Iimfuneko ezisisiseko zodonga. Izinto ezichaphazela ukhetho loyilo kunye nezinto zokwakha. Iicocl, iziko, iindlela zomsi.
Ukuthwala izitena
I-chain (umqolo kabini):
I-A-IXESHA
B-facade
I-Spoon (umqolo wamaxabiso):
I-A-IXESHA
B-facade Izikim ze-Master
Ngoko ke, lo mfundi othandekayo, kucacile ekhayeni lakho sele ngokubonakalayo iphawulwe isiseko ngokusekelwe bonke abathwali loyilo ezithe nkqo (iindonga, imihlathi, izahlulelo). Ixhala elitsha kunye neengxaki ziyavela. Dlulisela umgca wezindlu. Yeyiphi isoftware, isisombululo esakhayo, ubungakanani sithanjisiwe, sele uyazi kwiprojekthi. Kodwa kubonakala ngathi i-fuzzy. Ke, masithethe ngodonga. Ukukhetha izixhobo zokwenza izixhobo kunye nokuyila zodonga kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu zendawo, ukusuka ekuqeshweni kunye neqondo lobushushu kunye nendawo yokwakha yesakhiwo, izibonakaliso zezakhiwo, ezoqoqosho, Ukuthathela ingqalelo uluhlu lwezothutho, ukusuka kwimbonakalo kunye nesisombululo soyilo se-quelting yendlu.
ERussia ixesha elide, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zoluntu, iicawe, oonoondona kunye nezinye izinto, sifumana amatye, kunye nezakhiwo zezitena. Iikwayari ezintle, iintente kunye neecawa ezinamacala amaninzi, zintle kwaye zingaqhelekanga. Kwanele ukukhankanya itempile emangalisayo ye-vially toble (igama elichanekileyo le-Pokrovsky Cathedral, ekwi-RB, 1555-1560). Akukho nto intle kwaye impumelelo emangalisayo kukwakhiwa kwesahluko sama-22 secawe (1714) yoMsindisi weCawe kwiChizne.
Ewe, ngeentsuku zakudala, xa kwakungekho nto ingekhoyo yokutshisa ubushushu, ubukhulu beendonga bezihlala zikhulu kakhulu. Ulwakhiwo lwendlu kananamhlanje, ngaphandle kwelitye lemveli, izitena kunye nezisombululo zeWoophu, ikhonkrithi esebenza kakuhle, i-ceramic, i-ceramic, i-Speed, i-Shield kunye nabanye ngokusetyenziswa kokukhanya . Ezi macandelo zenza ukuba zikwazi ukunciphisa ubunzima beendonga, ziphucule izikhombisi zazo zoqoqosho, zikhawulezise ukwakhiwa.
Siza kuqhelane neemfuno ezisisiseko ezindongeni. Uyilo lodonga olukhethiweyo kufuneka lube nokuqina okufanayo njengendawo yonke, kwaye yenza imisebenzi emibini ephambili: Ukukhusela kwimisebenzi ephambili yendawo engaphandle (imvula, ilanga, ilanga, ubunzima) kunye nokuqhuba umthwalo (ubunzima) Ukudluliselwa kubo (ubunzima) umngeni wokucela umngeni, izixhobo, ifanitshala.
Kuxhomekeka kwindawo kudonga lokwakha Kukho iintlobo ezimbini: zangaphandle nangaphakathi. Le yokugqibela yenza imisebenzi yokwahlulahlula.
Iindonga zangaphandle kufuneka zibe ne-SURDE (imigangatho ebanzi) yobushushu: I-Croverty yokudlulisela ubushushu (ukhuseleko lokungavisisani ebusika, ukukhusela ngokungxama, oko kukuthi, kufuneka banikezele kumagumbi ayimfuneko Iqondo lobushushu kunye nemowudi yokufuma ngexesha lonyaka. Kuxhomekeka kwinqanaba elifunekayo lokunganyangwa komlilo ekhaya, iindonga kufuneka zibe neqela lokunyangwa kunye nomda wokunganyangeniswa komlilo kungaphantsi kunemilinganiselo yomlilo esekwe yimigangatho yomlilo. Zombini iindonga zangaphandle nezona zangaphakathi kufuneka zibenemigangatho eyaneleyo (yokuphumelela) iipropathi ezivakalayo.
