Ukunyusa amanzi esiseko kunye nokugwinya kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo. Iindidi zokuhamba kwamanzi ngokwendlela yokufaka kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza. Iingcali.
Isizathu sokusekwa kweziko elikwiziseko zezakhiwo zokuhlala ziyafana nakwimiqolomba yendalo, ukuvuza kufuneka kube nzima.
Amanqanaba okulungisa ukungqubana kwamanzi:
a) ukukhulula umphezulu webrashi yensimbi;
b) ukuzisa ibrashi kwi-arhemu yensimbi ye-Kema Anticoorrosion ye-anticoorrosion;
c) ukusebenzisa ungqimba lwe-froof fel fm (3 mm);
d) Ukubuyiselwa komkhenkce okhuselayo wekhonkrithi usebenzisa umxube obekiweyo we-FIFI RM.
Iipleyiti ze-styrodour azikhuseleli kwigumbi elingaphantsi emanzini, kodwa nazo zisindiswe kubanda.
Amanzi sisiseko sobomi, ngaphandle kwawo, umntu akazukuhlala iintsuku ezintlanu. Nangona kunjalo, ukubonakala komswakama kwigumbi elingaphantsi kwendlu akunakubuthintela umnini wemozulu, kodwa netyhefu lobomi.
Ngamashumi amashumi amawaka amiselweyo kule minyaka idlulileyo (kwaye ihlala ibiza kakhulu) ii-cottages, abantu abaninzi sele befuna ukulungiswa okunzulu komgangatho wegumbi eliphantsi. Ngapha koko, le nto yokulungisa ayinangqondo ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kwayo yonke inkqubo yokungasebenzi kwamanzi esiseko kunye neenxalenye zesakhiwo. Isizathu se "Ebhule" ivuza-kwiziphoso kwinqanaba loyilo, ekungabikho kwamava okanye abakhi abasentloko, kumsebenzi osemgangathweni ophantsi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bawolisiwe kakhulu komphuhlisi.
Imilambo engaphantsi komhlaba, eludongeni
Inqanaba lamanzi aphantsi komhlaba (AGB) lixhomekeke ikakhulu kuhlobo lomhlaba. Umzekelo, ingingqi ye-MOSCOW i-Loam eqhelekileyo. Ihlukaniswe ngamanzi abuthathaka kwamanzi kunye nobunzulu obungalinganiyo bokuqhushumba. I-fancy yomhlaba ophantsi komhlaba inyanzeliswa ukuba iphumelele nakuphi na ukwakhiwa kophando lwe-hydrogeological. Ukuba umqobo othile uya kuba kwindawo yokuphakamisa i-capillary (umzekelo, isiseko sekhonkrithi sekhaya lakho), imithombo engaphantsi komhlaba iya kuhlamba. Intshukumo yentwasahlobo yekhephu kunye ne-ice, ihlazo lehlobo, imvula encinci yeseksika, intliziyo entle enjengeembongi, - konke oku kudala isoyikiso esongeziweyo seNdlu.Uhlobo lomhlaba "Ububanzi =" zilungisiwe
Kwindawo apho, enzonzobileni, kukho umaleko ogcwele amanzi omhlaba. Kuyo, umswakama unyuka wonke umhlaba kwinqanaba elinye okanye elinye lamanzi ngamanzi amdaka kwaye, njengayiphi na into embi, efuna ukufumana amanzi ngaphakathi. Okukhona ngaphezulu komhlaba kunye nomtshijolo weepores kuyo, uphakame kakhulu ukukhwela amanzi. Nditsho nodongwe olunamafutha anqabileyo luhamba kancinci, kodwa iphakamisa umswakama de kube yi-12 m nangaphezulu ngaphezulu kwe-aquifter.
