Imibhobho yePolymer: Umgangatho, ubushushu, iindidi zePolypropylene, izixhobo zokulinganisa zokuthandwa.
Izixhobo zokukhulisa i-cellco 
Enjani yona ukuba umntu uziva emehlweni eetanki zamanzi, ezantsi kwaye iindonga zigutyungelwe yi-mucus ekrokrisayo, ukukhula kwe-rust. Ngaphezu koko, ukujonga ukuhla kwala manzi kube yimakroskopu kwaye ukufumanise ubukho ngaphakathi akulunganga ngenxa yesisu sendoda kunye ne-faunada. Khawufane ucinge, ubonelela ngolwelo ukuba usele, ukuba ne-pre-ensulelo: ukongeza i-chlorine ukuya emanzini
Zonke ezi zinto zilapha ngasentla zibhekisa kwintsimbi yentsimbi okanye yombhobho wamanzi, apho kwakungekho sizukulwana sesinye sesayizi kwaye siqhubeka nokusela amanzi, ngokufuthi nangaphandle kokukhanya. Ngenxa yoko, oogqirha kunye nabasebenzi beli nqanaba leenkonzo zesiko bayaziwa kakhulu.
Ke, imeko yethemba? Zolile, yonke into ayilunganga njengoko kunokuba njalo. Kwangoko, ishumi leminyaka ukuya kwimarike yaseRussia ngenxa yezixhobo zokuzibandakanya kunye nezixhobo zokugcina amanzi zithatyathwe ziimpahla nezinto ezingenazixhobo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Abakhi banike itekhnoloji entsha yeTekhnoloji ye-Polythylene, i-fiberglass, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, ukusuka kwintsimbi-polymer yentsimbi. Viyul 1996. Iqhinga leCandelo loLwakhiwo lweRussian Federation lagqiba kwelokuba "Ukuhlola icandelo lokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho kwi-Polymeric Systions kwi-Pipes, eDibeneyo kwi-Polymeric izixhobo. Okwangoku, imigaqo emininzi isebenza eRussia, echaza ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yepoller kwinkqubo yokubonelela ngamanzi. (Igumbi lemithetho ye-SP-40-101, i-stip 2.04.01-85, sna 3.05.05-85, ch 478-80, njl. Njl.).
Umda wemibhobho, ukudibanisa kunye neenxalenye ezenziwe kwiindawo ze-polymeric zibanzi kakhulu. Siza kugxila kwingxaki yamanzi abandayo kunye ashushu, esona sisombululo sihle saso, ngokokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho, kukuvalwa kwemibhobho, kukuvalwa kwamanzi, i-polyproplene, i-polyviny ye-pheloviny, polybutene kunye ezinye izinto zePolymeric. Sele nyaka wonke kwihlabathi liphela, i-polypropylene iyonwabela ukuthembela kakuhle.
ERussia, iifemu ezininzi zangaphandle nezasekhaya zinikezelwa eRussia eRussia kwicandelo leMveliso kunye nokufakelwa kweenkqubo zobunjineli boncedo lwamanzi ezivela kwi-polymers. Ifuna ukuqinisa inkampani yaseJamani i-Auathermgbbyh, imibhobho yohlaza ivela kwi-EuroperPlene ifumaneka kwi-Europescone i-Italian eqinile. Iseti yezinto zonke ze-Itali. kwaye ufakelo kunye nezixhobo ze-welding ibonelela ngenkampani yaseTurkey Diznik, imibhobho yePolyProplene kunye neenxalenye ze-Grey Prey zinokuthengwa kwaye zifakwe endlwini ye-Russia ", yonke into eyimfuneko yokwakha imibhobho yamanzi ePolyproplene Ukubonelela ngeefemu ezimbini ze-moscow: "Ikkkk- imibhobho" kunye "mont".
Nangona kunjalo, ubunkokeli kwicandelo lokufakelwa kwemibhobho yamanzi ye-XXIVEK ukusuka kwimibhobho ye-polyproplene "iRanda Copolymer" i-Russia iqhutywa ngokuqinileyo kwiinkampani zasekhaya ziqhutywa ziiNPO ZE-NPOSTRALY kunye ne-GOBNILL NOKHUSELEKO LOLWAZI Iinkqubo zokubonelela kunye nentengiso yezixhobo ezivela kwiPolypropylene, kwaye uchithe umsebenzi omkhulu-wokuchitha umsebenzi olungiselelwe abasebenzi abafanelekileyo kwaye ukhuthaza itekhnoloji "yokwakha i-phepe" yenkulungwane yexesha elizayo.