Ezi kunye nezinye iimfuno ezifuna ukunikela ingqalelo xa ukhetha iprojekthi kwaye ulungelelanise izakhiwo zezinto ezahlukeneyo zeNdlu, ngamanye amaxesha ziyaphikisana. Kuyimfuneko ukukhetha izixhobo kunye nezakhiwo ezizanelisa zonke iimfuno zobugcisa kunye nezisombululo zoqoqosho. Ngokwesisombululo sesakhiwo, udonga lunokwahlulwa lube luqinile, olubandakanya izinto ezinobuqhetseba kwaye ziqinile, eziqulathe izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala yenziwa ngaxeshanye bobabini abakhuselayo, kunye nemisebenzi yobutsha kunye neyesibini okanye yokuthuthuzela, okanye umsebenzi okhuselayo.
Qwalasela kuqala ulwakhiwo lweendonga zelitye, ezona zisetyenziswa rhoqo kulwakhiwo lwe-Hottage, i-Iskrpich, ikhonkrithi, i-ceramics, kunye nelitye lesanti, kunye nesixhenxe. Izakhiwo eziphantsi zokunyuka komntwana kunye neendonga zodonga kunye neziseko ezingama-50-70% ubunzima besakhiwo, kwaye iindleko zodonga zisiya kwixabiso lesakhiwo sonke. Ingabonwa ukuba ibaluleke kangakanani na ukuba ichonge ngobuchule uhlobo lweendonga, ngakumbi ngaphandle.
Iindonga zezitena
Zibakwe ngaphandle kwamatye aphilayo amatye angama-2501206mm, ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo ukungathobeli kwe-3-5mm. Izitena zibekwe ecaleni (25mm) ecaleni kwebala (ngaseludongeni) kwaye zibizwa ngokuba zibizwa ngamachiza, okanye zimfutshane ngaphesheya kodonga - kunye ne-wimble. Izithuba phakathi kwezitena ezizaliswe sisisombululo zibizwa ngokuba zimthungo. Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bothumo oluthe tye (phakathi kwemiqolo) yi-2mm, nkqo (phakathi kwezitena) - i-10mm. Rhoqo, abakhi basebenzisa ithungo eliqaqambileyo kakhulu, kuba kunqongophala kakhulu, kuba kunciphisa umgangatho we-thermal kunye namandla odonga kwaye kwaphula imodyuli yesayizi.Kuliwe olwenziweyo, isitena sexesha elizeleyo sisetyenziswa okanye sibomvu, sitshiswe ngaphezulu kwe-1700-1900kg / m3 kunye ne-MOGE (i-1800-2000kg / M3). Ukuze ube lula, ubunzima be-bite enye (egcwele) ukusuka kwi-3.2 ukuya kwi-4kg. Ubungqingqwa bodonga lwezitena ze-homogeneous (qinile) luhlala lupeyinta isiqingatha sezitena kwaye sakhiwe kwi-1/2; Nye; I-11/2; 2; I-21/2 izitena, njl. Ukuxhasa ubukhulu bemithi ethe nkqo yi-10mm, iindonga zezitena zinobungqiwa-mali abangama-120, 250, 38, 540 mm nangaphezulu. Kuxhomekeka ikakhulu kubusika obubaliwe ngenxa yobushushu bomoya ngaphandle.
Ukubekwa kwezitena kwi-wandsry ye-Wall yenziwa ngokutshintsha okuthile kunye nemiqolo ye-tonch ukuya kwi-SEAMS SEAMS.
Olona candelo lukhulu lufumene umqolo kabini (i-chain kunye ne-Russian) kunye nomqolo wamanzi (i-spoonling). Imigca ejijekileyo ye-spoons inye i-cutete i-cute, yenzelwa kwi-facitale njengeesekethe eziphindaphindiweyo eziphindaphindayo.