Ukuphakama kwe-capillary kuphakamisa umswakama ngaphezu kwenqanaba le-aquifer
| Uhlobo lomhlaba | Ukujonga umhlaba | Ukuphakama kwe-capillary kuphakamisa, m |
|---|---|---|
| I-picleed | Isilumkiso sahlanjwa, gruvel | 0 |
| Ikhutshiwe | Isanti yesanti yesanti | I-0.3-5.15 |
| I-Sand Ilungile | 1,1-2 | |
| Ubuthathaka | Intwasahlobo | 1,1-2 |
| I-Shorlink ilula | 2-2.5 | |
| I-Squarlok ephakathi, inzima | 3.5-6.5 | |
| Into evikela amanzi | I-Sharlook Fat, Clay | 12 okanye ngaphezulu |
Iziseko zihleli ngexesha elinye nothintelo (joke)
Indleko yesiseko ihlala i-15 ukuya kwi-20% yeendleko iyonke yeNdlu, kwaye iindleko zokwenza amanzi isiseko yi-1-3%. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezimpazamo kunye nokusebenza komgangatho ophantsi kakhulu kudinga utyalomali kwikamva lokuziswa.Ke, ukwakhiwa kuqala ngophawu lweBhukul. Esona siseko sixhaphakileyo sebhloko sinezinto ezininzi ezilungileyo, phakathi kwezinto ezinkulu zokutsala kunye nendlela esebenzayo yokulala. Kodwa ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga amanzi kukhetheka kwisiseko se-monolithic. Ukunqongophala kwemithungo yokutsalela i-doams kuqinisekisa imfuneko yendlela yabo, oko kukuthi, ukuzalisa udaka lwamaxesha. Ngokuphosa kancinane kudibaniso ngaphezulu (olunqongophele, njengomgaqo, i-Brigues ye-Brigders kwiMimandla esemazantsi) kumtya ophakathi akwanele.
Akukho kwakhiwa kwenziwa ngaphandle kweengxaki (umzekelo, inqaba edumileyo kwisixeko sasePiza, e-Itali). I-heterogeneity yomhlaba, ifumene ukufunyanwa komswakama, ukuguquguquka kwamaqondo obushushu kubangela ukuba kungalingani nasemhlabeni kwaye, ngenxa yoko, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olukwiziseko ezingaphantsi. Ukufuma okuthambileyo kwi-pores yekhonkrithi kuyanda ngexesha lokukhululwa (nge-9%) kwaye kuyaphula. Ke ii-microcracks zisenziwa, zivule indlela eya kumanzi akhoyo asebenzayo. Le ngxaki ivela namhlanje, kwaye iindlela zemvume yayo zininzi.
Ngokwendlela yokufaka isicelo kunye nomgaqo-siseko wokusebenza, ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zokwamanzi zahlulahlulwe: Ukudibana, kwi-inlet, ingenayo, ingene.
Ukongeza, kukho: iirakhi eziqinisekileyo zokulungisa ukuvuza okungxamisekileyo; Iiplastitha zococeko; I-hydrophobic ye-hydrophobic yokunikezela iipropathi zekhonkrithi kunye nezitena zamanzi; I-antisole, i-anti-grapple kunye ne-grapple kunye nokuninzi.
Ukuzimatha kwamanzibudenge
Sele kwiminyaka engama-5000 eyadlulayo, abahlali bezinto ezininzi kulwakhiwo lwezindlu kwitolostone esebenziseni i-bitumen yendalo esetyenziselwa amanzi. Kwaye ngoku, izixhobo ze-bitumes kunye ne-bitment yezinto ezixhaphakileyo zixhaphake kakhulu, zaziwa, ziqhelene, azibizi, kulula ukuzisebenzisa. Kodwa kufanele ukuba ithwale engqondweni i-fulls enkulu yezi zixhobo: Ubomi babo benkonzo bulinganiselwe kwiminyaka emihlanu okanye emithandathu. Inyani yile yokuba i-bitumen ngokwayo iphulukana nobunzima kwaye iba buthathaka kwi-0 ° C kwaye ivele kule qondo lobushushu elingafanelekanga likhokelela kwimbonakalo ye-rocks. Ukucandwa okoko kwakha okanye kuyanyibilika. Ukongeza, ukusebenza nge-bitumet eshushu (iqondo lobushushu xa isetyenziswa ubuncinci i-120 ° C!) Ingathandeki kwaye iyingozi.
Ukuphazamasisa kwezinto zePetrochetum kukhokelele ekuvelisweni kwabakhuphisana nabo ngokhuphisana, i-rellymetic (ii-polymers) kunye nezinto ezisekwe kuzo. I-bittumen-irabha kunye ne-bitumen-polymeric masters yokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo nazo zenziwa.
