Uphahla kunye nobuqhetseba: Ukuhlelwa, imigaqo yesakhiwo, imigaqo yokukhetha enye okanye olunye uhlobo lophahla lwendlu. Uphahla lophahla olugcweleyo.
Siyaqhubeka nomjikelo wamanqaku anikezelwe ekwakhiweni kwendlu yelizwe labucala. Basebenzise inani lethu lephephancwadi kwimagazini yethu malunga nokukhetha iprojekthi, iziseko, iindonga kunye nokugqobhoza. Ngoku makhe sithethe ngophahla.
Ekugqibeleni, iindonga zeNdlu zakhiwe, zabekwa iiglasi, lixesha lokukhawulezisa kwaye wakhe uphahla. Kuyimfuneko ukukhusela indlu ukuba ungaphezulu, ukunyibilikisa amanzi, ukuguquguquka okubukhali kwiqondo lokushisa, umoya, ukuqaqanjelwa kwelanga, ukusuka kwilahleko yobusika. Ukwakhiwa, ukufaka izakhiwo ezingentla, uninzi lweentlobo ezimbini:
- shuty okanye Ayihambelani;
iflethi okanye I-begcane apho uphahla kunye ne-otlap ye-atlap edityanisiweyo (ebizwa ngokuba yimali edibeneyo). Elokugqibela iququzelelene nesakhiwo esitshatileyo (umzekelo, imiqadi okanye yaqinisa izilayidi zekhonkrithi ezisebenza ngaxeshanye ukwenza umsebenzi wophahla) kunye nekhaphethi ye-intembeko yamanzi.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-themospication yobuqhetseba, uphahla luhlala lusenza ithambeka. Kuxhomekeka kwimfuno yoyilo lwendlela yokudibana kubandakanya enye into yokufakelwa kwe-vapor kunye ne-field field. Iflethi Ingubo yokunxiba esetyenziswa ngokubanzi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwakhiweni kweendawo zokuhlala ezininzi kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, kwizakhiwo zeenjongo zemveliso nezolimo. I-Loomes yohlobo lwe-cottage kwinkonzo yasekhaya zinqabile kakhulu. Ewe kunjalo, kukho uphahla lwenqwelomoya kunye ne-curvilinear, ubume obutshintsho, umzekelo kwiPoolis, indawo yokuzivocavoca kunye nemifanekiso yemiboniso.
Kwizindlu zenkanqa, njengommiselo, faka isicelo Ayihambelani okanye Phahla . Ziqulathe icala eliphezulu (iqokobhe), ebizwa ngokuba yi-phall, isiseko (i-crate okanye kumgangatho oqinileyo), oxhasa udonga oluthe ngqo, kunye neendonga zangaphandle nezo zangaphakathi.
Uphahla kufuneka lwenziwe kwizinto ezinokubangela ukuntywila ngokungxama kunye nexesha elide, xhathise amachaphaza amaqondo obushushu, izinto ezinobukrakra zikwimozulu engaphantsi kosulelo. Uphahla lungaphezulu kwezinye izinto zeNdlu, kwaye iindleko zokulungiswa kwabo kunye nokulungiswa zibonakalisiwe kakhulu kwiindleko zomsebenzi wendlu yonke. Ke ngoko, imizobo yophahla kufuneka ibe nokuqina kunye nokuqina, kuyahambelana neklasi yokwakha. Iindidi eziphambili kunye neentlobo zophahla ezigxunyelweyo, iinxalenye zazo, amagama kunye nendawo ziboniswa kwimizobo.
Ukunciphisa iindleko zokwakha zophahla kunye nokuncitshiswa kwexesha lokwakha, imisebenzi emininzi yemveliso yawo ifuna ukudluliselwa kwizityalo, sebenzisa izixhobo ezandisiweyo. Ukongeza kumthwalo ongapheliyo ovela kwisisindo sayo, uyilo lophahla kufuneka luyenze imithwalo yethutyana: Ikhasi lekhephu (umthwalo wekhephu kwibhendi ephakathi yaseRussia ukusuka kwi-70 ukuya kwi-200kg / M2 ukupapashwa kwe-Russia ukusuka kwi-70 ukuya kwi-200kg / M2 ukupapashwa kwe-Russia ukusuka kwi-70 ukuya kwi-200kG / M2 ukupapashwa komgangatho); Ingcinezelo yomoya, egudisayo, necala elirhabaxa. Ukuhlasela uphahla kufuneka luye kuthatha imithwalo ekusebenzeni (ukulungisa, ukucoca ikhephu kunye nabanye).