Kwinkqubo yemigca emininzi, imigca emithathu enesihlanu i-spoons inye ngempompo enye. I-ORT kunye nengaphakathi yedonga yenziwa kwisitena sonke esipitri esiqeqeshiweyo, kwaye embindini wokubulawa (i-Arge) izaliswe zizitena ezaphukileyo kwaye igalelwe isisombululo samanzi. Le ndlela yokufana i-chain elula, ke ngoko imveliso yabasebenzi iphezulu, kwaye isixa esikhulu sokusukela sinciphisa iindleko. Ngaphambi kokubeka izitena, kuyafuneka ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba kunyanzelekile, umzekelo, i-perch yayo kwibhakethi enamanzi. Ngapha koko, kungenjalo, ngakumbi ngeentsuku ezishushu, amanzi avela kwisisombululo uya kungeniswa kwizitena, azibopha kakubi phakathi kwabo, adale iimeko zokutshatyalaliswa kodonga.
Ezinye iintlobo zezitena, amayeza e-ceramic kunye namatye apheleleyo, iibhloko zekhonkrithi ezincinci (i-voids eqinileyo okanye ethe nkqo) inobukhulu obukhulu kunezitena ezininzi eziqhelekileyo kunezitena ezininzi eziqhelekileyo kunezitena ezininzi eziqhelekileyo kunezitena ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukuphakama kwabo kunokuba yi-88, i-140, 188mm, ukwenzela ukudibanisa imiqolo ethe tyaba kunye nokuhambisana xa kubeka isitena esiqhelekileyo esibomvu.
Xa ibeka iindonga zamatye ngeqhinga-njengelize, iyimfuneko ukubeka amatye ukuze iindawo ezinqabileyo zibekwe eludongeni, oko kukuthi, kugqityiwe ukuhamba kobushushu. Ukusekwa kweendonga kwilitye lendalo, elinika ilungelo, likhulu kunezitena, ubume (i-wasing okanye i-ottoman), yenziwa kwizakhiwo ezingafunekiyo kwiindawo apho eli litye lokwakha khona.
Izitena ziyahlala ziqinile, kodwa kwiimpawu zabo ezikhuselayo ziphantsi kakhulu ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuzingca, isiqu se-volmul, isisindo esinentloko - 1100-1300kg / m3). I-rands esetyenzisiweyo yezitena 50-150; Iimpawu zezisombululo (ezibophelelayo) ukusuka kwi-10 (ikalika) ukuya kwi-25 (isamente) yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. Ukubekwa kwe-RUGS kwi-Mubing Bulm ngaphezulu kwe-1500kg / M3), ebizwa ngokuba yibanda (i-cemence-lime, isanti) okanye isisombululo esishushu. Isiteri esiqinileyo seendonga ezigcweleyo kunye nobunzima obungaphezulu kweminyaka engama-380mm ithathwa njengengalunganga, malunga nobungakanani be-bite, ubunzima bayo obuninzi (ubunzima bayo) buyekwe kuqoqosho olungelulo lwezoqoqosho. Ubungqingqwa bodonga lwangaphandle lwee-cottages, ezabelwe ukubala ubushushu benjineli, phantsi kwemiqathango yamandla igqithisile. Isetyenziselwa ngamanye amaxesha i-15 ukuya kwi-20% yesakhono sokuphatha. Ke ngoko, kwizindlu ze-cottame, izitena ezilula, zisetyenziswa izitena, i-inshomogeous (i-lehomogeneous (i-lehomogeneous (inyibilikisi okanye i-Fighweight) kunye namatye akhanyayo.
Ukulala kwezitekethe ze-silicate ezinomphezulu otyhafileyo kunokuba udongwe luhlala luqhutywa ngaphandle kodaka lwangaphandle kunye ne-lampp yethungo. Isisombululo esifanayo sinokucetyiswa ukuba senze i-sandry ukusuka kwii-had kricks kusetyenziswa isitena sodongwe olukhethekileyo.
Ukudityaniswa kwe-SAYRY kwi-Clay Red kunye nesitena esimhlophe esimhlophe kunokunika isisombululo sobugcisa esinomdla. Nangona kunjalo, sebenzisa izitena ze-silicate kwiindawo ezivezwe ukuba ziphuculwe ukuntywila ukunyibilikisa, ezinjengeCrinice, isiseko, akufuneki zibekho. Iiarhente ezimanzi (amagumbi okuhlambela, amachibi) Ukulala kweendonga kunye nezihluzo kufuneka ziqinile kwiplastiki epheleleyo yeplastiki ecinezelweyo.