Iindidi zokudibana kwemveliso yasekhaya
| Jonga i-mastic | Ubushushu besicelo,Ukusuka | Ubungqingqwa bobuqili Mm. | Ukusetyenziswa komndilili kg / m2. | Ixabiso 1 kg, I-Huby. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thamauminous | I-120-160 | 4-5 | Ntlanu | 3-6 |
| Irabha ye-bimouminous | I-80-95 | 4-5 | Ntlanu | I-10 ukuya ku-20. |
| I-bimouminous polymer | -20 ... + 50 | 2-3. | 2-3. | 15-35 |
Umzekelo, i-bimous-lalx Emulsion mastic "i-Blam-20", ethi i-Aozt "ye-Aozt" i-Ayozt "i-Ayazan" i-Ryazen Rubberoid "ivelisa kakuhle. Izixhobo ze-polymeric zemveliso yangaphandle zimalunga namaxesha amathathu okanye amane abiza kakhulu kunemveliso yaseRussia.
I-cememe-polymeric mastic equlathe umxube owomileyo wesamente nge-Mineral Filter yeyokuphumelela kwamanzi ahambelana. Umxube uvalelwe ngamanzi, umlondolozi okhethekileyo obophayo okanye ukusasazeka kwe-polymers (Acrylic, i-silicone okanye i-vinyl). Ngenxa yecandelo lesenzo, ezi ziqwengana zine-adhesion elungileyo kwisiseko. I-plastiting yongeza izicelo zinceda umbandela osebenza ngempumelelo kwimigangatho yengqolowa, kodwa nakwiindawo zivezwe kwizinto ezigwenxa kunye neendawo ezixhaphakileyo. Amacandelo okubopha ubungqina bamanzi angena kwi-pores yesiseko kwaye eqinile. Ubungqingqwa bomaleko weengubo ezinjalo zincinci- 1-3 mm.
Ukusuka kwizixhobo zolu ngcelele unokutsala umnxeba ngokukhawuleza kwi-Ab kwi-Ablion (inombhalo ongaphezulu kwe-40kg / cm2 kunye ne-TEM22 kunye ne-thorooal thoro, i-barralastik yenzelwa inkuthalo yeHeidelberger. Ukuvela kwamanzi kwi-Osmolastic (isalathiso) kunye ne-Aqueadin-2k (Schombsurg) Ukudibana kwe-rack kwi-2 mm. Izinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu zinokungaphantsi kwamanzi ngaphandle kwe-W10, oko kukuthi, banokumelana namanzi aphantsi kwengcinezelo ukuya kwi-10thm. Ewe kunjalo, akukho jeets ezo emhlabeni. Kodwa uxinzelelo lwezisombululo zezinzi ezingena ngaphakathi kwiSiseko seSiseko (I-Osmoul Rature) inokufikelela kwinqanaba elinokuthelekisa.
Izinto ezifanayo zasekhaya "I-Lacht" Isilumkiso "(i-LLC" i-Hydrothex Series (Nizb), "Hermolastic" (i-hermolastic "(i-hermozastic). Mhlawumbi, oku kufanele ukuba kubandakanya imixube ye-hydro-s. Kuyinyani, ubukhulu bomaleko wezinto ezinjalo kufuneka zifike kwi-30-50mm.
Ukuhamba kwamanzi okuhamba kwamanzi kusetyenziswa, njengommiselo, ukukhusela umphezulu wokufuma (ngaphakathi kwindlu) kunye namanzi omhlaba (ngaphandle) ngomhlaba ojikelezayo kunye noxinzelelo ukuya kwi-0,2thm.