I-Attic (i-scacky) uphahla lubandakanya iiplani ezifuthelelweyo, uphahla oluhleliweyo. Ubukhulu becala thambeka luxhomekeke kwisicwangciso, ububanzi bendawo yokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, ukusuka kwizinto zophahla, ukusuka kwiimeko zemozulu zemozulu.
Kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-quands yophahla, idome, iintente kunye nabanye yayiyinto entle yoyilo lwaseRussia. Kwanele ukukhumbula ii-runes, iicawe, amaMedic Medowers, nakwizikhululo zikaloliwe, umzekelo, uLeningrad eMoscow.
Uphahla lutyhila i-silhouette yendlu ye-cottage, ngokungathi sisithsaba, inika inkangeleko egqityiweyo kunye nokubonisana kwisisombululo sezolimo soyilo. Yena, njengesigqoko esihle, esigqibezela kwaye adla ngokuchaza umfanekiso wendoda yefashoni.
Ndingathanda ukuba nethemba lokuba kulwakhiwo lwezindlu zale mihla, xa imvuselelo yoyilo yabucala sele iqalile, kwiiprojekthi ezintsha kunye nezakhiwo zokubonakalisa ukuba uphando lophahla ziya kuhlawulwa ngakumbi.
Xa iphuhlisa indlela ye-cottage yefom yendlela yophahla, ingqalelo enkulu kufuneka ihlawulwe, kubandakanya nomtsalane wayo wangaphandle.
Kwangelo xesha, akufuneki kuvunyelwe kwaye kuchazwe kakhulu kophahla lophahla, olungaphezulu, ngaphandle kokongeza ubuhle kwiNdlu, kubize isisombululo esakhayo, kuyabiza kwaye kulungiswe. Inokukhokelela ekumiselweni kweengxowa zekhephu ezinkulu eluphahleni kwaye ngenxa yokuvuza.
Ukukhetha eluphahleni kubonisa iidigri ngokubhekisele kumphezulu othe tye, umzekelo, 27, 45 okanye ipesenti. Ingubo yokunxiba e-Beas ene-bias yophahla ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3-5% ibizwa ngokuba yiFlet. Ngamanye amaxesha zakhiwe ngaphezulu kwako konke, kubandakanya ikhaya elinamagumbi amaninzi, ikhaya okanye ngaphezulu kwenxalenye yayo eyahlukileyo. Uphahla olunjalo lunokusetyenziswa phantsi kweetayile, ezemidlalo, iindawo zokudlala, igadi, njalo njalo. Umzekelo msebenzi kunokuba kuphahla isakhiwo odumileyo zokuhlala zakhiwa e Marseille phezu zeprojekthi wezakhiwo Le Corbusier (babizwa ngokuba "indlu unyulu"). Phezu kophahla lwayo kukho iintlobo ezintle kunye neendawo zokudlala, indawo "yomgangatho" phantsi "kunye ne-chapel.
Xa ukhetha ubume bophahla, kuya kufuneka unike ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwithuba lokukhawuleza kunye nokuhamba kwemvula kwaye kunyibilike amanzi. Ukunciphisa imithwalo yekhephu (ukongeza, umthwalo oqhelekileyo wekhephu ungaphezulu kwe-100kg / m2) nge-rosas ene-rosas yekhephu enesilayidi esine-schessies esine-stas engaphezulu kwe-30. Iintonga ezigqunywe eluphahleni ukuba ne-bias 30, ekubeni inesitokhwe somoya, ikhephu livuthulwa ngumoya, lidluliselwa kwihashe kunye nediphozithi kwi-scat ye-scat. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhelana neeprojekthi zezindlu zekhathuni zibonisa ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi, eluphahleni, ngelishwa, zine-30 (mhlawumbi kube lula ukuzoba emalahleni). Phezu kophahla, amathambeka ayo akhulu okanye angaphantsi kwe-30, isixa sekhephu siya kuba ngaphantsi, kuba i-staide inamathambeka, umzekelo, apho umoya ulele ngokulula. Ifanele ikhunjulwe ukuba ukuba imithi ephezulu iyakukhusela umoya kukhula kufutshane ne-cottage, iikopi ezibalulekileyo zekhephu zenziwa eluphahleni.