Uyilo oluqhelekileyo noloqoqosho lweendonga zangaphandle yi-ofisi ebizwa ngokuba yi-Food, apho udonga lubekwe kwiindonga ezimbini ezizimeleyo kunye ne-Bridtal Bridges kwi-Britges ye-BRIDS nge-0.6-12 m, ukwenza amaqula avaliweyo. Amaqula e-mundry azaliswa yimiyalezo: Slag, uCled, ikhonkrithi ekhanyayo ngetywina. Ukuze i-fanser ivele ngokuhamba kwexesha, iindinyana zidityaniswe ne-thempers emide kwimiqolo emi-4-4: i-tiley rows, i-tiley diaphragrags (1.520 mm) Intsimbi edityaniswe ne-anti-corrosion yeengoma (i-cemece ubisi, i-bitumen).
Iinkqubo zonkuthazo ziyimizi-mveliso kwaye iqaqambisa umsebenzi, apho i-valation yodonga itshintshwa ziimoto ezincinci ze-microscopic ukusuka kwikhonkrithi ye-slag kwikhonkrithi, ikhonkrithi ye-Fom, i-Foam Sensete, i-Foumbete, i-foam ye-Foam, i-Finosilicicate. Ububanzi benenekazi le-thermal kwi-40-50 mm lingaphantsi komgama phakathi kweendinyana ukwenza ucoceko oluzaliswe sisisombululo.
Uqoqosho oluhle luyinto yokutyibilika ukusuka kwizitena ezigcweleyo eziquka iindonga ezimbini kunye neembova zomoya ezivaliweyo ngobubanzi obuyi-40-70mm. Kwangelo xesha, ukusetyenziswa kwesitena kuncitshiswa yi-10-15%; Udonga lwangaphandle luqukethe imiqolo ye-spoons lesiqingatha sezitena, kwaye ngaphakathi kuxhomekeke kwi-stocks efunekayo yobushushu nge-250 okanye i-380mm. Iindonga ziqhagamshelwe kwiindlela ezichazwe apha ngasentla, ngaphandle zifakwe ukuba zinciphise ukungangeni komoya. Xa izele yimingxunya yomoya eneminerali, ukusebenza ngempumelelo kodonga olonyukayo ngama-30 ukuya kwi-40%.
Ukonyusa iimpawu ze-thermal yeendonga, kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa iipleyiti ze-faces-fact (eyomileyo, ikhonkrithi ye-foam, i-Woom-chip), ifakwe kwi-Woodden (i-Antisednic) kunye nezinye iindlela ezivela ngaphakathi. Ukufakelwa kwe-thermal kunye nomoya, icala elingaphakathi leepleyiti elijongene ne-mandry kuyacetyiswa, ukuqhekeza i-aluminium foil, iphepha leKraft, njl. Kwangokunjalo nenziwa ziindonga zeendonga ezivela kwiibhodi zangaphakathi. Ukufakwa kwe-Tile kungaqhotyoshelwa eludongeni ngqo kwisisombululo. Indawo engaphandle yeendonga, ishushu ngaphakathi, kufuneka ibekwe.
Inkcazo ebalulekileyo, mfundi othandekayo. Iindonga ezinxibe zangaphakathi kunye nezikhuselo ze-carer (apho imiqadi okanye ipleyiti yophahla zisekwe) kufuneka iphunyezwe i-Buty-bite epheleleyo okanye isitena esine-silmm, kunye ne-goltic are (i-120mm) . Intsika yecandelo enqamlezileyo kufuneka ibe li-380380mm. Ngemithwalo emikhulu (ecacisa indawo), i-Poider Poles kunye nobuncinci kufuneka bomelezwe yi-wire mesh ene-3-5mm ngemigca emi-3-5 yokuphakama. Ukwahlulwa kubeka ubukhulu be-120mm kunye ne-65mm (Brick "maparo"). Ngobude bezinto ezinjalo, ngaphezulu kwe-1.5 m, kufuneka bomelezwe emva kwemiqolo emi-3-5.