I-Polypropylene yegama elinye leqela le-polymers, ezinye ezisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa. Inkqubo yemibhobho kunye nonxibelelwano zihlala zisetyenziswa kwezi ntlobo zilandelayo zePolypropylene:
- Chwetheza 1 (iphe-1) Isetyenziselwa ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokunikezelwa kwamanzi okubandayo, njengamanzi amdaka kunye nemibhobho yetekhnoloji.
- Uhlobo 3 (PP-3) okanye "umzobo ongacwangciswanga", i-PPPC yentengiso yePRPC. Imibhobho evela kuyo isetyenziswa zombini ukubanda kunye nokunikezelwa kwamanzi okushushu kunye nobushushu bamanzi angaphezulu kwe-70s.
- I-Grolllen 5216/34 Polypropylene, eyenziwe ngeHoechst, ibonakalisiwe njenge I-phph , imibhobho evela kuyo inobushushu obude ukuya kwi-95c kwaye inokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza.
ERussia, iPolyproplene PP-3 (i-PPRC) ifumene usasazo olukhulu kakhulu. Iphawuleka ngokuzinza okuphezulu kweepropathi, ngakumbi ukuxhathisa ukungqubana kunye nokuqhekeka kwamaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo. Ezi zixhobo azitshintshi iipropathi zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zamanzi. Umphezulu wangaphakathi wePPRC ususa uphuhliso lwe-bacteria kunye ne-microorganisms yefunga. Imibhobho yePolyProplene yanelise ezona mfuno ingqongileyo yanamhlanje.
I-Polyproplene Tube, ngokuchaseneyo ne-Metallic, ayiqokeleli i-Limes, ayingcolisi phantsi kwempembelelo yendawo yangaphandle, ayikholiswanga, inganyangeki, kwii-acids, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kumanzi okusela. Xa amanzi enkumba, i-pppc polyproplene yombhobho ayitshabalali. Izinto ezingenanto ezingenamsebenzi-e-electrong, kwaye akuthethwanga ukuba ziphantsi kwesenzo esonakalisayo semijelo yokubhabha kwaye yenziwa.
Inkunkuma xa ukufaka okanye imibhobho ye-polyproplene ayikho kwaphela. Isantya sale misebenzi ngokuthelekisa imibhobho yentsimbi ngamaxesha angama-2-4 ngaphezulu. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili kwendlela enjalo iphantsi: bamalunga nama-30% aphantsi kunentsimbi enesibetho se-galtani. IEto ngaphandle kokuthatha iindleko zomsebenzi!
Inkonzo yenkonzo eqinisekisiweyo yemibhobho ye-PPRC kwiinkqubo zamanzi ezibandayo ubuncinci iminyaka engama-50, kwiinkqubo zamanzi ashushu (kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphezulu kwe-70s)-ubuncinci iminyaka engama-25.
Ngamnye wethu uyazi ukuba yintoni ufakelo okanye ukutshintshwa kwenkqubo yempompo ukusuka kwimibhobho yensimbi. Oku ngabasebenzi abanobunzima kunye nokungakhuselekanga i-acetylenes, ukuqengqeleka kweendonga kunye nokugqobhoza, apho kuqalile khona umbhobho wentsimbi ye-bulky, akukho nto kwaye i-Woot xa ivuza i-Delings. Umzekelo, ufakelo lombhobho wamanzi omtsha ovela kumbhobho wensimbi yensimbi kwi-cottied ehlaziyiweyo ngabasebenzi abane bathatha iveki. Enye iveki yayisiya kulungisa iindonga ezaphukileyo kunye nokugqobhoza.