Ikhephu elilele eluphahleni lithatha phantsi kwempembelelo yobufudumelo, kubandakanya ukungena ezantsi kuphahla, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ityibilika emanzini. Amanzi, amabala eluphahleni olufudumeleyo, akhulula kwi-senk ebandayo yophahla kwaye ayenza i-icicles kunye nee-icicles. Ukunciphisa ukuwa kwekhephu kunye nokuqulunqwa kwee-icicles, kunye nokuzimisela kwi-attic, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukufunyanwa kwe-attic ye-atlap ye-atlap ethembekileyo ngokudibeneyo kunye nokuqina okukhulu. Ukuthwala (ukungena kwendalo) ukubonelela ngemingxunya ekhethekileyo phantsi kweCornice nakwiirds zophahla, kunye nokuva kweefestile, iifreyini kunye ne-nipirs yophahla. Iifestile zivaliwe ngezitshisi, zikhanyiselwe okanye zine-hits "ezibonakala kakuhle", zenza ukuba kunzima ukufaka amanzi emvula.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubume bophahla lwevolumu ephambili ye-cottage Phinda kabini . Isiphelo sayo sinokuphela ngodonga lwezitena elithe nkqo lonxantathu we-triangling ngeCornice ecaleni komphetho ophezulu kunye nebhanti ezantsi, oko kukuthi, ukusombulula ngendlela ngaphambili. Ewe kona, hayi i-classic, enje, ngaphezulu kweekholamu zemidlalo yeBolshoi eMoscow okanye itempile yeParfen eAthens, kodwa zibonisa kakhulu, ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo. Ukugqitywa kodonga oluphezulu kukuvumela ukuba unike ukukhanya kwendalo elungileyo kunye nokungena ngaphakathi kwi-ATTAT, kwaye wenze ukwakhiwa kwe-attic, kwaye kwenza ukwakhiwa kweyunifomu ebonakalayo, nangona kuvela ukunyuka komthamo wezitena.
Enye inguqulelo yendlela yokwakhiwa kophahla kwidonga lokuphela Isisombululo seValm , oko kukuthi, ngeSksikhi ePhambili ye-triangrar. Uphahla lwe-bartal, lugqityiwe ngeenyawo zombini, ibizwa ngokuba yiWalmova. Inciphisa kancinci ivolumu ye-Brick Mattic Attic, kodwa ukwakhiwa kweRafter kunzima, imilenze ye-diagonal ivele. Ngamanye amaxesha, umzekelo, ngesicwangciso soyilo, isiphelo sokugqibela sinqunyulwe ziphela ziziphelo zophahla lomqolo, kodwa ngaphezulu kwenxalenye ephezulu okanye engaphantsi. Kule meko, isiphelo esingaphelelanga sibizwa ngokuba sisiqingatha esinenwele, eluphahleni sisiseko.
Ukuphakama kwe-Attic kumiselwa bububanzi bendlu, ithambeka, ukwakhiwa kophahla kunye nemfuno yokubonelela nge-1.6 m kwigumbi lonke. Kubalulekile ukulandelela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphakama kwe-attic kwiindawo eziphantsi, kwiindonga ezingaphandle, bekungaphezulu kwe-0.4 m ukusuka phezulu kwi-atlat ye-Auert. Le yimfuno eyimfuneko yokuhlolwa kwamaxesha ngamaxesha kunye nokulungiswa kwamacandelo asezantsi omqadi, ezona zinto ziphantsi komhlaba, ukukhulula, ukunyathela, kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo. Qaphela ukuba uphahla oluphezulu lungaphezulu kunobunzima bekhephu, kukuvumela ukuba usebenzise indawo ye-Attic ngokufanelekileyo.
