kwincwadi elandelayo, wena, mfundi othandekayo, uya kuba nakho ukuqhelana noyilo kunye neentlobo zophahla, isisombululo sezinto zabo.