Izixhobo zokulumkisa ngokusekwe kumxube owomileyo owomileyo
| Umvelisi | Igama | Ukusetyenziswa, i-kg / m2 | Ixabiso le-1 kg, ruby. |
|---|---|---|---|
| UThoro, eBelgium | Teroseal. | 3-4.5 | 66. |
| Inkuthazo yeHeidelberger, iJamani | I-Barralastik | 1.5-2 | 59. |
| IKema, Slovenia | I-Hidrotes-94. | 3-4 | 38. |
| Isalathiso, i-Itali | Osmoflex | 2. | 62. |
| I-Schombburg, eJamani | I-Aquin-2k. | 3-4.5 | 37. |
| I-LLC "hydrogen", iRussia | "I-Lachta" Isilumkiso " | 3-4.5 | 40. |
| I-Glims, iRussia | "Glima-Water | 6-12. | Shumi elinethoba |
| I-Niizb, iRussia | "Hydrothex-b" | 4-5 | 24. |
Ukuhamba kwamanzi amanzi
Ikhava yangaphantsi yamanzi yenziwa kwizinto eziqengqelekayo okanye ezifihlakeleyo zefilimu eziqengqelekayo kwisiseko kwaye enye isebenzisa i-manestic mastic. Eyona ndlebe iqhelekileyo ligama - iRokerodi, i-Pergamine kuphela. Ezi zixhobo azifuneki, ezingapheliyo kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ziphila ixesha elincinci. Ngokuthe ngcembe bathatyatyatyathwa ngabameli besi sizukulwana esitsha: I-isoflast, i-isoplast, isityalo se-Izbhopt (i-Izblex, i-ECKroplat, iBighroplast, Teknonolist). Njengesiseko, izixhobo zokwenziwa (izinto zokwenziwa (i-polyester, i-cholester yeglasi, i-fiberglass) zisetyenziswa kwezi zitya. I-bitumed iguqulwe yi-Polymers ye-SBS (i-styrene-butadne-styrene) kunye ne-App (Aticrene) kunye ne-AppProplene ye-Polyproplene), ekwandisa ubushushu bayo kunye nokuchasana nobushushu.Izinto ezingenisiweyo ezingenisiweyo (ukusuka kwi-IncoPal, i-Index, ilitye leFireyini) lilinganiswe ngumgangatho ophezulu nozinzileyo, kodwa zihlanu ukuya kwezihlanu kuyabiza kakhulu kuneRussia.
Ulwakhiwo kunye neengcali Qaphela ukuba ukungqubana kwamanzi kuqinisekiswe kwaye kuqinisekile, kodwa i-capritard eyenziweyo. Ifuna isitenxo esingahambelani ne-2mm esingapheliyo esingaphezulu kwe-2mm, isiseko esomileyo siyadingeka, sisebenzise i-tulsion ye-bitumen, i-bitunge ye-bitume, icoceke kakhulu okanye izinto zokunkcenkceshela. Kwimeko yokusebenzisa amanzi anjalo ngaphandle (kunye noxinzelelo lwamanzi afanelekileyo), kuyimfuneko ukukhusela (umzekelo, ukusebenzisa izikrini, iipaneli okanye i-geotelis) ukusuka kumonakalo onokubakho.
Izinto zokuhamba kwamanzi ezinqamlezileyo
| Umvelisi | Igama | Gcina i-elastice kwiqondo lobushushu, kunye | Ixabiso I-1 m2, dumbisa. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Umzi-mveliso "Izaphucx" | Isoelast | -40 ... + 90 | I-70-80 |
| I-isokistic | -25 ... + 90 | I-60-90. | |
| I-CJSC "THHHNONOL" | I-UNIFLEX | -15 ... + 110 | Amashumi amahlanu |
| Itekhnoloji | -25 ... + 100 | 40-70 |
Ukungena kwamanzi kwisenzo sokungena
Ukukhutshelwa kwamanzi kwisamente kwisiseko sesamente esasingena (ukusuka kwisiNgesi. Ngena kwi-penenetive) izixhobo. Iingoma zokuqala zeli klasi ziphuhlise i-VandeexeTedd yeVandoelinetd. (Switzerland) kwi-40s ye-xxvevek.Ngenezinto zokungena kwenziwe ngesamente eneempawu zesakhiwo ezisebenzayo kunye nentlabathi ekhethekileyo etyumkileyo. Isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuqhubela phambili kwekhonkrithi. I-Supepys kunye ne-capillary mointa iwela kwiipores ezivulekileyo kubungqingqwa beziseko zekhonkrithi, apho zidibene khona namacandelo ekhonkrithi kwaye zenze amakristali ye-store. I-Poores incitshisiwe kakhulu, i-ferment yamanzi iba phantsi. Kwaye oku kuya ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukungcungcutheka kwe-vapor kunciphisa kancinci kwaye kusenokwazi iindonga zokuba "uphefumle" kuyagcinwa. Ubungqingqwa bomaleko wamanzi osuka kwi-1: 3mm. Kukholelwa ukuba ezi zixhobo zinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
Ukungena kwi-tractions zilungile kwikhonkrithi entsha. Xa ilungisa ikhonkrithi endala, xa iipores zangaphandle zitshixiwe okanye zivaliwe ngelitye, kufuneka ukuba zicoceke ngononophelo umphezulu ukusuka kwi-Plasters kunye nokuvula ukuvuvukala kwenkqubo ye-capillary. Ngapha koko, ibrashi okanye ibrashi yocingo okanye yocingo lo msebenzi ayonelanga. Ifuna ukudubula okanye iJet yamanzi, isebenza kwixinzelelo lobuncinci be-15 ukuya kwe-20.
