Izinto ezintsha zophahla eziye zafumana ngokubanzi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukwahlulahlulwa, abavelisi, amaxabiso.
Uphahla lwelinye lawona macandelo olondolozo kakhulu, kodwa apha kwiminyaka yakutshanje ivele kwaye wafumana ulwabiwo olubanzi lwenani lezinto ezintsha
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwakho utshintsho olukhulu kulwakhiwo, ngokuyintloko olunxulunyaniswa nokuvela kwenani elikhulu lezinto ezintsha zokwakha kwimarike yaseRussia. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kukhokelele kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yenkqubo yokwakha. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha zokwakha ezivumela ukungagciniki kuphela ixesha kunye neendlela zokwakha, kodwa zinciphise kakhulu iindleko zokusebenza kwezakhiwo, kwakhuthazwa ngokwasemphefumlweni ukonga iimfuno. Elinye lawona macandelo olondolozo lolondolozo lophahla, kodwa apha kwiminyaka yakutshanje avele kwaye afumene uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo ezitsha zophahla.
Kuxhomekeka kwi-face yophahla, uphahla lwahlulwe lwahlula-hamba lube ziindidi ezi-4: rong, ukukhangela, amagqabi kwaye usete (iqhekeza elincinci). Ukhetho lophahla lwenziwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimpawu zoyilo zesakhiwo kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Izinto zokuphahla zemveliso yangaphakathi kufuneka zihlangabezane ngqo neemfuno zeendwendwe ezikhoyo, kwaye izixhobo kunye neemveliso zemveliso yangaphandle kufuneka zibe nesatifikethi sendawo yokuhlala okanye isiqinisekiso sobugcisa. Ukongeza kokuhlelwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba wahlule amaqela amabini amakhulu ophahla lophahla: eluphahleni kulwakhiwo lwedolophu nakwiindawo zeklasi.
Uqengqeleka kwaye uphahla lwe-mastic Rhoqo zisetyenziswa rhoqo kulwakhiwo lwasezidolophini kwaye kuphela kwinqanaba eliphantsi kakhulu leendawo zenkohla kunye ne-cottages. I-roll rolls yenziwa kwi-bitumen kunye ne-bitumer-polymeric-polymeric-gooric ngokuqinisa, ikhadibhodi okanye i-axle yeglasi, kunye ne-Elastomeric Dultan Aulstomed. Uphahla lwe-Mastic lwenziwe nge-bitumer okanye ebandayo ye-bitumer-polymer ye-polymer yokuqinisa i-gazi kwizinto eziqengqelekayo okanye zeglasi. I-chaas evumelekileyo yophahla olujikeleziweyo kunye nophahla olunyibilikisi yi-0-25% kwaye limisela inani leendawo ezinqabileyo kunye ne-rintersus eyongeziweyo ye-ratic yendawo eqinileyo kwimeko yokusebenzisa izixhobo zemastikhi.
Kukho inani leemfuno ngokubanzi zezixhobo zefowuni yokuqengqeleka kunye nophahla olumangalisayo. Ezi ncwadi zibandakanya iiparamitha ezinjenge: Ukumelana nobushushu, ukomelela, ukubonwa kwemiqathango, ukufunxa kwamanzi kunye nokuguquguquka kwi-bar enamaqondo athile kubushushu obuthile. I-rameter ephezulu yokuphaphazela ephahlani ukusuka kwizixhobo ze-bitumeric-polymeric zezi zilandelayo: %, ukuguquguquka kwi-bar ene-radius radius (R) 25mm engaphezulu kwe-0. Phantse zonke izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo ngoku zineempawu, ziphezulu kakhulu kwezi mfuno zobugcisa zingasentla. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhetha umbandela ohamba kuyo okanye uninika ukuba wenze uphahla, okokuqala kukufanele ukunikela ingqalelo ekuthobeleni izinto zophahla lwale parameter.
