Isakhiwo somgangatho we-mulquitter. Itekhnoloji yokudalwa, iindlela zokwenza iifemu. Iingcebiso zonyango lweParqueet.
Ezi "pile" ziyaqondakala, kodwa imfihlo ye "back" yazo "zokubhaka ezimbini. Ngoba? Ewe, ngenxa yokuba kwi-jargon yabasebenzi "ayisiyonto engaphezulu kwe-quarquent ye-qurquet ye-quarquet - ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphantsi, ukuphumla kwi-oclap ephezulu, phambi kwenyawo ezigudileyo.
Kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo, indlela yeengcali zaseRussia kukuyilwa komgangatho weParquet Frimor (kwaye ngokubanzi imigangatho evela kumthi) itshintshile kakhulu. Ayizo iindlela zokukhetha kunye nokulungiswa kweenkuni, kodwa kunye netekhnoloji yokufezekisa iplanga elingqinelanayo eliphezulu kubalingane eliqhelekileyo luphuculwe. Isizukulwana esitsha soomatshini bokugaya, izixhobo zombane, izixhobo, kunye nokubhala kunye neevarthes zivumela imigangatho yeparaquiet evumela imigangatho yehlabathi. Malunga neendlela zanamhlanje zendlela "enjalo" libali lethu.
Ngubani ohlawula imisebenzi yeparaquets? Ukuba indawo yentsimi inkulu ngokwaneleyo okanye kufuneka badlale indima ebalulekileyo kwisisombululo soyilo, inguqulelo efanelekileyo yi "zonke ngezandla." Oku kuthetha oku kulandelayo:
-Umsebenzi wonke-kuvela kuphicotho lweSiseko, oyila i-parquet entsha kunye nokugqitywa kokugqiba-kwenziwa ziingcali zenkampani apho i-quarquet yenziwe kwaye ithengiwe.
-Umthengi weParquet, nguMmeli opheleleyo emsebenzini wayo, kufuneka ube namava aneleyo kule ndawo (ngoluhlu oluqinileyo lwezinto ezifunyenweyo) kwaye, kunjalo, zonke iilayisensi.
-Umsebenzi kufuneka wenziwe ngesivumelwano seSivumelwano esigqityiweyo esinenkcazo eneenkcukacha kwinqanaba ngalinye.
Kule meko, ingxaki 'yokugqobhoza "kuwo onke amabakala omsebenzi yimeko yeengcali oye waguquka kuye. Le migaqo ikhokelwa kwimisebenzi yabo yeNkampani yeNkampani yeNkampani "," dibanisa "," Icandelo leGold "kunye nabanye abaninzi abakhayo.
Inketho yomsebenzi wokutyumza kwamanye amabakala ayilunganga njengowokuqala. Kodwa kukho iifemu ezilungele ukuthwalela imisebenzi ephakathi (kubandakanya ukutshintsha), kunye nokuzisa izinto ukuya esiphelweni, ukuqala nakweliphi na inqanaba.
Ukanti kuyacetyiswa ukuphepha ukwenza imisebenzi yokutyhoboza. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukulwela imali eyonga imali, thenga i-Parqueet kwindawo yokuhlala yendawo enye, ukwenza i-tie ye-tiquer, ithengwe kwangaphambili kwimarike, ngoncedo lwee-croftsmen. Lilonke, ekugqibeleni, kunjalo, iya kusebenza, kodwa ngubani oqinisekisa ukuba uza kuqina?
Ukusebenza kweparaquit ayixhomekekanga kuye kuphela, kodwa nakwinto engaphantsi kwayo. Ke ngoko, wonke umsebenzi wokulala, ukuphinda okanye ukulungisa i-Parqueet iqala ngoPhando lweMithombo yoBunjineli, ukuvulwa komgangatho kunye nokuhlaziywa komhlaba. Njengoko abaphathi abanamava bathi, "ukuvula kuyabonisa."