IZAKHONO ZEXESHA LIYAQHUTYWA
Ukujamelana ne-quiderds, eyenziwa ngaxeshanye neendonga ze-masry, kungcono ukusebenzisa isitena sobuso, esiya kubiza kakhulu, kodwa ngembonakalo, ukonakaliswa kunye nokuphambuka komgangatho omiselweyo. Kwangelo xesha, akukho sidingo sokupeyinta ezintathu okanye ezine.
Ukubekwa kweendonga zangaphandle kufuneka kuqale kunye neembombo zesakhiwo. Impahla yangaphantsi. Ukuthotyelwa okungcono kwentengo yodonga kunye nokudalwa, ukuntywila kwemiqolo ye-Masonry kufuneka kusetyenziswe ukusebenzisa intambo ye-plub, intambo ye-pitch enesikharithi kunye ne-oda ye-pitch kunye ne-fanch enomqolo ngamnye .
Izinto zodonga
Cocol - Ezantsi kodonga ukusuka kwinqanaba lomhlaba ukuya kwinqanaba lomgangatho, ukuphakama okungenani i-500mm, ephucula indawo engaphantsi komhlaba yeNdlu. Isiseko sibekwe phantsi komswakama kunye nokufuma komhlaba, ikhephu, iziphumo zoomatshini, xa kusenziwa izixhobo ezichasene ne-rostres (ilitye, ikhonkrithi, intsimbi ebomvu).
Umphezulu wangaphandle wesiseko unokuba nemijelo eyahlukileyo kwaye itsiba; Ukugudisa nokukhululeka, kubandakanya ukusuka kwisixa esikhulu se-quating ngokusika kubambeli, amatye endalo, iithayile eziqinileyo, i-ceramic yesamente kumacandelo amathathu esanti. Kwinqanaba malunga 150 mm ngaphezu yokuwa ezayameneyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba aququzelele yonke kujikelezo isiseko inwebu anti-luhlu amanzi tyaba, ezibandakanya iileya ezimbini nophahla, rubberoid okanye isamente screed.
Intlalontle yeendonga kufuneka iqhutywa kwizitena eziqinileyo okanye ezinye izinto ezomeleleyo, iqabaka kunye ne-moriture.
Umntwana -Isiseko esilula. Udonga olucekeceke phakathi kweentsika zesiseko, ezantsi kweendonga zeVeranda, ikhusela phantsi kwendawo epheleleyo ekhusela umswakama, ikhephu, njl. Yenziwa kwizinto ezifanayo njengodonga oluphambili, umzekelo, kwi-orneipic; Iphethwe emhlabeni nge-300-500mmm. Ngodongwe, imihlaba eyenziwe ngemihlaba, umqamelo wesanti ngobungqingqwa we-150-300mm mveliso ilungiselelwe phantsi kokutsha.
I-corze igqiba phezulu eludongeni kwaye ibizwa ngokuba sisithsaba. Yenzelwe ukukhusela udonga kwimvula ye-oblique, ukufudumeza kakhulu lilanga, kunye nokususa amanzi okuphuma eluphahleni. Ukongeza, i-evaes idla ngokuhombisa izakhiwo, inika ukwakhiwa kwendlela egqityiweyo. Ke ngoko, imilo yayo, ukuphakama, ukuhamba kunye nombala kumiselwe ikakhulu isisombululo somsebenzi we-facade.
I-Cornis Iindonga zamatye zefom elula zinokubekwa ngokutya kancinci komqolo ngamnye ngaphandle kwe-1/3 yobude besitena (80mm). Ukususwa ngokupheleleyo akufuneki kudlule kwisiqingatha sodonga lodonga. Ngokususwa okukhulu kweCornice yoqwalaselo oluntsonkothileyo, ii-upriptote ezikhethekileyo, i-Beams, i-cantictsed eludongeni kunye ne-enchatd kunye ne-enchatty ye-ankile kufuneka zisetyenziswe kunye neebakaki. I-dilesi ihlala isetyenziswa ekukhutshelwe iinyawo zeenyawo okanye i-mare; Zivulekile kwaye zigqunywe.