Ukuchasana nobushushu sisibonisi esigqiba kwelokuba uphahla lwakho lunyibilike kakhulu ehlotyeni kwilanga lendlu. Ke ngoko, lo mgangatho uphantsi kwe-55c incinci kakhulu, kuba iyaziwa ukuba nakwizibuko, eluphahleni lwezixhobo ze-bitumen zibushushu kangange-70-80c. I-Elongeni Emisiweyo yeZixhobo mazibuyekeze i-teating emimeni ephambili kwaye ingama-40-60% kwizinto ezixhaphakileyo.
Isalathisi esiguquguqukayo kwiqondo elithile lobushushu libonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqhekeka kwento (kwi-radius enikezelweyo), kuxhomekeka kubushushu obufanelekileyo. Izinto ezilungileyo ze-bitumen-polymeric kufuneka zigcine ukuguquguquka kubushushu be-1-20s. Ukuthathwa kwamanzi ngobunzima emva kweeyure ezingama-24 zezinto ezininzi ze-bitmer-bitmer kwi-fibergs yi-Fibedlass yi-Fibers, kwaye uninzi lwezixhobo ezingeniswayo nge-fibers, kwaye uninzi lwezinto ezingaphezulu kwe-Synthemetic, i-Alters ayidluli kwi-0.5%.
Ukuthetha malunga nophahla lwe-bitumeric-polymeric, inani lezalathiso ezinomdla kufuneka ziqatshelwe. Ezinye izixhobo zinepropathi ezithintela ukukhula, oku kuluncedo kakhulu kuphahla oluthile, apho amagqabi amadala kunye nembewu zinokuqokelelwa ekuhambeni kwexesha. Njengommiselo, izixhobo ezingeniselweyo zinengqiqo epheleleyo kunye neentambo ezindala ze-bitume kwaye ziphezulu kakhulu kwisiseko. Ukongeza, uninzi lwabavelisi bavelisa iseti epheleleyo yezixhobo zokwakha uphahla: amakhwenkwe, etywina i-mastic, ipeyinti ye-mastic, ipeyinti ye-bimous emnandi nangakumbi.
Enye ipropathi ebaluleke kakhulu yophahla kukuqina kwayo, ngamanye amagama, ubomi benkonzo onokubakho. Inokugqitywa ngokubhekiswa kwezinto. Ukuba siyehla kwesi sikhombisi malunga ne-1C / nyaka, kunye notshintsho lwayo ngokomthetho osondeleyo, kulula ukubala ubomi benkonzo. Ngezixhobo ezithile ezingeniswayo, ifikelela kwiminyaka engama-30.
Kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuba udideke ubomi benkonzo onokubakho wezinto ezingena eluphahleni kunye nexesha lewaranti kulo, ezibonelelwa ngumenzi weqonga, kunye noxanduva lokuqinisekisa lwenkampani eyenza umsebenzi wokufakwa kophahla. Inguqulelo efanelekileyo yophahla isebenza ngenkampani engummeli osemthethweni owenziwa phantsi komenzi wezinto ezibonakalayo okanye ukuvunywa kwayo.
