Ithambo elinokwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kokuphazamisana nebusika, kwaye ufumane ikhaya elifudumeleyo lokuhlala isigxina. Kodwa ngaba ikhona imipu? Ewe ewe ewe. Siyayithoba zonke izibonelelo kunye nezinto ezingalunganga kwinqaku.
Ngokutsho kwabavelisi abakhulu boboya bezimbiwa kwemizila kunye ne-polymer, namhlanje isabelo sezindlu ze-COCCASs kulwakhiwo lokutyela ophantsi eRussia lidlulile i-60%. Yintoni le yefashoni, umphumo wentengiso onoburharha okanye indlela yendlela enezizathu zenjongo? Mhlawumbi abadlali abaphambili bentengiso yezakhiwo zokwakha bagqithise ukuthandwa nguSander, kwaye kusafuneka kukhanyele ukuba bazakhela ngaphezulu nangakumbi ukuhlala ngokusisigxina. Ke, inqaku lenqaku liyazilungelelanisa zonke izinto ezilungileyo nezinezindlu zesiza, kunye nokwabelana nezimvo zeengcali.
Konke malunga nokwakhiwa kwesandi
Itekhnoloji yokwakhaiimpembelelo
Imizuzu
Amaxabiso
I-Skewers kwiSakhiwo seNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu
Iimpawu zetekhnoloji
Isakhiwo sendlu ilawulwa liqela elidibeneyo lama-352.13225800.2017 "izakhiwo zokuhlala zinobuhlobo kunye nesakhelo somthi. Uyilo nemithetho yokwakha. " Oku kukude ukuba ugqibelele, kodwa kuseto lwemithetho, apho ungaxhomekeka khona ulwakhiwo oluzimeleyo oluzimeleyo kunye nolawulo lomsebenzi owenziwe yikhontraktha (kuyavakala ukuba uqhele i-31- 105-2002). Ubukho bomgangatho ocacileyo buncedo olukhulu.
Kweminye imimandla (ilitye, isakhiwo sendlu yendlu) Akukho maxwebhu anjalo. Sp 55.133330.2016 "Izindlu zokuhlala zendlu" azinantsingiselo yetekhnoloji ethile, kunokwenzeka ukuba zifumane iimfuno jikelele zesisombululo, ukusebenza, ukhuseleko lomlilo, njl.
Iindonga kuqala zikhethwe ngaphezulu kwesandla (njengommiselo, ngaphandle), uphahla lwakhiwa kwaye kuphela emva koko indlu ifakwe ngaphakathi.
Itekhnoloji yokwakha yaseYurophu isetyenziswa kwilizwe lethu iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15. Ngeli xesha, iifemu ezikhokelayo zifumene amava awaneleyo afanelekileyo, kwaye abaqalayo banethuba lokuthumela iinkosi zabo kwizifundo zamaziko oqeqesho kwimibutho yoqeqesho. Konke oku kuchaphazela umgangatho wokwakha. I-skewer yale mihla ayiseyindlu yekhephu ehlobo, i-Prosp kwaye ixoxa ngayo asiyi kuthi: Singathetha njani malunga neemfanelo, ukuba uvuthela kuzo zonke ii-roczers, amagumbi apholile ngoko nangoko.
Iindonga zangaphakathi zoyilo zahlukile kuncinci.
Umthi wokwakhiwa kweNdlu kufuneka incinci ngokupheleleyo (i-4-6 m3), kwaye i-insulfuzy kunye neefilimu zefilimu ziyafumaneka, ngelixa zilungile kwaye zilula kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo. Akukho mngcipheko wokuba izitena ezinesiphene okanye iibhloko ziya kuziswa kuwe, kulula ukuthintela ubunzima obunxulunyaniswayo (kuchanekile kakhulu ukuthenga amagumbi owomisayo).
Izindlu ezivela kwiiphaneli ze-SIP nazo zezabo.