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukuphucula uhlobo lobuhle lwee-cottages kungaziswa kwisisombululo seplastiki, iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, iibhanti eziphakathi, eziphakathi kunye nezithsaba. I-lathed evela kwisitena okanye ezinye, ezinje ngemiba yekhonkrithi, kodwa iphosakele ekuzobeni.
Umsi kunye neendlela zomoya Ngezakhiwo eziphakamileyo eziphakamileyo, zilungiswe, njengommiselo, kwiindonga zangaphakathi nge-380 mm, ifakwe kwisitena esibomvu esiqinileyo. Icandelo lezixhobo ezinqamlezileyo lezixhobo zithathwa i-140270mm, kunye nokufihlakeleyo, ukusuka ekhitshini, amagumbi okuhlambela, igumbi lokuhlambela - i-140140m.
Ukuphatha amagumbi okuhlala nge-velocity. Isixhobo ngasinye (okanye indawo yomlilo) kufuneka ibe nejelo lomsi eyahlukileyo. Indawo yangaphakathi yeziteshi zezona zilungileyo zinokuhlambuluka kwaye zigudile, zikhanyisiwe (kubalulekile ukuba ungalibali ngayo) isisombululo (esingacacanga). Ulungelelwaniso kunye ne-quil yeendonga zenziwa ngendwangu emanziweyo ecocekileyo xa ibeka iitshokholethi kwimiqolo emihlanu okanye emithandathu yezitena.
Iindlela zomsi ezivela kwiziko ezahlukeneyo ezikwi-attic zidityaniswe kwimibhobho yomsi, eboniswa ngaphezulu kwenqanaba lophahla. Ukuba uyilo olunokutsha luhambelana nodonga kwindawo yeziteshi zefleue, umzekelo, imiqadi yokuphuphuma komthi (i-120 mm) ikhula imithetho ye-chimney ukuya kuthi ga kwi-380mm.
Iindlela zomoya (igumbi lokuphumla linetshaneli) lidityaniswe kwimibhobho yomoya esuswe ngaphezulu kophahla.
Olunye izinto zodonga, ezinje ngee-limels, ezithe tyaba, ezithe tyaba, zithintelwe ngomnyango kunye nokuvula iifestile, siya kujonga kamva, kunye nomgangatho wezakhiwo.
Iindonga zeWoodn
Iindonga zokhuni ziyimveli ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo zaseRussia, zineepropathi ezigqwesileyo nezempilo, zinokuchasana komlilo ophantsi kunye nokungqinelana.
Indlu ye-Woodnin, efuna inani elikhulu lehlathi langaphambili, malunga neminyaka engama-30 ukuya kwengama-40, njengomthetho, iphoswa kwaye ingena kuhluthiwe. Ukwakhiwa kweendawo zokugcina iindonga eziqinileyo zenkuni kwintshukumo yale mihla kunqabile. Nangona kunjalo, ifowuni yomgangatho wesibini oneendonga zomthi kunye nezitena zokuqala-zinika iziphumo ezilungileyo.
Iindidi zeendonga zomthi: ungene, ukutshitshiswa, isakhelo kunye nephaneli, kunye neengweletshetshe. Iindonga zesakhelo kunye neendonga ze-shield zisetyenziswa kubavelisi befektri abangelula kunye nezindlu zegadi. Iindonga zangaphandle ezikhethiweyo zezakhiwo zokuhlala ezakhiwe kwi-Belt ye-Vimotic Belt kufuneka zibe zii-logs nge-220mm ye-220mm, zibanjwa ngokupheleleyo (i-hump "ifakwe khona malunga ne-2/3 yelog yelog).
Ukuloga (indibano) yeendonga zelogo ivelise "yomile" ngaphandle kweepakethi, iilogo zibhalwe, izindlu zelog zidityanisiwe kwaye sele zikwisiseko esilungiselelwe iphakheji. I-Konopath kufuneka yenziwe kabini: okokuqala xa uhlanganisana. Okwesibini yiminyaka yoku-1-1.5 emva kokupheliswa kweelogo ezomileyo kunye ne-shrinkige. Uluhlu lweelogo ezibekwe ecaleni komjikelezo wendlu lubizwa ngokuba sisithsaba. I-crows iqabane kunye noncedo lwe-plug-in spikes ye-spikes yecandelo elixande okanye icandelo elingumnqamlezo ebekwe kubude belog kumgama we-150-2000mm kwi-oda ye-HORCHER. I-ndreds ze-spikes ngenxa yokukomisa iilogo malunga ne-3-5% kufuneka yenziwe nge-20-30 mm ikhusela kuno-spike ubude (120-150mm).