Isakhiwo esixhasayo sophahla lwe-attic ngophahla oluvela kwiziqwengana
Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "rafres oguqula" kwaye iqulethe uninzi lwezindlu ze-cottied kwizinto ezenziwe ngomthi ezimele ukuba zibuyekeze kwaye zifakwe ngeflethi. Imilenze ye-stroppul, njl njl, oko kukuthi, imivalo (yongezwa ngobungqingqwa be-50, 100 kunye ne-120, i-120, i-180, 200mm) ifakwe kwi-angle ilingana nophahla lophahla , kwaye zisekwe kwisiphelo esisezantsi kwiMauerlae, kunye ne-rive-pering. I-Mauerlats ixhasa imivalo ethe tyaba (i-100100, i-150150m), yangena kwi-Bell ye-Bell (yokufakelwa komthi ovela ematyeni) kwimigca ye-attic, kwaye isasaza umthwalo kwi-stropilin ngokulinganayo udonga. I-Interpemed (50100, i-50150mm) ithethwe kwii-racks (100100, i-1000150mm), kwi-soot okanye kwimo enxantathu, i-sump etyekileyo. Izikimu ezakhayo, ukusika kunye nezicwangciso onokuzibona kwimifanekiso. Ukonyusa i-rigidity kunye nokuzinza, i-raftited phakathi kweedraini kwaye ibaleka kwisikhokelo sexesha elide sisetwa kweminye imisongo. I-engile phakathi kwe-rack kunye nesandi kufuneka zingabi ngaphezu kwe-45.
Ii-racks zifakwe kwiindonga zangaphakathi rhoqo kwi-3-4m, ngelixa ziphantsi kweeracks, ezivenkileni ezivela kwiibhodi (zakhanyisiwe) kuphela. Imilenze yerali ifakwe yonke i-0.8-2.0 m, kuxhomekeke kwicandelo labo lokuwela, ukuphahla kunye nezinye iimeko. Iziphelo ezisezantsi ze-rafter ye-rafter yedwa ngaphandle kokuba ifakwe eludongeni ngamajelo ajijekileyo ukukhusela uphahla ukusuka ekuqulunweni okufanelekileyo ngomoya onamandla. I-twist ilungiswe yi-crutch okanye i-ERS, ifumene amanqaku kwi-seam ye-mandry nge-250-300mm ngaphantsi kweMaurolal.
Kwisixhobo sezithombe, ukuphahla kunye nokugcina ibar enkulu, isiphelo esisezantsi somlenze ophantsi siyanda ngeebhodi ezimfutshane (40120, i-50100mm), ekwalula ukutsiba ngaphezulu kwesitena. Ukusekwa kwe-valm yezindlu ezibanzi, imilenze ye-diagonal ye-diayine ilungiselelwe, kwaye ecaleni komqala rhabaxa (izitoli). Ukuthintelwa kwezinto kwiindawo zokuhamba kwamaplanga kwenziwa ngamacweqa, izikhonkwane okanye iibhotile.
Kwiinyawo zereyitha, izipikili zithumela ikhreyithi, equka i-curnial beevalo (i-5050mm), ifikelela kwiBhodi yophahla, ngokuxhomekeka kwindawo eqinileyo ebhodini, i-50200mm Imibhobho yokusika, sktate. Izixhobo zophahla zibekwe kwikhreyithi (isithuthi sephaneli eqingqiweyo) kunye netrim.
Ukongeza kwi-rafters yokutshiza kwamaplanga, kukho ukwakhiwa okufanayo ukusuka kwikhonkrithi. Iindlela zokwenyama zangaphambili kwaye zomeleza iingcambu zekhonkrithi zenziwa kwiifektri ezivela kwizinto ezazizwayo eziqokelelwa kwindawo enye, enciphisa kakhulu ubunzima bokwakha. Kwiimeko apho ii-rafters zisekwe kwiindonga ezimbini zangaphandle (ukuba akukho zixhobo eziphakathi), zibizwa ngokuba zixhonywe kwaye ziluhlobo lweefama ezilula (ukuba ikhona) yi-Attraic.