Umthi ovelisayo kunye nobungakanani beeplanga kuchaphazela uhlobo lweglue. Phantsi kweglue nganye, emva koko, i-primer efanelekileyo iyafuneka. I-Incen i-Parqueet, kunokwenzeka ukuba ifumane iilegs ezijikelezile iileyiti, umgangatho ophelileyo, ukuba ube lilize kumgangatho. Ngoku siyazi ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ugqwesise i-quarquet ephezulu yekhonkrithi okanye i-cemece yesamente. Ngeli xesha, phantsi kweqela le-quarqued elineminyaka engama-30-50 ubudala, akukho nto ibonakalayo ibonayo, ngaphandle kwendawo yokugcina i-bigued ende ye-bitume emnyama.
Iiresiphi ezivela ebhokisini
Ngomhla ngemihla, ingcinga yobunjineli iphuhliswe irefes efihlakeleyo 'kwiiplanga "ezivela kwizinto ezibalaseleyo kunye neebhasi. Kule meko, ubuchwephesha beefemmu zeparaquet zahlukile kancinane. Ipayi "ye-pie" inikezela iholo yeParquet. Ezantsi phezulu kwe-odolo yemigca ye-1) yokugqithisa; 2) Ukuhamba kwamanzi (iglasi ye-Hydroimol, i-foil, njl.njl.) -Iinto ezivela kwimiphetho ye "Cake" kwaye imbi kakhulu ezindongeni; 3) i-clemed sutd; 4) umhlaba phantsi kwe-ifaket; 5) Ukuzihlaziya i-itity (umzekelo, iKnauf okanye i-Uzin kwimihlaba yegama elifanayo); I-6) primer phantsi kweglu; I-7) I-Parquet Glue; I-8) I-Plywood enganyangekiyo (i-Plywood enganyangekiyo (iboshwe kukuzitsalela kwi-stred); 9) primer phantsi kweglu; I-10) I-Parquet Glue; 11) I-Parqueet; 12) Ukubekwa phantsi kwe-Varnish; 13) Lacor Primer; 14) I-Varnish (i-2-3 ye-2-3)."Myeyi", "dibanisa", "Icandelo legolide" linendlela yazo. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ubukho bomnye okanye omnye okanye ukubuyisela enye ixhomekeke kwimeko yokugqobhoza, imigangatho yesakhiwo, kunye nokuxutywa kwesakhiwo, i-cohequers, imilambo, imifuno, i-mastics, i-mastics, i-mastics, imifuno, i-mastics, i-mastics, i-mastics, i-mastics, i-mastics, i-mastics, i-mastics, imilimbo, imilimbo imiqobo, njl njl. Ngezibuko ezininzi (Masithi, "I-Prenef" ibeka uninzi lweendawo ezi-7 ze-varnish).
I-parquet yangoku ibhetele kuneyona ndawo yokuhlala ye-Urbads enkulu yashiywa kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo. Iifemu ze-Parquet ezikhokelela kwi-Parqueet ngokuhambelana neempawu eziphambili ze "proquet" ezichanekileyo:
1. Amandla kunye nokufakwa kwe-thermal yesiseko se-overlap, ephantsi komhlaba, kufuneka inikezwe ngexesha lokwakhiwa kweNdlu. Ukuba i-overlap ayithobeli imigangatho, kufuneka ilungiswe.
2. I-stred kufuneka ihlale ihleli, igudile, yomile kwaye icocekile. Ubungakanani bomgangatho ophakathi yi-4-7 cm, ubuncinci yi-3 cm. Ke, i-4-5 i-4-5 yeesentimitha i-sced kunye "ne" i "phantse" i-theride nganye nganye yongeza enye inyanga. Umgangatho we-stred (i-cememe m-500, isanti (1: 3), i-Knauf okanye i-Knauf okanye i-Knauf okanye i-PVA COSTATER) inokukhangelwa ngokulula ngesando kunye nezipikili, ngokweengcali ze-handerti:
a) Emva kwempembelelo yesando kumphezulu we-scred akufuneki ukuba zingabalulekanga okanye ziprinta;
b) Ukuba uchitha kwi-scred eyomileyo kunye nesikhonkwane esikhulu, akufuneki ukuba ube storatches incratches okanye umgubo wesamente.
3. Amanzi lolona tshaba luphambili lwepalika. Isuntswana ngaphandle kwe-hygrometer (isixhobo esikhethekileyo sokulinganisa umswakama) - hayi i-parqueet. Umxholo wentsalela yentsalela yokuvuthwa ungabi ngaphezu kwe-3.5-5%, kunye nokufuma kweenkuni zePariquely yi-9% 3%.