Uluvo lweengcali »Ububanzi =" Ukulungiswa
Kwintliziyo yetyala ngalinye lolwakhiwo, ngaphandle kokhetho oluninzi, kukho izisombululo eziqhelekileyo, eziqhelekileyo eziphuhliswe ngeminyaka yokuziqhelanisa. Yile nto iingcali ezicetyiswayo ziZiko leNkohliso ye-CJS lenzelwe amatyala amabini okwakha. Kule meko, umngcipheko wokunyanzelwa kwe-capillary kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwamanzi emvula uphakame. Ke ukukhuselwa kwegumbi elingaphantsi kufuneka kudityaniswe nenkqubo yokuqhutywa kwe-stionroof yamanzi. Okokuqala, baphosa esiseko kwaye babeka ukuqina kweendonga zayo. Emva koko i-perimeter iqhutywa imibhobho ye-drainage, babeka iindonga zesiseko saza saphoswa phantsi. Umgangatho wenziwa i-Mulayer kwaye wabekwa eSandy (kunye neGerel) engcono). Kwimihlaba ye-SABE, isondlo esongezeleleka kwi-geocan. Ikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi eqinileyo eqine nge-100-150mm ibekwe kwi-theremer membrane ye-bitumer membrane (i-vesterte tenudo). Amashiti akhe ane-walned enebhulenisi yegesi ene-overplap 100mm. Okulandelayo kukufakelwa kwe-shirmal, umaleko wokwahlula, ekugqibeleni, ikhonkrithi ikhwaza ukuba i-trim. Ngaphandle, isiseko siphathwa nge-Oxid Primer Primer (I-Indverver) kwaye labeka amashiti ombhobho we-membrane, ukusuka kumbhobho wokuntywila kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-300-500 mm ngaphezulu kwenqanaba lomhlaba. Umaleko we-inshuler uvaliwe nge-geocal okanye iipaneli ezikhuselayo kwaye wenze ubugqwetha. Umjikelo wokwakha uthatha ubuncinci iiveki ezi-4-5.
Ngena
| Umvelisi | Igama | Ukusetyenziswa, i-kg / m2 | Ixabiso le-1 kg, ruby. |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-Vandex International Ltd., Switzerland | Vandex Super | I-1-1.5 | 95. |
| Isalathiso, i-Itali | Osmoseal | 3. | 46. |
| I-LLC "Itekhnoloji entsha", iRussia | "Calmary" | 1.6-3,2 | 45. |
| I-Xypex Corp Corp., Canada | I-xype | I-0.8-1. | 182. |
| I-LLC "hydrogen", iRussia | I-Penen | I-1,2 | 159. |
| "I-Lachta" Ngena " | I-1,2 | 60. |
Ukufakwa kwamanzi
Enye itekhnoloji yokutsala amanzi kukudalwa kwezikrini zokukhusela. Ukususela kwixesha elide, udongwe olwenziwe (umaleko 40-50cm) lusetyenziselwa le njongo-impahla ixhaphake kwaye ifikeleleke ngokulula.Ukuphuhliswa kwendalo kwale ngcinga yayikukubizwa ngamanzi akwabizwa ngokuba yiBeTonkeof. I-Bentony Clay, ebize iipropathi ze-colloidal, iyakwazi ukudlala indima yekhaka esele inobunzima be-1-2 cm. I-Bitone ye-Bentotite iqukumbela phakathi kwamaphepha ekhadibhodi) okanye kwi-geotextile (umzekelo , kwi-rawmat hdb bentotite mats). I-Sheard yekhadibhodi ngexesha lokusebenza ivela emhlabeni. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba wonke wentsimbi ujikelezwe ngudongwe.
Kwimarike yasekhaya kukho i-challaung ye-mats (i-Akzo Nobel), kunye neephaneli ze-bentomat kunye ne-voltex mats (i-vottex). Amaxabiso e-Mattonite Mats-malunga ne- $ 10 nge-1m2.