Kwimihlambi yokuxhoma, kunye neenqwelomoya ngaphezulu kwe-6m phakathi kweziphelo eziphezulu ze-rafter, umakhulu onqunyanyisiweyo (amaplanga athe nkqo icinezelwe. Ukwenzela ukuphepha uyilo lolwakhiwo kwisiphelo esisezantsi sikamakhulu, ukuqiniswa okuthe nkqo kunye nokuqhuba okuxhasayo imiqadi ye-otlap ye-atlap inqunyanyisiwe kusetyenziswa i-strip clomp. Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-12m kuyilo, i-rafter yaziswa ngempompo enciphisa ubude beenyawo ezibaliwe.
I-Attic ephezulu inokusetyenziselwa isixhobo kuyo yezakhiwo zokuhlala ezibizwa ngokuba luhlobo lwe-ATTAT. Igumbi leMannard, eligama linguMyiki we-French xviv. UFrancois Mazar, owaqalisa ukuziqhelanisa phantsi kwezindlu ezinamachaphaza aphezulu okuphepha uphahla lwe-gothsi olwenziwe ngaphambili. Ngelishwa, i-attic ye-attic yayixhaphake kwihlabathi liphela.
Uphahla lwe-attic luhlobo lophahla lwe-upplex. Ukusetyenziswa Ngokubanzi, indawo ye-attic ihlala yenziwa ngesidlo sakusasa kwicandelo lenqamlezweni. Elo yinxalenye yophahla, oluyinxalenye yeendonga zegumbi lendawo yegumbi le-Attic, iyimfuneko, ngokungafaniyo nophahla olubandayo, ukufakelwa. Izaphulelo zophahla zahlulahlula ilungu le-rods kunye neendawo ezibandayo ezivela ezantsi. Ngokudibeneyo, ukuqhekeka kweeqhekeza kubekwa apho ukupeyinta uphahla lophahla lwe-attic kunye nokwakha imilo elula ngokuqina kuyakhululeka. Ukunyusa isisombululo somhlaba we-attic lophahla ngokufanayo kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngasentla.
Uphahla lophahla oluqhelekileyo
Izixhobo ezahlukileyo zophahla zifaka isicelo sokuphahlatha ethathela ingqalelo isisombululo sobutyebi sesakhiwo sesakhiwo, ukuqina kwawo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ke, kwiigaraji kunye nezidlelayo, kusengqiqweni ukusebenzisa uphahla ngophahla oluncinci ovela ngaphambili.
Itheyibhile ibonisa ithambeka eliqikelelweyo eluphahleni eluphahleni ophahla ngokuxhomekeka kwinani leendawo, amatywina, aqinile kwikhreyithi, isiseko kunye neempawu.
Uphahla lwethayile yenye yezona zinto zakudala. Kuyandiqinisile, ukhuselekile ngomlilo, ayifuni ukulungiswa rhoqo nokupeyinta. I-cottage enophahla lwethambekile, idongwe litshisiwe okanye isanti, ijongeka inomtsalane kwaye inesityebi ngakumbi kwaye inesityebi, kunye nenkonzo yenkonzo yophahla olunjalo ngaphandle kwe-Trushaul ingaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100. Qaphela ukuba ityhubhu yesanti yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo zokuhlala eziphakamileyo zokunyuka, umzekelo, kwiSithili saseMoscow saseMitno.
Iindidi eziphambili zethayile ezibiweyo (ngokulula kwifom, ixabiso eliphantsi) kunye ne-Groove.
I-ribbon yethayile -Ngaba yimilinganiselo ye-36515mm, okanye i-400220mm, enezantsi kwe-spike yokubhatala ngekhreyithi. Ukuthintela ukuvuza, mazibekwe kwimigca emibini yokugqobhoza ngokupheleleyo kwemithungo. Oku kukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwempahla yezinto, ezinomzimba omkhulu kwi-60-80kg / m2, yinto engenasixhobo esibonakalayo sophahla olunjalo. Kuyafana nolo lophahla olungentla luphahla oluvela kwi-Asbestos ye-Asbestos-cents kunye ne-eatitis kunye ne-slate.