| Isixhobo, t. | Umvelisi | Ubunzima be-1m2, kg | Umzamo we-GAP, KNK | DONISA. Ulwandiso,% | Ubushushu- Ukuxhathisa, C. | Amanzi I-Polling, i-masses. % | Ukuguquguquka r mm / c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-filivol (TU 400-1409-5- 132) | I-Ojcc "Philikrovnta" | 2.7-3,2 | I-500. | 12.8. | I-80. | 0,7 | I-25 / -15 |
| Phisolloveper (TU 5770-002-05108038-94) | I-Ojcc "Philikrovnta" | 4.6-5.6 | I-500. | Thoba | I-80. | I-0.8. | I-25 / -15 |
| I-Biceroelast (TU 5770-541-002847181818-94) | I-payid up "uphahla" | 3.8. | I-500. | 36. | 85. | I-0.5. | I-25 / -15 |
| Gerbierite (TU 5770-001-18060333-95) | I-Aozt "Gerbierit" | 3.70.5 | I-750. | Sibhozo | I-80. | Nye | I-10 / -10. |
| Dneproflex (TU 5770-531-0028471818183) | I-JSC "POLYMERKROVNA" | 3.8. | I-800. | - | I-80. | 1.5 | I-25 / -15 |
| Iliso; I-Isoplastic (TU 5774-005-05766480195) | I-Aot "Kirisi-Nefteorgsgs | 3.6 | I-600; I-360. | - | I-120. | Nye | I-25 / -25 |
| I-Distostorm (TU 21-5744710-519-92) | Ryazan crz | 4.0 | I-850. | - | 85. | 1.5 | 25/0. |
| I-Polymaster (TU 5770-537-028718181818183) | I-vyborg rz | I-3,2 | I-750. | - | 85. | 1.5 | I-25 / -10. |
| I-Rubitex (TU 5774-003-00289973-95) | I-JSC "Orghartovl" | 3.5-5.5 | I-500. | - | I-80. | - | I-25 / -15 |
| Iglasi (TU 5774-004-00289973-96) | I-JSC "Orghartovl" | 4.0-4.5 | I-500. | - | I-80. | - | I-25 / -5 |
| I-Elait (TU 5774-5288-0028471818-94) | Ryazan crz | I-3,2 | I-800. | - | I-80. | 1.5 | I-25 / -15 |
| I-ATACLOT (TU 5774-545-0028471818-96) | I-AOTT "Omskkrovnta" | 3.6 | I-500. | - | I-100 | 1.0 | I-25 / -15 |
| Temoflex (TU 5774-544444747181818-96) | I-CJSC "Minco-Bool" | 3.7. | I-310-700 | - | 85. | I-0.5. | I-25 / -15 |
| Iglasi (TU 21-5744710-515-92) | I-CJSC "Minco-Bool" | I-3,1 | 270. | - | 70. | 1.5 | 25/0. |
| I-bibilin gursuli i 50 | "I-Onulin" (iFrance) | 2.05 | I-538. | 7.0 | I-120. | I-0.11 | I-10 / -10. |
| I-COROR 4s. | "Mergeges" (Yugoslavia) | 3.5 | I-720. | 7.5 | I-100 | I-0.54. | - / -10 |
| I-MK PC kunye ne-MG-PM (TU RB 14738548.002-42-94) | Igazi (Bhelarusi) | 3.6-3.8 .8. | I-612. | 60. | 70. | 2.0 | - /-Shumi elinantlanu |
| Elastofen. | "Unxibelelwano" (Fransi) | 3.5 | I-350. | 52. | 95. | 0,3. | - /-Amashumi amabini |
| I-FIDIA | "Index" (ElamaTaliyane) | 3.3-43 | I-567-617 | 46. | I-100 | I-0.13-0.2 | - / -10 |
| Monoflex4ru | "I-LANDOR" (Bheljiyam) | 4.6 | I-563. | 60. | 135. | I-1,2 | - / 25 |
| Supra | I-lemenyyainen (Finlend) | 4.0 | I-900. | 60. | I-100 | I-0.4. | - / 25 |
| I-Derbigum-sp. | Msgstr "" "Ibeeley" (Bheljiyam) | 4,4. | I-560. | 40. | I-140. | I-0.43 | - /-Amashumi amabini |
| I-Isoplast (TU 5774-005-05766480-95) | Sp "I-SP" (IRussia-Ireland) | 3.2-5.7 | I-612. | - | I-120. | 1.0- / -15 | |
| I-bitlinhpi170. | "I-Onulin" (Fransi) | 1.9 | I-750. | 42. | I-120. | I-0.46 | - / -6. |
| I-SCTUMPATATOTO. | "I-membrane yase-Itali" | I-2,0-2.5 | I-890. | 69. | I-120. | I-0.25-0.3 | - /-Shumi elinesthandathu |