Izibonelelo zezindlu zeplanti
Iindonga ezincinci zodonga kunye ne-onsaps
Uyilo lokukhanya aludingi kwisiseko sekhonkrithi esinamandla. Ngolwakhiwo lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali, unokwenza nge-pile-drill okanye isiseko seqhina, nangona isengcono ukuba igalele isitovu se-inshurensi. Apho kukho i-Stohla yelitye kuya kubakho isitovu esinobungqiqweni se-300 mm, yesakhelo ngokwaneleyo i-100 mm enobude obude (ubunzulu) yenye i-100 mm.I-thermal elungileyo
Eyona nto iphambili kwi-cingo yefreyithi, kuba kufanelekile ukuxhathisa ubushushu kunye nokufakwa kwesandi. Uninzi luhlala lusetyenziswa ilitye kunye neglasi yoboya ophazamisayo kwiipleyiti zexande. Enkosi kwiizongezo ezizodwa, iimveliso ezinjalo aziniki i-shrinkage.
I-Natalia Pakhomova, injineli yoyilo yeRocwool
Ukufakelwa kweNdlu ekwiqonga leqonga, iipleyiti ezivela kuluhomo lwezimbiwa zesizukulwana esitsha zilungile. Baya kuba nkqi phakathi kwezinto zesakhelo, ezenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuphepha i-slots kunye nokuyila. Kwangelo xesha, izinto ezinjalo azinikeli ntaka ngalo lonke ixesha lokusebenza. Ukunyusa iipleyiti ezinjalo, iziqinisekiso eziphezulu azifuneki, kwaye ke inkosi ichanekile xa i-Plates ibotshwe - lo msebenzi kufuneka ubekwe esweni ubuncinci kwinqanaba lokuqala. Khetha ubukhulu boku kufakwa kufakwa kwimozulu yemozulu. Kwiziza zabavelisi abakhokelele abavelisi bezinto zokufakelwa kwe-chormal, kukho iikhalitywana ezikhethekileyo ezingavumi kuphela ukukhetha ubungqingqwa bokufakelwa, kodwa nangoko bafumana inani elifanelekileyo leephakheji kunye nexabiso labo.
Udonga ngokufakelwa kobunzima boboya bezimbiwa ezingama-200 ubushushu bokuchasana nokutshaja phantse kabini ubungqingqwa obufanayo. Ukuziqhelanisa, kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwento yokufakelwa okusebenzayo kukuvumela ukuba wenze imigangatho yangoku yokugcinwa kobushushu. Enye into kukuba i-inshurensi elungileyo ayonelanga ukwenzela ukuba wenze i-microclive kwiNdlu ikhululekile.
Uphahla lwesakhelo lwendlu yesakhelo liyinyulu nangakumbi kuneendonga, kuba ukulahleka kobushushu ngophahla kunokufikelela kwi-30% yelahleko yesakhiwo. Kwipayi eluphahleni, qiniseka ukuba ubonelela nge-ventilation gap.
Iipleyiti zokufakelwa zisetiwe phakathi kweeracks phakathi kwee-racks.
Isantya esiphezulu sokwakha
Ukuphakamisa nayiphi na enye indlu (kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukwenziwa kwemveliso yekhaya), kuya kuthatha ubuncinci iinyanga ezintandathu. Isakhelo se-150 m2 siya kuba silungile kwiinyanga ezintathu, kwaye awuyi kufuna ukuphakamisa okunamandla okanye ezinye, okanye i-brigade enkulu ngabantu abanesine. Ngokomgaqo, inokwakhiwa ngokuzimeleyo, ngamandla osapho, eyona nto iphambili kukulungiselela ngononophelo kwaye uqokelele ulwazi oluphezulu.
Khawulezisa ufakelo lwesakhelo kwaye uqinisekise amandla alo kunceda umlo okhethekileyo.
Ukuqhagamshela izinto, ikona ene-ribbon umda isetyenzisiwe.