I-tile Ine-grooves ecaleni kwemiphetho ye-roove, kukho ne-eyelet (tide kunye nomngxunya we-wire) kunye ne-Commacking Spolls, ukubonelela ngokudibeneyo. Ke ngoko, i-Gile i-Gile ibekwe kungqimba olunye. Ngomqolo (ubunzima obumalunga ne-40kg / m2), ukwenzela ukwehla umoya, kubotshwe ngesitovu kwizipikili kwi-curte. Emva kweenyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 emva kokuzimisela uphahla, xa lifakwe ngaphakathi, ngaphakathi kweSlot, iGroove sisisombululo se-Groin. Ihashe kunye neembambo zeesikethe zigqunywe ziithayile ezikhethekileyo. I-Insunce yeSixhobo sokudibana, sokukhusela ii-pipes, iiwindows eziphicothiweyo, ii-culls ze-doageage ifakwe ngamaphepha ophahla.
Uphahla lwe-wavy mabekitic sheet , isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngokwakhiwa okuphakathi, kubandakanya amaphepha eprofayile yesiqhelo kwaye aphuculwe. Amaphepha obukhulu obuqhelekileyo lweprofayile ye-12008005.5mm enobunzima obuyi-9KG bafakwe kwikhreyithi yeebhodi kunye nemivalo (5050mm), kwaye umqolo ngamnye we-odrines ubuncinci. Uphahla lwamaphepha amakhulu eprofayile eqinileyo (1750 no-200010006-8mm) bubekwe kwimivalo ye-cratete eqinileyo, okanye kwicandelo le-MM, okanye kwicandelo eliqinileyo. Amaphepha akhuselweyo akhawulezisa ukuveliswa kwemveliso yophahla, ukwenza iziqwengana ezingaphantsi, ukusebenza ngakumbi.
Amashiti eWavy abeke umqolo ophezulu wamashiti ogqunywe ngezantsi kwi-120-200mm. I-steeper i-slope, incinci kakhulu. Amaphepha adibeneyo amashiti kumacala athile aqinisekiswe kukubethwa kwawo nge-wave (i-150mm).
Uhlobo lophahla, iimbambo kunye neeflips zenziwa kusetyenziswa i-iron yentsimbi. Amaphepha kufuneka aqhotyoshelwe kwizikrelemnqa zebali okanye izikhonkwane ezinemitya ebanzi kunye neheher.
Uphahla oluvela kwizinto eziqengqeliweyo Kukho i-bimouminous (iRubberoid) kunye nokukhulisa (kuphela kunye ne-derivenitives yayo). Kuya kufuneka basetyenziswe ikakhulu kwizakhiwo zoqoqosho, ezinje ngegaraji, kunye nethambeka elincinci lophahla, kuba i-bitume, i-bin, i-resin, i-reastic) phantsi kwempembelelo yokuhamba kobushushu kancinci. Uphahla oluqengqelekayo lunamandla amancinci ngoomatshini, kodwa baphumelele i-thermac ephantsi, banolwazi olusezantsi, bakhululekile ekwakhiweni, banokufakwa imibala ngenxa ye-mumilbus, icofiwe kwi-bimoudes. I-pubs eqengqelekayo kwisamente enzima kwaye egudileyo, ikhonkrithi okanye iplanga (yeengqukuva ezimbini zeBhodi zajika nganye nganye nge-30-45) isiseko. Ifanele iqonde ukuba ngomahluko omncinci kwixabiso lophahla lwamafutha lifuna ukuba umsebenzi alo nisondele kwisixhobo salo, kunye ne-rabberoid, kodwa kwangaphezulu kwaye akukho ngaphezulu kwe Iminyaka engama-30.
Emini ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi, i-Rungneroid okanye isixhobo kufuneka singene, sike iziqwenga kubude besikelo, ukongeza i-250mm kwihashe kunye neCornice. Emva koko, i-spatula, ibrashi eqinileyo, okanye i-kerosene, icoce icala elingaphantsi, kwaye liyinto engaphandle kwe-talc, kwaye isuka ngaphandle ukuze icofe ummiselo wephepha elikufuphi ne-100mm.