4. Umphezulu we-scred kufuneka ube ugudileyo kwaye ugudileyo. Ukuphambuka okuvumelanayo ukusuka kwiflethi kwisiseko seemitha ezimbini yi-2 mm. Imilinganiselo yenziwa kwizikhokelo ze-5-6.
5. I-Plywood ephantsi kwe-verquet kufuneka: a) angabi namanzi; b) ube nobungqingqwa be-12-16 mm; c) iqhotyoshelwe kwiglue-igluet ye-valuet ye-uplue (eneprimeri efanayo) kunye nezikrelem (ezininzi ze-Plywood Squands 40 x 40 okanye 50 x); d) ilungele i-Seams yeTekhnoloji (Lumen) kwi-3-4 mm; Amalungu akhoyo phakathi kwamashiti ahambelana nomatshini wokugaya.
6. Uthuli-utshaba lweglue, i-mastic kunye nevarnish. I-Parquet ye-vacuum cleaner ayisiyo parqueet. Zonke izixhobo zeParquet zeParquet zeParquet kufuneka zixhotywe ngokucoca i-vacuum eyakhiwe okanye zinike amandla okudibanisa umqokeleli othunyelweyo.
7. Imitya yeParaqueet iqhotyoshelwe kwi-plywood kwiglue, kunye nezipikili ze-plue okanye izipili ezibhekise emphethweni weplanga kwisiseko se-spike. Kwangelo xesha, isikhonkwane (isikhonkwane) sikwi-engile ukuya kwisiseko.
8. Zonke iiplanga zokhuni kufuneka zichukumise omnye komnye (ngokungathi "zikhule").
9. Umphezulu womgangatho ophezulu kakhulu kukuxhaphaka, onke amalungu amaninzi aqhagamshelwe kwindiza ngomphezulu ogudileyo. Nditsho namaza aqaqambileyo, amanyathelo, ii-rocks azamkelekanga.
10. I-Pasquet kufuneka ilingane ngokuqinileyo emhlabeni: sokondliwa xa ungenanto, ehamba, ungashukumi kwaye, kunjalo, ungayi creak.
Ubuchule obunobuchule bomgangatho ophezulu weParquet, busebenza ngokufanelekileyo, iminyaka engama-50-90.
Enye i-parqueet kwi-scred-friend-phantsi i-scred-friend ibekwe yitekhnoloji ekhethekileyo kwizibane eziguqukayo. Kulula kwaye ukhawuleze, nangona kunjalo, kungabi nzima kwaye ngokuqinileyo. Ukubakho kwendlela enjalo kufumaneka ngenxa yophicotho lwezoBunjineli kwisiseko. Sele kukho iindawo ezimbini ze-plywood ezinamaphepha amakhulu (1.5 x 1.5 m).
Umgangatho ohlanganisiweyo kunye ne "Pie"-uyilo luhlala luhleli, kodwa ngaxeshanye lubonelelwe ngaxeshanye. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, i-Parqueet, ichithwe ngokucutheka kukaMicron, kufuneka ikwazi "ukuphefumla", yishukumise, iphendule kutshintsho kwi-microclmoge. Le yenye yeemeko eziphambili zokwenza oko. Iplasitity yomphezulu ibonelelwe ngamathuba okubambisa kumda phakathi kweparitha kunye neendonga. Izinto ze-elastic (i-foam, inamathi, iribbon), ukuzalisa izithuba - ukubizwa kwe-hydraulic-nisela zombini ukunyanzelwa komthi. Ukukwazi 'ukuphefumla "Nika i-Parquet yeParqueet kunye nezithuba ezingabonakaliyo phakathi kweendlela kunye nemigca ye-rurquets. Kungenxa yoko le nto iiplanga azikaze zigxeke phakathi kwawo, kodwa ziqhotyoshelwe kwiglue ekhethekileyo, uphawu olukhethekileyo luxhomekeke kumthi womthi, kwisiseko. Iglue isetyenziswa kumphezulu ngaphandle kwecala eliqinileyo, kodwa ngemigubasi (i-spatula).