Ukukwazi ukusebenza i-brigade ngexesha lokubandayo
Iindonga zesakhelo kulula ukuba ziqokelele nakuphi na ubushushu bomoya- kufuneka uphephe ukuthambisa ukufunyanwa kwezinto zokufakelwa kunye nezinto zokungenisa. Isiseko sePilewood sivumelekile ukuba sinyuse ebusika. I-brine enjalo ikuvumela ukuba ugcine, kuba amaxabiso asebusika kwiinkonzo zokwakha ezincipha kancinci ngenxa yokuwa kwemfuno.Ngokusekwe kula mandulelanga, kuya kubonakala ngathi, impendulo yombuzo ingaba ingaba indawo yesakhe isakhelo ifanelekile ukwakha, iyabonakala ngokucacileyo. Kodwa le teknoloji inayo.
ISergey Zatsepin, injineli eyintloko yeTeplokomplekt
Eyona ndawo iphambili yendlu ye-skeleton kukusetyenziswa kwamandla okufudumeza. Ngoyilo olufanelekileyo, ufakelo lweefestile ezisemgangathweni kunye neminyango kunye nokufumaneka kwe-igalelo tambura, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ukufudumeza iimitha ezili-10 zomnatha weli xesha lobunzima kuya kuba ngama-200 ukuya kwiliza i Isiqhelo sithathwa njenge-1 kw kwiimitha ezili-10. Ke ngoko, unokusebenzisa izixhobo ezizenzekelayo kunye nokugcina ubushushu obukhulu endlwini unyaka wonke. Nokuba i-electrocrent iya kufakwa, iindleko ziya kuba zimodareyitha. Ngokuyintloko, ngokuyintloko ingumbutho wotshintshiselwano olwenziweyo.
Ukungancedi kwezi zindlu zefreyimu
Eyona nto iphosakeleyo inxulunyaniswa ne-microclimozulu, ngokuchanekileyo, ngokuchanekileyo, ngobunzima bokugcina inqanaba lokufuma kunye nomxholo weoksijini emoyeni. Udonga lwe-hermetic aluthandisi ubanda lwangaphandle, nangona kunjalo, aluveli umoya omanzi ukusuka kuloo ndawo. Ngenxa yokufuma okuphezulu, iqondo lokunqwenela ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokucwangciswa kakuhle kwe-ventilation lihlala litshona kunoyena mntu. Ngokuyinxenye isombulula ingxaki ivunyelwe yinkqubo yokufudumeza yanamhlanje ngengqungquthela yomoya enyanzelisiweyo kwaye ibonelela ngezixhobo ze-ventilation (iwindow, udonga). Kunye neyona nkqubo isebenzayo ye-will ye-will enobushushu obushushu. Nangona kunjalo, ukufakelwa kwenkqubo enjalo kwiNdlu ye-150 m2 kuya kufuneka ihlawule ubuncinci ngama-500 amawaka ruble. (Kwangelo xesha, kuyimfuneko ukubonelela ngendawo kwangaphambili ukuba ifakwe kwindawo yomoya).
Omnye umzobo ngubomi benkonzo omfutshane wenkonzo, ngenxa yepropathi ephambili yokubufazwa. Ukwakha ubusika ebusika ngobomi benkonzo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha izixhobo ezisemgangathweni eziphezulu kwaye uthobela imithetho yokufakelwa kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nakho ukwakhiwa 'kwendlu ngenkulungwane "namhlanje kukuthandabuza: ifashoni yendawo yoyilo iyatshintsha ngokukhawuleza, izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka kwezizukulwane zininzi kakhulu.
I-Nikolalay Raskow, umphathi wenkampani "DSK-istra"
Uyilo lwesakhelo lweendonga lukuvumela ukuba ugcine ukufudumeza kunye nokusebenza komoya, kwaye ubomi benkonzo yesakhiwo buyiminyaka engama-50, kodwa kuphela ukuba kwakungekho zimpazamo zimbi ngexesha lolwakhiwo. Ngalo lonke ixesha, iingxaki zivela ngenxa yokuba isakhelo senziwe ngomthi obomvu nomgangatho ophantsi. Iibhodi ezinjalo zomile kakhulu, ziyabakhokelela, ngamanye amaxesha isakhelo siqala ukubola, kwaye izilonda-rust. Enye impazamo eqhelekileyo kukungafakwanga ngokusemgangathweni we-vaporizotion kunye nonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi. Ukuba ingqibelelo yomqobo we-vapor iphazamisekile, ukufuma kwasekuqalekeni kungena ngokufakelwa kunye nokufakwa kwe-thermal kuyawohloka kakhulu. I-Windoriticated Speincreen kunye nokugqiba kubaluleke kakhulu.