Uphuhliso lokugqibela kwicandelo leTekhnoloji yokukhusela-iJolymergemergemer. Izibonelelo zabo ezingathandabuzekiyo - ziqine, zingathathi hlangothi kwimithombo yeendaba enoburharha, ukumelana nokusebenza kwesakhiwo kunye nokuhamba komhlaba. Isikrini sineWebhu enee-spikes ezijikelezileyo ukuya kwi-8mm kunye neefayile zokucoca iziqwengana. Izibalo zikhusela inkqubo evela kumasuntswana omhlaba anamasuntswana, kwaye ii-spikes ezijikelezileyo zenziwa i-spinages ye-spinages apho amanzi aqholiweyo athunyelwa kwinkqubo yokutya. Esi sigqibo sithintela isakhiwo sokusohlwaya, sinika amanzi odonga, kwaye sisebenza njengokukhusela isiseko se-capillary yokufuma. Izikrini ze-crainage zisebenza ngempumelelo kuphela kwendlela yokuqhutywa kwentshukumo kwaye zayeka ukusebenza xa inqanaba lamanzi eliphantsi liphuma ngaphezulu kwenqanaba lokususa imibhobho.
Kwimarike yaseRussia, iimveliso zikaFundalin ziyathandwa (i-Onulin, i-Francefon), i-Itali, i-Itali (i-Delta (i-Denarken), i-Denarble) kunye ne-Polymer Meyile- $ 4-8 . Kodwa indleko iyonke yokucwangcisa inkqubo yokutya, kubandakanya nokulungiselela kunye nomhlaba, kunjalo, iphezulu kakhulu.
Ukufakwa kwe-thermal yesiseko
Rhoqo kukho iimeko apho iinzame, imali kunye nezixhobo zokwenza amanzi zichithe kakhulu, kwaye kwigumbi elingaphantsi lisasabukhali. I-culprit isenokuzingcangcazela iwele eludongeni "olubandayo" lomoya omanzi. Ke ngoko, iindonga zegumbi elingaphandle, kufuneka zitshiswe, kwaye ngaphakathi komoya. Ungazigubungela iindonga zeplates "ezifudumeleyo" ezifudumeleyo "ezifudumeleyo ze-purss, ezinciphisa i-steam concences kumhlaba obandayo (umzekelo, i-hidrent, i-cergoge, i-drisan ye-d. s. Bafunyanwa ukongeza ukongeza kwi-pore-yongezwa kwesisombululo se-plaster) okanye kufakwe kumxube ogqityiweyo.
Ukufakwa kwe-thermal yeziseko, iipleyiti eziqinileyo ezivela kwi-Extriusion Polystrene Fomstyrene Fom, Stalrodur (BASF), i-Exprel (i-Expolry), kwaye ikwayi-PIR (i-Poroule) isetyenzisiwe. Imisebenzi yokuqala ngaxeshanye njenge-protooferfer, kunye neyesibini, kwisibini kunye ne-geotextantis, njengesixhobo sokuphala.
Indlela yeenkqubo
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zemali ezicetyiswayo zibonisa ukuba eyona ndlela kuphela yokukhusela ulwakhiwo lomswakama abukho. Kwityala ngalinye, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko zokwakha kunye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo, kufuneka wenze inkqubo yakho edibeneyo yokudityaniswa kwamanzi.Le ndlela iphawuleka kwi-Index (i-Itali), imisebenzi eyomileyo (netherlands), i-Remers Bachemie (i-Gervers Bachemia), uKema (saseMelika), Schombt (i-Schomb), ukuba, Umzekelo, kwisalathiso se-APOSTTER, VANDEXALL LTD. Kwaye i-Delta inezinto ezili-1000 zezinto ezinxulumene nokungasebenzi kwamanzi, zingaphezulu kokuqulunqa iresiphi yendlela "yokunyanga" ngayo nayiphi na i-rack. Inyathelo elibanzi linokubonakala libiza ixabiso ($ 12-60 nge-1m2), kodwa baqinisekisa impumelelo.