Ukwenzela ukuthintela ukonakala kunye nezalathiso, i-parquet kufuneka ithengiswe kwiibhokisi ezinqabileyo ePolyethylene. Kwinkqubo yokuphuma-phuma, kuyimfuneko ukulawula uzinzo kumswakama we-raqueET (9% 3%). Ekuqaleni, isampulu ithatha iindlela ezininzi ezivela embindini wepakethe, eziye zayila ubuncinci kwiintsuku ezintathu kwimo evulekileyo kwigumbi elinenjongo.
Kwinkqubo yokuhlangabezana ne-Parquet, i-cog-ewe, iiplanga ziqhagamshelwe ngokwe "Groove-Groove", i-Groove-Coms, iMbuyekezo kufuneka ihlale phakathi kwe-Groove kunye nomda we irmge. Kuqinisekiwe ngoyilo oluchanekileyo lwee-rives: ubukhulu becala, ukuphakama kweRigge kwaye kubunzulu kune-Groove. Ukuba ngoqhagamshelo olude lweeplanga phakathi kwe-rodge kunye ne-Groove Akukho bhanti yangaphakathi, oko kuthetha ukuba i-parquet ayifanelekanga ukuba indibano.
Kumazantsi eeplanga, njengommiselo, kukho indelelo okanye ethe tyaba (okanye enye kunye nezinye) izilayidi. Ububanzi babo buyi-3 mm, ubunzulu buyi-1/3 yobungqingqwa beplanga. Ezi slots zisusa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lweentsizi zenkuni kwaye azivumeli i-parquet ukuba iginye. Isixa-mali, i-frequency kunye nesikhokelo se-slots ixhomekeke kwi-Woods, uhlobo lwayo kunye nobukhulu be-rivets.
Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili yetekhnoloji yokubeka i-Parqueet kukungamthobeli i-hygrometric imeko yeplanga kunye notshintsho olulandelayo kubungakanani babo.
I-Parquet ayifani nee-rags ezimanzi, icocwe nge-vacuum cleaner (engahlambulukanga!) Kwaye zisule irabha yamanzi ecinezelweyo. Olona qondo lobushushu lubalaseleyo lwe-verqueet malunga ne-20c, kunye nomswakama womoya ngama-55%. Izihlangu zezihlangu zabasetyhini, izinja zezinja, iinyawo zefanitshala ngaphandle kokuzincama - hayi zeparaquet. Ukukhethwa kwe-parqueet glue kuxhomekeke kubungakanani besi sicwangciso. Kwaye ukusuka kuhlobo lweglue-ixesha lenqanaba lezobuchwephesha, xa i-parquet eqhotyoshelweyo kufuneka iphumelele ".
I-ParqueET Chedeets zezi: Kwisiseko samanzi, kwizinyithi (izicoci), i-charveve (eyodwa kunye neyemibini). Kwiparaquet ye-OAK, iglu emanzini (inobuhlobo kwaye ibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, ibaluleke kakhulu, ishibhile). Kodwa iiplanga ezinkulu azilungiswanga ngesisombululo esinjalo, ukusukela kule meko kumgangatho wonke kunokubaphekelwa. I-JETTY ENTONI ENGAQO-NOKUFAKWA KWENKCAZO YABASEKHAYA NOKHUSELEKO LWEEMISEBENZI YOKHUSELEKO) Iingoma zeSolvent (umzekelo, i-S-750 kunye ne-S-760 Ferms Funa, iSweden) kwaye isekwe kwi-raquetical "- i-Beerical, i-Beerical, iMaple, i-ash. Imihla emincinci emiselweyo. (Iintsuku ezi-1-2).
Umhlobiso wangaphandle weParqueet (Grind, umjikelo, umahluko, njl. Njl.) Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uqale ngaphambi kweentsuku ezi-1-3 kwaye ungadlulanga kwiveki emva kokubulawa. I-slits encinci phakathi kweeplanga ezisele emva kokucekeceka kwaye zikwisiseko esisingeneyo, sibeka kwifomuli esekwe kuthuli lwenkuni kunye nee-viers ezihambelana nohlobo lwevarnish ukuba umgangatho uza kugutyungelwa. Emva koko, ukugqiba, kwaye, ukuba kukho imfuneko, ukugaya okuhle. Umsebenzi ngamnye uneemakhi kunye nezixhobo. Emva koko ukwakheka kwe-thaning kusetyenziswa kumphezulu (ukuba kukho imfuneko) kunye nomaleko wePrimer varnish, kwaye emva kwayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2 ukuya kwi-7 yee-varnish eziphambili. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukumelana nexesha lokukomiswa komaleko ngamnye. Ihlala iyimfuneko ukuba ibe phakathi (emva kwe-1-3 ye-1-3 ye-varnish) yokugaya okhethekileyo. Sigqibezela umsebenzi nge-lacquer yokugqibela kunye nokuthandwa kwe-plints (ngoncedo lwezikrelemnqa, iintloko ezikhankanyayo zazo zibukele nge-Decooting Wax Intonga yokuhombisa i-Wax.