Xa iindlela ezinokubakho nezindlu zesakhe isakhe zekishwa kwiiforamu zokwakha, zihlala zibhala uphononongo malunga neentonga, ezenziwa rhoqo eziza ngaphakathi eludongeni. Ngokusisiseko, batsho malunga neephaneli ze-SIP, kuba imouse ayiphili kubuhle beminerali. Ke, kulwakhiwo olufanelekileyo, akukho sithuba, izithuba, kwizithuba ezindongeni kunye neendonga, ii-skewers zemouse zikusongele ayikho esinye isakhiwo.
Amaxabiso
ERussia, kwiimeko zommiselo wobugcisa obuthathaka kunye nokungabikho kolawulo lwendlu ephantsi, ixabiso leNdlu libonisa izinto ezininzi njengezinye izinto, eyona nto iphambili kuyo umgangatho wokwakha. Ukongeza, ukubaluleka kweprojekthi, inqanaba lezixhobo zobunjineli kunye nokugqitywa kudlalwa. Ke ngoko, ithambo elinokuxabisa ngaphezulu kwendlu yebrasa, kodwa okokuqala kwangaxeshanye iya kwakhiwa ngokwemigaqo yale mihla, kwaye eyesibini - ngokweetekhnoloji eziphelileyo, ngaphandle kodonga oluthile isixhobo.
Kwelinye icala, kukho iinketho ezixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kwimarike kwintengiso ebizwa ngokuba yingxowa-mali yobuncinci (1 m2 ixabisa ngaphezulu kwamawaka ali-10 rubles). Nangona kunjalo, indlu enjalo ayinakulindeleka ukuba ikhongele umthengi: Kuya kubakho uqinile olusezantsi, ubushushu obuhlwempuzekileyo kunye nokufakelwa kwesandi, ukugqiba ubuchwephesha. Okwangoku, kunzima ukwenza ukuphuculwa kwesakhiwo ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo, ayinamsebenzi, kwaye ihlala ingenakwenzeka kwaphela.
Umgaqo wezakhelo ngolwakhiwo oluninzi
Kwindawo yokwakhiwa kwedolophu, indlu ye-monolith yeza kwisakhiwo esiphakamileyo sepaneli, iiprofis kunye nezinokwangawo azicacanga. Isiseko solwakhiwo lwesakhiwo siyindlela yokuqala yendlela yokuphosa i-monolithic, isakhelo sokuthwala senziwa ukusuka kwii-racks (okanye izahlulo zangaphakathi) kunye nokubeka i-faec lops ngeebhloko zokukhanya. Ukuphepha ukukhulula kwiindawo ezikhonkxiweyo zesakhelo, babeka ubuxoki be-thermal kunye ne-facide efudumeleyo. Eyona nto iphambili kwezi zindlu ziyindleko eziphantsi, ngoko ke zaya kulula kakhulu. Ukufakwa kwe-shirmal kufike phantse kuhlala kulunga, kodwa izizwe ze-incoupe ngamanye amaxesha zidlula kwingxolo yomoya (kuninzi kuxhomekeke kukholo oluhle lomphuhlisi). Malunga nobomi benkonzo yezi zindlu zinomphicothileyo: Iindawo ezininzi zakhiwe zikholelwa ukuba kwiminyaka engama-30 ukuya kwengama-50, izakhiwo ze-monolithi ye-monolithic, i-Carcass Mololithic ziya kuthatha indawo ye-faide kunye ne-overtaul yonxibelelwano.