Uphahla lwentsimbi Yenza isondo esikhulu sentsimbi eluphahleni (somelela ngakumbi) kunye ne-no-zulc (emnyama) enobunzima obuyi-3.5-6.5kg / i-Steel, i-Steel, i-Doural Waly Amaphepha athile aqholiweyo (umzekelo, kwitempile efumanekayo kaKristu uMsindisi eMoscow). Uphahla lwentsimbi zezona zibiza kakhulu, zifuna izixhobo ezizodwa kunye nabasebenzi abafanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, kwintshukumo yangoku, amaphepha acetyiswayo ayacetyiswa ukuba asetyenziswe kuphela eluphahleni lwentsokothi, kwisixhobo seCornice Shing, i-rash, i-rash, imibhobho yomoya, iWindows, njalo njalo. Amashiti ane-zinc i-chinc kumacala omabini, ububanzi bamashiti - i-710, ubude, i-1420, ubuncwane ukusuka kwi-1 mm. Amashiti abekwe kwi-crati ye-witsen (5050mm), ingenakwenzeka kwiRafalines. Kumda wophahla, luye lwenziwa ngeplanga elizimeleyo kwiiplanga ububanzi obungama-700mm, nakwisikweri kunye neebhotile zophahla - iibhodi ezimbini. Amaphepha ophahla aqhagamshelani kunye nolunye uhlobo olubizwa ngokuba ziizongezelelo, ezithe tyaba, ukuxoka, ngaphesheya kweskati (ukuze amanzi ahambe lula) kwaye eme kwiskati. Ukuwa kwamashiti kumiselwa ngabaculi abavela kwimitya yentsimbi enesinyithi kufutshane nokuma emva kwe-500-700mm. I-Outlet Sve igcinwa zii-trutches zensimbi eziqhotyoshelwe zizikhonkwane kwikhreyithi.
Xa isixhobo sesinyithi singcono ukwenza ikhreyithi eqinileyo yeebhodi ezine-gasket kwi-Pergamine. Elo nyathelo lokuthintela okubi kakhulu kukubiza kakhulu, kodwa kukhusela icala elisezantsi lamaphepha esisinyithi ukusuka kusosu ukusuka kusongela ubomi benkonzo ngamaxesha ama-2-3.
Uphahla lwamaphepha angachithwanga ngentsimbi yepeyinti ye-oyile upeyinta yonke i-3. Uphahla lwephepha elinamandla lunokupeyinta kwiminyaka eyi-8 ukuya kweli-10 emva kokubekwa kwayo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izinto ezininzi ezitsha zophahla zivele, zombini ezindlini kunye zangaphandle. Umzekelo, i-tile yentsimbi ene-polymer okanye iplanga idrafti, uphahla lwe-tin ye-fin egutyungelwe i-fin ye-fin ye-fin ye-fin ye-fin ye-fin ye-fin Iifemu zibonelela ngeseti epheleleyo yophahla kunye nazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko kuluhlu olubanzi lwemibala. Kwimeko yamatyala, uphahla olunjalo, ukuxelisa i-tile yendalo, iqinile, icocekile, icocekile kwaye inobunzima obukhulu malunga ne-5 mm.
Ke, sakhe indlu, okanye, ibhokisi yokwakha. Ngoku kufuneka uqwalasele izinto zayo ezahlukileyo, ezinjengezitepsi, iveranda, iiconopies, iingcango neefestile. Kuyimfuneko ukuba unakekele ubuhle bamacandelo nabangeneli. Masijongane noku kwiintlanganiso zethu ezilandelayo.
| Iintlobo zophahla | I-angle yenziwa sisitokhwe kunye neplanethi ethe tyaba kwiidigri |
|---|---|
| Kwizixhobo eziqholiweyo (iRubberoid, Compiay, njl njl) ngenani lezinto ezi-2 ubuncinci, zibekwe kwi-mastic | 3- 8. |
| Okufanayo, kodwa ezine-, isihlanu secala elinomlinganiso okhuselayo wegrabile, ikhutshiwe kwi-sussic eshushu | I-0-22 kwaye ngaphezulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zophahla |
| Ukusuka kwi-Galvamid Syes Sheet enesonga esinye | 16 okanye ngaphezulu |
| Ngokufanayo ne-high kabini | 12 okanye ngaphezulu |
| I-Advied kwishiti leWavy leprofayili eqhelekileyo | 18-30 |
| Iqinisekisiwe | 14-45 |
| Irhafi (kuxhomekeke kuhlobo) | 27-55 nangaphezulu |