Zonke izinto zophahla eziphantsi kokuqwalaselwa kwixesha elizayo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulwakhiwo lweklasi yeklasi, kodwa rhoqo zinokubonakala kuhlaselo lwedolophu. Iqela elikhulu kakhulu lophahla, apho, kunye nemveli, kwavela inani elikhulu labatsha- Izinto zegqabi zophahla . Masiqale ngesiqhelo kwaye saziwa I-Asbestos-cemetion spebrous , okanye, hayi indlela ebedla ngayo, isilayidi . Iphepha le-slanca leprofayile yesiqhelo linemilinganiselo ye-1.20.7m, ukuphakama kwemveliso yi-28mm. Ngoku ungathenga kwakhona i-Slateium Slate (ukuphakama kwe-40mm) kunye neProfayile ephezulu (51mm), kwaye ubungakanani bamaphepha abo ukusuka kwi-1,750.98m ukuya kwi-2.51.11m. "Intsha" entsha, epeyintiweyo yi-polymer upiets phots phosphate phosphate. Ikuvumela ukuba unike amakhaya imbono emihle ethe tyaba ngokuthelekiswa nophahla lwe-stal. Umsebenzi onesilayidi ulula kakhulu. Amashiti afakwa kwi-mvume kwaye aqhotyoshelwe ekutshekeni kwezipikili nge-gasket kwi-gasket evela kwizinto eziqengqelekayo. Xa ufaka uphahla lwe-slate, kuyacetyiswa ukuba wenze i-lining ye-pergamine okanye irabhasi. Kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uphahla lwe-slate luhlobo lweRussia kuphela kunye namazwe aseCIS, njengoko iphantsi kweYurophu ukuze ilwe ukusetyenziswa kwee-Asbestos ekwakhiweni.
Iphepha le-GOEE , egudileyo okanye egudileyo, kwaye evele kancinci Iphepha le-Aluminium ehleliweyo -Umbala oqinileyo kwaye ubuqhetseba obuthathaka obuthathaka. Ubungakanani bephepha kunye nokuphakama kwemveliso yahlulahlulwe ziintlobo ezinkulu. Ubomi benkonzo yophahla olunjalo lungaphezu kweminyaka engama-50, nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yeemeko ezingathandekiyo zokusingqongileyo, umzekelo, ukuntywila kwabo okukhawulezileyo kunokwenzeka.
Ukwenza uphahla lophahla lonyango lwaphesheya kunokusetyenziswa I-Copper Ribbon . Isebenzisa ubhedu ngobunyulu be-99.9% yokwenziwa kwayo. I-Tape Teations 0.6 okanye i-0.8 mm, kwaye ububanzi 0.67m. Ukufakwa kophahla olunjalo kufuna izakhono ezizodwa kunye nezixhobo. Ixesha elingaphezulu, ukuphahla kobheduzo mnyama mnyama kwanezakhiwo ezakhiweyo ezisandula ukwenziwa "kwi-noble staid ye-spaid".
Ngoku malunga nezinye, iindawo ezingaqhelekanga zePhepha I-Carqwedi yekhadibhodi ye-Slate . Masiqale ngamashiti eWavy "Onulin" (iFrance) kunye "ne-Ondura" (i-USA). Zenziwe ngekhadibhodi ye-sellsese i-bitume kwaye ipeyintiwe ngaphandle kweepeyinti ezikhethekileyo. Ubungakanani bamashiti alo malunga ne-21m. Zilula kunephepha lentsimbi okanye i-slaete, zineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi, kodwa zikhululekile emsebenzini, kodwa ukuqina kwazo ziphantsi kakhulu kuneso silayidi kwaye akugqithi kwiminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-30. Njengakwimeko yokusetyenziswa kwesilayidi esiqhelekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukwenza umaleko wamanzi ukusuka kwizinto zokuqengqeleka. Ukwakhiwa kophahla olunje kwiindawo ezinemozulu ebukhali yelizwe engacetyiswa.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imarike yaseRussia yavela kwaye yafumana isabelo I-tile yentsimbi. IsiFinnish, Sweden, isiJamani, ukuveliswa kwesiNgesi. La ngamaphepha anentsimbi ye-gamuninunges okanye i-aluminium, ahlelwe kwifom yophahla lwethayile. Ubungakanani bamashiti buxhomekeke kwinkampani yomenzi, umzekelo, i-tile yentsimbi yenkampani yenkampani i-rannila (eFinland) inemilinganiselo malunga ne-71m. Ukuphosa i-thambisa i-taints zensimbi ye-raccellaneneous propen poelvinyl chloride, polyester, izixhobo ze-polymer kunye ne-polymer kunye ne-70micron. Ngapha koko, zombini ubomi benkonzo kunye nexabiso likhula kakhulu ngokunyuka kobungqingqwa kunye nomgangatho womaleko wePolymer.