Ilele kwaye ivarnish
Ukwenza umgangatho we-parquet, unganika i-Internation ngomfanekiso wokuqala, ukuthabatha kuphela imibala kunye nemijelo yomthi, kodwa nakwizikimu ezahlukeneyo zokubekwa. Inani lezi nkqubo liphantse laba lula: Ukusuka elula kwaye ngokwesiko, ukusasazeka 'okunengxaki "kunye" nomthi weKrisimesi "," i-Kolchug "," Isikwere esiphindwe kabini ", njl. njl njl ukusuka kwindawo yokubeka indawo kuxhomekeke kwisiphumo somdlalo wokukhanya kwiintsinga zenkuni.
I-Parquet Varnies ziintlobo ezintathu: ukusasazeka kwamanzi, i-resins kunye nezinyibilikisi, icandelo elibini (kunye nabo). Ukhetho lwe-varnish kwaye iintlobo zayo zine-rating okanye i-glossy-umntu ngamnye kwimeko nganye. Ke, i-varnings esekwe emanzini (umzekelo, uqoqosho lwe-Aqua-Seal kwi-Bergle-Widle (iJamani) okanye i-Aqua ye-Aqua) ilungile kwindawo yokuhlala enomthwalo oqhelekileyo phantsi. I-Polynet the Polysurethane Voldishene Varnish inika umphezulu otshitshisayo ocacileyo, olwahlulahlulwa ngokukodwa. I-Arntin-quardish kwi-arvarish kwisiseko se-uretalalkide ichasane nomonakalo woomatshini, ungcoliseko kunye nokuvezwa kwekhemikhali yekhaya. Uxinzelelo (")" ubume bendalo. Kwiintsana ezininzi, ukugaya okuphakathi kuyafuneka (emva kokusebenzisa ungqimba) ukuze ke kungabikho ngxaki malunga nefilimu ye-lacquer. Akufanele ulibale malunga nendawo yendalo yokususa i-varnish.
Kumazwe aseYurophu, okolileyo kumazwe aseYurophu: "Umthi unokuyila, kuyinto yendalo." Iingcali zaseRussia zifuna okungakumbi: "Iskripthi-uphawu lokubekwa komgangatho". Unonophelo. Emva komgangatho we-lacquage, naye, kufuneka ukhathalele. Oku kuya kukunceda obizwa ngokuba yiPoland- i-oyile eqinileyo okanye ye-oyile eqinileyo okanye engamanzi kumanzi emigangatho yemihla ngemihla ngemithwalo enzima. I-wax ifakwe kumphezulu ngendwangu yekotoni kunye nenkunkuma, ifuna i-gloss. I-Polish inongezwa kumanzi ngococeko olumanzi.
I-Parquet ayisoloko igutyungelwe nguVarnish, inokugcwaliswa nge-oyile ye-parquet enganikeli isipili, kodwa bawenza umphezulu uMatte kwaye ngokungathi uqaqambe. I-Oils ingena kakhulu emthini kwaye yomeleze ngaphandle kokwenza ifilimu. Kule meko, phantse i-storatched scratches kunye nokukrola. I-larldlig engapheliyo, iqaqambile neyombhiyozo, isengozini enkulu kwaye ifuna ukuphatha ngononophelo.
Kuxhomekeka ekuchasweni kweVarnish yeVarnish, itshintshwe qho kwiminyaka emi-5, kwaye umgangatho waphathwa ngeoyile, iiveki ezisi-7 eziyi-8 ezi-8 ukuya kwe-7 ihlulekile nge-wax mastic. Kufanele ukuba ukhunjulwe ukuba nkqu neyona varquets ye-eco-fasquets enobuqhetseba engenanto ngaphandle kwevumba. Kwaye ioyile yeparohethi yi-hoods kwizityalo, oko kukuthi, olona nkqowulo lwendalo lolona nqanaba lomthi.