Uluvo lweengcali »Ububanzi =" Ukulungiswa
Masithethe nje: iyelenqe lepropathi enjalo isipho sekamva asiyo. Ayisiyiyo kuphela amanzi kuphela eza kukhangela ngokukuko ekhaya, ngoko ke ukungcungcutheka kweenxalenye zesiseko kuya kubaluleka. Ke ngoko, isiseko sonke kufuneka sikwazi ukwahlula. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukupemposa amanzi kwindawo yokwakha. Ezantsi kombambano, ukulungiselela ikhonkrithi kwenziwa. Ibekwe kwi-forwork yendlela yeendonga zangaphandle zesiseko kwaye ibeka izinto zokugcina amanzi nge-500-700mm ejikeleze i-perimeter, emva koko iqala eludongeni. Ukwenzela ukonakalisa i-corusepteying "ye-quept" yomsebenzi ongaphezulu, ikhuselwe ngumaleko wekhonkrithi kunye nobungqingqwa be-30-40mm. Emva koko bayonakalisa ukuqiniswa, ubume kwaye baphosa isiseko sesiseko, iindonga zalo kunye nesini. Emva kotywala, umsebenzi owenziwa ngamanzi okwenza amanzi. Ukusuka phezulu, shiya isitokhwe sika-300-500mm ukwenza ukunqunyulwa okuthe tyaba kwiindonga zeNdlu. I-DowSledloirs, i-inshuler ethe nkqo ifudula iphantsi. Kule meko, i-bibmer ye-bitmer ye-bitmer ye-bitmeme ye-bitmrane helasta p4 4mm iqinile, iqiniswe nge-polyester fiber, inokuba yinto efakiweyo. Zonke iindawo eziphezulu ziphathwa ngeprimer (i-impever). I-membrane ibekwe kwimigca emibini. Ukupheliswa kwamanzi athe tyaba ezindongeni kukhuselwe ziiphaneli kwaye kufeswe ngumhlaba. Umjikelo wokusebenza uthatha ubuncinci iiveki ezingama-7-8, ukuba i-bodwation iqhutywa ngekhonkrithi eqinileyo ngokupheleleyo.
Sebenza kwi-bugs
Masithi indlu ayikhanga kakuhle, indawo yokuhlala sele izalisa amanzi. Nokuba eli tyala zininzi iindlela ezikhethekileyo nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokubuyisela intuthuzelo.Kuqala kwizinto. Kufuneka iqatshelwe apha iCandelo labo lokwakha kwaye lilungiselele ngokwesiganeko, - kumlo wokulwa nokuvuza kunye nokudubula zonke iindlela zilungile. Kwisicatshulwa esithusayo, ukwahlula-hlulwa kwenziwa ngokukodwa ukubonakaliswa kwentetho.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi angaphandle kweendawo ezinamacala athatyathwayo zesakhiwo kunzima ngenxa yokungabandakanywanga. Ukukhusela iziphumo ngaphakathi. Kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kolungiselelo lwezinto zokugcina amanzi angaphandle nangaphakathi. Kwimeko yokuqala, uxinzelelo lwamanzi ukusuka kooyingo lwangaphandle abakhukulisekileyo kwisiseko, kuso sesibini kuyo. Yiyo loo nto, i-bitumen ye-bitumen ye-bitum kunye ne-coatings ayifaki isicelo sokwenza amanzi ngaphakathi. Nazi izinto ezifanelekileyo zesamente ngokunamatheyina afanelekileyo kwikhonkrithi okanye uyilo oluxhasayo lwezitena. Kwimisebenzi yangaphakathi, isayekisa, ukungena kwi-tractions, i-drainage yeplastiki yokususwa kwamanzi ngempompo, njl.
Izinto zenaliti kunye netekhnoloji
Kukho itekhnoloji yokuphuma emanzini eyaphuhliswa kwi-USSR ukusukela kwi-30s ye-XXvek. Isebenzisa imingxunya eludongeni kunye nesiseko esikuvumela ukuba uphobe isisombululo sesamente okanye iglasi yolwelo ngesiseko esivela ngaphakathi, kumhlaba ophakathi kwesakhiwo nomhlaba. Ke i-sarcophas yamanzi yenziwa, kwaye ukuthoba amanzi angaphandle kuyabuyiselwa ngaphandle kokwenza izinto eziseNtshona.
Inani leengxaki ezinxulunyaniswa nokuhamba kwamanzi, iindlela zesisombululo zazo kunye neengxowa-mali ezisetyenzisiweyo azidinwanga nguluhlu olungentla. Kodwa malunga noku, kwixesha elizayo.
Abahleli bebulela iatomstroy, "GIDSSSPESSPYTT", "IZiko leNkohliso", "SitsPeostroy", "USetsGeostroy", "USetsEostroy", "USesereystem", uTessereystem, ophethe uncedo kwimpahla.