I-contaund (icime) yodonga olude kwaye luqhelekileyo lwenziwe kuhlobo lwe-Wrist- "U-Wounta", "u-Wounta", "u-Munta", "u-Munta", u-Sunta ", u-Sunta", u-Sunta ", u-Sunta", u-Suntan ", endaweni yoko, ehonjiswe ngaphandle.
Iindonga zemivalo yomthi zibuza ngeendleko ezimbi zabasebenzi, kuba onke amagama, amakrele, esele eyenziwe kwiifektri zokwakha indlu kunye nokudibanisa. Ke ngoko, umbhekikizi ngamnye unokuthenga aze akhe iindonga zazo.
Ubungqingqwa bendawo yemozulu, oko kukuthi, kubusikababababa ababalekileyo, yamkelwe kwiindonga ezingaphandle ze-150 (t = -30c) okanye i-180 mm (T = -4mm, ukuphakama kwemivalo, okufanayo kwiindonga zangaphandle nangaphakathi ze-150 okanye i-180mm.
Phakathi kwezithsaba zeBrusiv bebeka izinto zokuthambisa zobushushu - i-caispacat evela kwiperilayo okanye ivakalelwe. Ukususwa okungcono kwamanzi ukusuka kumthungo othe tyaba phakathi kwemivalo ukusuka kwiimbambo ezingaphezulu kwebar nganye, i-20-30mth isusiwe. Imivimbo evakalayo kufuneka inqunyulwe yi-20mm sele ibunqwanqe le-rusevv. Ukunciphisa ukuqhubela phambili phakathi kwemivalo, unokucwangcisa ii-grooves, iintambo, ukugcwalisa iifomu zonxantathu. Ukuqinisa izithsaba (imivalo) ukuphakama kwangaphambili, imingxunya eyosiweyo ifakwe kwaye ifakwe iSkaps (ngokufanayo ixoxwe ngaphezulu kweendonga zelogo). Ngokufanayo, imimandla ethile (intengo) yeendonga ezingaphandle kwiikona kunye neendonga zangaphakathi zakhiwe.
Ukungafani nelogo, iindonga zokuhamba ziqokelelwa kwindlu yelog ngokukhawuleza kwiziseko ezilungiselelwe zodidi oluqhelekileyo. Ukuphucula ukukhuselwa kweendonga ezaphukileyo kwintshabalalo yenkuni kunye nokuvezwa kwe-thamosmosfic, iindonga zinokubonwa ngaphandle kweeplanga (iindonga ezingama-25 ukuya kwe-25 ukuya kwe-25 ukuya kwi-68,12mm). Kuya kwenza iindonga zifudumeza, kwaye ngesitena sijonge kwaye sixhathise umlilo ngakumbi. I-Moody Trim ingcono ukwenza ngokuthe tyaba, nto leyo yenza ukuba kube lula ukubekwa. Ukuqinisa imivalo yomthi kunye ne-ashmers zensimbi.
Ukucoca kunye nokungena kweendonga eziqaqambileyo kunye neendonga zelogo kufuneka zenziwe emva kohlobo lwabo olupheleleyo, kungabi ngaphambili kune-1-1.5 kwiminyaka emva kokwakha.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zokwakha kunye neenkcukacha zezindlu zelizwe zazihlala zibalulekile kwizakhiwo ezakhiwe ekuqaleni kwe-XXvek.
Ke, umfundi othandekayo, ezinye zezibonelelo eziphambili kwizigqibo ezakhayo ziyaqhubeka ngakumbi.
Ngoku unokuthetha ngokwakha, ukhetha iintshukumo ezithile zezakhiwo zodonga, ukubukela ukuqhubela phambili.