Kwaye ngoku khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womfanekiso. USuku lweSubbar kwiveranda yendlu phantsi kolwakhiwo iqhutywa "Zhulaguli" ngesitayile esiqinileyo sombhobho wekhephu ekhutshayo kwi-trunk ephezulu. Ukupakisha ngeplastiki kunye neenxalenye zokudibanisa, ukutshixa kunyanzeliswa, isantya kunye necala ngesixhobo sikhutshwe kwisiqu. Abafana ababini-ifakeli kwi-SHRORATA SPROROROOROOROORS yenza umthwalo ongagungqiyo egumbini. Isikere esikhethekileyo semibhobho sinqunywe ibe ziziqwenga zobude obufunayo. Emva kwesiqingatha seyure, ngokweprojekthi, baqala ukuqala kwiindawo ezihlanganisiweyo kwizakhiwo zetekhnoloji zangaphambi kwemingxunya yokusebenza ngaphambi kweendonga.
Kwiyure emva koko, yonke into ilungele ukuqhuba idylul ye-thermal (i-welding ngokwenza imibhobho. Iiveki zeveki ukusuka kumbhobho ophambili kumagumbi kufuneka zirhoxiswe kwizindlu zangasese, igumbi lokuhlambela, ekhitshini, kwigaraji, kwigaraji. Emva kokuphumla ngeyure, abasebenzi basusa izixhobo zombane ezikhethekileyo ezivela kwityala, elivumela ukuba uchetywe kumphezulu weenxalenye ze-Polyproplenes kwi-260c. Iintloko ezimbini ezityelweyo ezityelweyo kunye nemikhono kunye ne-dorms ngobungakanani bamacandelo e-weldar banomdla kwisixhobo sokufudumeza.
Iindawo ezixineneyo ziyindawo yokugcuma nge-tamppon, ityhafile ngotywala. Emva koko, umbhobho ufakwe kwindawo yemikhono, kwaye i-tee iqhotyoshelwe kwintloko ye-welding, apho ishushu imizuzwana embalwa (ixesha lexesha lixhomekeke kububanzi beemveliso kunye ne-5 ukuya kwimizuzwana engama-40), emva koko umbhobho ufakwe kwi-tee ukuya kubunzulu obuphawulwe ngepensile yangaphambi kwepensile. Unxibelelwano lwe-thermal luhlala isiqingatha somzuzu (wombhobho omncinci, ixesha lexesha lisemfutshane), ngenxa yoko, iimveliso zikwinqanaba le-molecular i-monolithic inani elipheleleyo le-monolithic. Ukusebenza okufanayo kwenziwa ukudibanisa elinye icandelo kwaye xa uvelisa ukusika kwepayile.
I-welding ithatha malunga neeyure ezimbini. Iindlela zokwakha zifuna ixesha elingakumbi. Ukungenela komsebenzi kwenzeka isidingo sokudibanisa i-polyproplene inkuthazo kumbhobho wensimbi yokunikezelwa kwamanzi. Ukwenza oku, ukuqhuba kunqunyulwa kumbhobho wentsimbi kunye noqhagamshelo lombhobho kunqunyulwa usebenzisa i-adaptha ekhethekileyo (iPolyproplene), i-valve ye-polyproplene), i-fitlings ifakwe ngendlela efanayo.
Ekupheleni kosuku lokusebenza, amanzi anikwa ukuphakama. Umnini kunye ne-Foreman uyadlula endlwini: hayi ukuvuza okukodwa! Ngokwemvumelwano, umsebenzi uthathwa ukuba wenziwe. Unxibelelwano lonyaka, inkampani iphantsi kwenkonzo yasimahla yesahlulo senkqubo esekwe ziingcali zayo.
Kwinqanaba elidumileyo emva kwemibhobho yePolyproplene, i-Polyvinyl Chrindede (PVC) kunye ne-tholoriny ye-pheclorinyl chlorinyl chloriny ye-pheclorinyl (CPVC) iyalandelwa. Uvulindlela kwicandelo lokudala iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi kunye nokufudumeza kwezi zixhobo yinkxalabo yaseMelika yi-Niibco, eyakhe iimveliso zifumana ukusetyenziswa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zaseRussia. Iinkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba ziintyatyambo kwaye ukuhambahamba kuvavanywa ngempumelelo kwi-US kangangeminyaka engama-30. Ngokwezalathi ze-PVC kunye ne-CPVC, zihlala zifana kwi-PPRC-3 kunye nePRCOR 5216/34 POLYPROPLEne (PFP). Imibhobho ye-onno pvc yahlukile kwezinye iipropathi zomlilo ophezulu: Iqondo lobushushu le-bilinya eline-celyviny lingaphezulu kwe-433C, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho kwezi zixhobo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima iinkqubo zokucima ukucima iinkqubo zokumiswa kwemililo. Iinkqubo zokufubela i-pilorinyl ze-pilorinyl ze-piloriny ze-piloridas zivumelekile ukusebenzisa i-35% yesisombululo se-solol. Okokugqibela, bayamelana neziphumo zoomatshini kunePolypropylene. Ixabiso lemibhobho ye-pilorinyl ye-chloriny ye-chloride iphantsi kune-teel ibin.