Inani leefemu zaseNtshona sele ziseke ukuveliswa kweethayile zensimbi eRussia, umzekelo, inkampani "yangqwayiswa yi-rannish", inkxaso ye-rannish rabarkki, ivelisa i-tile yensimbi evela kwiFinland. Umthamo wemveliso yaseRussia yi-10 ukuya kwi-20% yazo yonke ikhiloji yentsimbi ethengiswe yingqolowa eRussia.
I-theile yentsimbi kwitekhnoloji yaseSweden kunye ne-Finnish ivelisa i-Bkoko llp. I-Propeds Steeds ze-10modiations zinemikhwa yePlastal okanye i-polyester. Zihambelana neTU 5285-001-355330537-98 kunye neTU 41-19-007-89.
Ukususela esiphelweni sika-1990, i-Stavan-M (iRussia, poncolsk) kwizixhobo ezithengiweyo kwinkampani yase-Italian "I-Stam" ivelisa i-tile yentsimbi. Amaphepha ophahla aveliswa kwiimitha ezili-12 ubude kwaye unombala ohlukileyo. Inkampani ibonelela ngokupheleleyo ngezinto zezinto ezithengiswayo zemveliso yayo.
Enye into evelisa i-thebhile yentsimbi ethengiweyo kubavelisi baseNtshona, kwizinto ezenziwe ngenkampani yesiNgesi kunye neSweden - iNkampani yeShishini ". I-tile yentsimbi iveliswa uhlengahlengiso oluyi-8 olwahlukileyo kunye neeseti ezili-19. Imveliso iqinisekisiwe kwaye ihambelana neTU 5285-001-45859820-97.
Izixhobo ze-Svetopy Gaf Coaf Ukusuka kwi-polyvinyl chloride okanye i-polycarbonate. Ngaphandle kweminyaka ephantsi, malunga ne-10-15, ubomi benkonzo yophahla olunjalo, batsala iimpawu ezintsha zezisombululo zomyili.
Iqela elikhulu elilandelayo Seta okanye izixhobo zophahla . Eyona idumileyo neyenye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo, ngaphandle kweqonga, ikhonkco, eDuncan kunye ne-shingle, ummeli weli qela, i-ceiramic yethayile.
Uphahla lwethayile Benze ixesha elide kakhulu, baxhaphake kakhulu eYurophu naseAsia. Ithayile ye-ceraic ye-ceramic iqine, ubomi bayo bungaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100, okanye ukucoceka, kwaye uphahla ngokwabo luhle kakhulu. Kodwa, ukwenza uphahla lwethambekile, akufuneki ulibale ukuba ubunzima be-1m2 bheating yi-40-70kg kunye ne-"0kg kunye "nendlu yamakhadi" lophahla lwethayile alulunganga! Ngoku ungadibana nenani elikhulu leentlobo ze-ceramic (isiDatshi, iPayovaya, iMunch-Nunn (Monch-Monn), iFrank-Monn), iFrankfurt, njl.njl. Bahluke ngembonakalo, ubunzima, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngokwendlela yokulala. Ukuze sibeke ngokufanelekileyo i-tile, sidinga iingcali ezifanelekileyo.