Ifakwe i-bar. Ikho enye indlela yokwenza iParqueet esemgangathweni: Ungathenga i-quect ebizwa ngokuba yiParquet-ifihlwe kwaye igutyungelwe nge-varnish kumzi-mveliso. Umgangatho we-Lacquer Coudes kule meko iphezulu kunexesha le-Parqueet ebekwe phantsi. Amaplanga abekwe kuwo onke amacala. Umzekelo olungileyo yi-quarquet eyenziwe yi-bamboo (komododoor, e-United Kingdom). Iplanga nganye alikhutshelwa kuphela kwimigca emithathu ye-bamboo (phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, kumagumbi awodwa), kodwa ikwagqunywe ngamaqhekeza amahlanu (okanye nangaphezulu). Lo mbandela ufunyenwe ngaphandle kwe-superproof, ngokugqibeleleyo, i-Rectorat (i-C), i-C), ingoyiki amanzi (ayishukumi kwaye inyibilike). Ewe kunjalo, emva kokulala ayifuni ukuqhubeka phambili, ngaphandle kokhathalelo oluqhelekileyo. Ukudibana kwe-varnish, le phulo liphathwa ngomsebenzi wokuguqula, kwaye ke lenzeka kungekuphela yigolide-kuphela, kodwa nekofu. I-lac-glossy nesiqingatha esinye. Ukugcoba i-parqueet, i-polynet ye-polyherthane ye-polyurethane okanye glue kwii-solcents isetyenzisiwe.
Ezinye izinto eziyimfuneko
Ukuba iBhodi yeParquet emnqabileyo (i-Jundirs, iPasphetti, itekisi, njl.njl) ingabekwa kumgangatho ovuthayo, emva koko inyanzelekile i-parquet, ingathandekiyo. Ewe, kwaye akukho mfuneko, kuba yenziwa ngokuchanekileyo "yipie" egqwesileyo.
Izithuba ezisisigxina (zonke zeXesha) kwiParquet ngumtshato, kwaye i-5 mm igqithile kububanzi yihlazo lentlawulelo yeParquet. Isizathu: I-Parquet iyomiswe kakuhle (i-superdishevy), okanye ihambelana ngokungachanekanga, okanye igcinwe ngokungachanekanga, okanye ibekwe ngokungafanelekanga kwi-glue engalunganga, njl.
Ngamanye amaxesha, ngenxa yengqokelela eyomileyo ye-tie, i-parquet kunye neelebhu emva kwesiseko, iphule, ikhutshiwe, iiplanga "ziyaphakama". Ngenxa yoko, emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, uPaul "uyafa." "I-Parquet" engalunganga "yimali ephoswe emoyeni.
Ixesha lewahlulo le-parquet entsha ngunyaka omnye. Ngeli xesha, umgangatho kufuneka ulungelelanise utshintsho kuwo onke amaxesha onyaka. Ebusika (eyomileyo kwi-parquet, ixesha lonyaka) livunyelwe elincinci ("iinwele") ze-slots phakathi kweRivets. Ukuba zombini ii-crockis azinyamalali, ungazama ukulwa nabo, ukwanda komswakazi womoya: Beka i-suididity yomoya, ibeka igadi yomoya, ihombisa igadi ye-roni, ihonjiswe ngamanzi amanqatha afuna amanzi, Qalisa i-aquariums, faka ii-vases ngeentyatyambo, ekugqibeleni.
Izithuba ezibonakalayo kwi-parquet zihlala zingqina ngokulula ngomswakama ophantsi egumbini ngexesha lexesha lokufudumeza, kodwa kuneminyango nefenitshala. Guqula imeko kule meko inokuba ngumthengi kuphela, kodwa hayi i-parquet. Kutshanje, ukuzalwa kwesibini kwefashoni kukukhathazeka malunga nomgangatho wemveli obisi. Namhlanje yenziwa kwibhodi eqinileyo ye-hardwood enkulu. Kodwa eli bali lahluke ngokupheleleyo ...