Imibhobho yefibho ye-fiberglass iba sisidleleki esibi kakhulu kwimibhobho yentsimbi. Bayakwazi ukumelana kakhulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 ye-ATMOSPHERs), ukuxhaphaza ubushushu kwaye kuxhathise amanzi ashushu. Banokwazi ukuzibuyisela iziqu zabo, kwiimeko ezithile zinokufakwa kwikhonkrithi. Ixabiso lemibhobho ye-fiberglass lingaphezulu, kodwa ubomi babo benkonzo bungaphezulu kwamaxesha ama-3-5.
Kutshanje, imibhobho evela kwi-Polythylene enqamlezileyo (i-Polythylene) eveliswe yinkxalabo yeSweden Wilbo kunye nenkampani yaseJamani iRetau ivele kwimarike yaseRussia. Iphawuleka ngokuguquguqukayo (imibhobho inokugobo nakweyiphi na i-angle), ukumelana neqanda, ukumelana neAntiysony, okuhlala kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza endaweni yamanzi. Iqondo lokushisa lokusebenza lenkqubo yeSweden-5 (imo yemowudi eyangelwe phantsi ukuya kwi-110 ° C), uxinzelelo olusebenzayo luye kwi-10thMOSPRORDRORRORRORRORRORRORRORDORCRALER kunye ne-15ATEMPROLPRALPRALIS kunye nemodi yexesha elifutshane). Ukufakelwa kwenziwa sisixhobo sesandla ngaphandle kokuthandiswa, i-welding kunye nokuthengiswa, okulungele intsimi. I-Polythylene i-Polythylene inememori yemolekyuli: Ukufakwa kombhobho wokuzivavanya "kwi-probles ukusuka kubhedu, ukwakha imbangi, amandla ayo, ngaphantsi kwamandla e-pipe uqobo. Ixabiso lemibhobho evela kwi-polyethylene liphezulu kunentsimbi yentsimbi, kodwa ubomi benkonzo nge-3 bukhulu kakhulu.
I-Raisin Ukuphelisa i-Rehau- Systems isebenzisa i-ergonomic ibhokisi yokufakwa kwe-heating kunye neenethiwekhi zombane. Kule meko, ibhokisi ye-wiring yombane ye-wiring yebhokisi ihlala ihlala ihleli i-hermetic, iqondo lobushushu kuyo alidluli kwi-30s.
Kwiinkqubo ezibandayo kunye namanzi ashushu kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza, imibhobho eyenziwe ngePolybutene kunye ne-Livinylidene fluoride eveliswe yi-Swiss Card Inkampani ye-Swissor inakho. Bahlula-hlulwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-top) yeqondo lobushushu kunye nokuchasana kweekhemikhali, ezimiselweyo ezimiselweyo zokusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zemibhobho yobugcisa, nakwiiparamitha zobushushu ezinamandla. Imibhobho enjalo, nangona kunjalo, ibiza kakhulu kunazo zonke ezi zinto zingasentla. Inkqubo yenxalenye yabo ifuna uqeqesho olukhethekileyo.
Ngokuvela kweTekhnoloji entsha, iNkcubeko yokuzibamba, eyayinxulumene ngokwesiko malunga nokwazi kwabemi nge-plumper enxilayo kwingcali emdaka. Namhlanje, bathatyathelwa indawo ngabantu abakrelekrele, ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngesazela sakwenza umsebenzi wabo ngokungqongqo kumaxabiso enkampani.
Abahleli bebulela umlawuli weziko loqeqesho lwe-NGO "i-stroypolimeter" v.S. Mareyko kunye neengcali zeDamen LLP yokubonisana kwinkqubo yokufaka kunye nokulungiselela inqaku.