Uhlobo lwanamhlanje lwe-tile le liye laba likhonkrithi okanye, njengoko lihlala libizwa njalo, Isanti yesanti . Isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngokucinezela itekhnoloji. Ukunika umbala kule teyi, yi-pigment (i-pigracric staing) iyaziswa okanye impatho yonyango yenziwa. Oku kunokutshiza ubume be-cement yesamente, ukugqiba okubhaliweyo, kubandakanya i-sprinkler yesanti enemibala kunye ne-roller emulsion kumhlaba otyunjiweyo kunye nenani lezinye. Iindidi eziphambili zeethayile: Roman, iVienna, i-alpine (iflethi). Umbala okhethekileyo-obomvu no-brown. Isamente enesingqala-sisanti asiqinisekanga, kwaye ezinye iiparameter zisondele kwi-ceramic. Ngoku unokufumana bobabini i-tile yekhonkrithi. Kukulula ngakumbi kune-ceramic, kodwa nangona kunjalo, akucetyiswa ukuyisebenzisa ukuze kuphahla.
I-tile yentsimbi (Ingenguye engenanto nge-tile yentsimbi) yiphepha lentsimbi le-ranvanited for the time-10.5 m nge-mineral groude kwi-acrylic kumphezulu. Ithayile evakalise i-ceramic. I-theyile yentsimbi yemveliso yaseRussia ngamaphepha ensimbi engaqhelekanga ngaphandle komhlobiso wangaphandle.
Kutshanje, eluphahleni lwezindlu zelizwe, unokubona ukuthutha kweethayile ezinqabileyo zobuninzi okanye ubume be-hexagonal-le yindawo ebizwa njalo Ithambile . Inomsekele we-fiberglass nge-bitumen isetyenziswe kuyo, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-I-ineral powder, i.e. Kwimo, iyafana nento ehlelwe eluphahleni. Ubungakanani be-tiles enjalo bumalunga ne-1m 300-40mm ngobukhulu be-3-40mm. Ibiyele i-brass yekhreyiti eqinileyo. Ukuqina komxholo onjalo kwenziwa zizikhonkwane kwaye ngenxa yokuzibulala ngokwakho kwe-tile, ene-50-60% yendawo iyonke. Kungcono ukusebenzisa iithayile ze-exander, njengoko zinomhlaba ozithandayo. Ungalibali ukuba kwimigangatho yokufakelwa kophahla kwiithayile ze-bitumer, kuyafuneka ukuba ufuna ukufunwa kwempahla ephantsi yophahla.
Enye, eya kusasazwa ngakumbi eCanada, e-Australia kwaye iqalisa ukungena eYurophu, umxholo ongeke wehlela kwimarike yaseRussia, luhlaselo oluphezulu lwe-polymer. Ukuveliswa kweethayile zethayile, kubandakanya iintsinga zenkuni, isamente kunye neplastiki. Ubomi benkonzo yezi zinto zidlula kwi-50.
Kwaye kwisiphelo malunga nezo zinto ziya kufuneka xa ufaka uphahla. Oku kunqunyanyiwe, amabikethi kunye neeplagi kubo, ii-fugs, imibhobho kunye neebakaki kwaye ziguqa ngemibhobho, i-eriyali kunye nezinye. Ixabiso lezinto linokuba yi-30-40% yeendleko zophahla.
Kunye nentetho enye. Ukuba uza kwenza uphahla kwizinto ezingenisiweyo, kunzima ukubala inani elifunekayo lezinto kunye nezixhobo ngokwakho. Inani leefemu ezikhethekileyo ekufakweni kwophahla zibonelela ngobalo lwekhompyuter lwenkqubo eyimfuneko yokuphahla izinto ezibonisiweyo ngokwemizobo ebonisiweyo.
Izinto eziphambili zophahla lwanamhlanje lwendawo yokuhlala yelizwe
| IGAMA LESIQINISEKISO SOKHUSELEKO, ILIZWE LEMITHETHO | Isixhobo | Uhlobo lophahla | Ubunzima be-1M2, kg | Ukuqina, iminyaka | Ixabiso 1m2. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-ruberoid (iRussia) | Ikhadibhodi, iBitumen, imizuzu. umgubo | Uqengqeleka | 3. | I-5-7 | I-2,5-5 i-rubles. |
| Uluhlu lwe-Asbestos Fiber / Slate / (iRussia) | Isamente yasePortland + i-asbest | Iphepha | 9.8. | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50 | ukusuka kwi-ruble ye-18. |
| Iflethi, i-wavy, enemibala "entsha" | ukusuka kwi-ruble ezingama-40. | ||||
| I-Gofrolist (iRussia) | Intsimbi | Iphepha | 5.0 | > 50. | Ukusuka kwi-ruble ezingama-25. |
| I-Gofrolist (iRussia) | I-aluminium | Iphepha | 2.5 | > 50. | Ukusuka kwii-ruble ezingama-20. |
| I-Popper Tape 0.6mm (poland) 0,8 mm | Ubhedu, i-99.9% | Iphepha | I-5,4. | > I-100. | ukusuka kwi- $ 25. |
| 7,2 | |||||
| Intsimbi ye-tile, rannila (Finland naseRussia-Finland) | I-Galvanimoted I-Steees Coyint evela kwi-polyester, polyurethane, plastisol | Iphepha | 4.5 | 30-50 | $ 10-20. |
| I-tile yentsimbi (iSweden) | I-Otink. Intsimbi ene-polyester idityaniswe, iPlastas, i-terra proel | Iphepha | 4.5 | 30-50 | $ 7-18. |
| I-tile yentsimbi "(i-stanov" (iRussia) | Intsimbi edityaniswe nge-polyester, iplasitis | Iphepha | Ntlanu | 30-50 | $ 12-14. |
| Amaphepha okuqala (iFinland) | I-Galvaniment yensimbi yokudibana kwe-polyester, iperapu okanye i-pvc | Iphepha | Ntlanu | 30-50 | $ 12.5-15 |
| I-Onulin (iFrance) | Ikhadibhodi ene-bitumes + ekhethekileyo | Iphepha | I-3,1 | 25-30 | Ukusuka kwi-6 yeedola. |
| I-Ondukor (iFrance) | I-PVC (svetopuskroky) | Iphepha | I-1,4. | I-10-15 | Ukusuka kwi- $ 15. |
| I-Ondura (i-USA) | Ikhadibhodi eseSelsulose enee-bitumes + ezizodwa | Iphepha | I-3,3. | I-15 ukuya ku-20. | Ukusuka kwi-6 yeedola. |
| I-teramic tile | Udongwe | Seta | 40-70 | I-100 | Ukusuka kwi-12 yeedola. |
| I-Tile (Finland) ikhonkrithi | Isamente, isanti ye-quartz, idayi | Seta | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50 | ||
| Ngasese | 38-43 | ukusuka kwi- $ 10. | |||
| umdaka | 40-45 | ukusuka kwi- $ 15. | |||
| Ikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi (iRussia) | Isamente, isanti ye-quartz, i-pigment | Seta | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50 | ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50 | ukusuka kwi-ruble ezingama-90. |
| Uphahla lwe-gile i-i-pile imposi (iFinland) | Isiseko se-fiberglass, bigume, imizuzu. umgubo | Seta | 9.8. | ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30. | $ 7.5-9,2 |
| I-Bardolin (iFrance) | Isiseko se-fiberglass, bigume, imizuzu. umgubo | Seta | 10 | ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30. | ukusuka kwi- $ 15. |
| I-Onulilin yase-US (iFrance) | Isiseko se-fiberglass, bigume, imizuzu. umgubo | Seta | 9.8. | ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30. | ukusuka kwi- $ 10. |
| Katepal (iFinland) Uphahla oluphambili lweTile | Isiseko se-fiberglass, bigume, imizuzu. umgubo | Seta | Sibhozo | ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30. | ukusuka kwi- $ 7.7 |
| I-Ondoustil (iFrance) I-tile yentsimbi | Intsimbi enesitya se-goad. gcwalisa i-acrylic binder | Seta | 8.75 | ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40. | ukusuka kwi- $ 20. |
| I-tile yentsimbi (iRussia) | Intsimbi | Seta | 5.5 | ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40. | ukusuka kwi-ruble ezingama-40. |