Ngokusho komqondo wanamuhla wekhwalithi yokwakha, ophahleni lwendlu kufanele lusebenze ngaphandle kokulungisa okungenani iminyaka engama-30. Ukufeza lesi sidingo sisiza izinto zesimanje, kepha ngeke zikwazi ukubhekana nalo msebenzi uma zishona. Silandisa ngokuthi ungakha kanjani isisekelo esiqinile sophahla.
Isithombe: URuukki.
Ukusho kophahla ngumenzi omenyezelwe ngumenzi, okuqinisekiswe yimpilo yokuhlola, engaba yiminyaka eminingana (ophahleni lwembilo olugoqiwe). Ngalesi sikhathi, izinto ezibonakalayo zigcina izakhiwo zayo eziphambili futhi zivikele ukumelana nomswakama wasemkhathini - kodwa kuphela uma kuphumula esisekelweni esiqinile, esizinzile sejometri. Ngaphambi kokuqala ingxoxo yokuthi yini futhi kanjani ukudala isisekelo esinjalo, sizoma kafushane ejometry yophahla.
Esigabeni sokwakhiwa kophahla, kuyadingeka ukubheka indawo ye-Mansard Windows, kanye nezitolo zeqhwa, ukufuduka okubanjwa kanye nezinye izinto zohlelo lokuphahla.
Ekwakhiweni kophahla lwendlu yanamuhla eqoshiwe, ama-rig averitation kanye nama-point-saw abanamaviki ahlanganiswe ngempumelelo nokuhlobisa kwendabuko - amapulangwe e-Windshield namabhodi omoya anomhlobiso oshelelayo
Ukwakheka kophahla lwe-sheaf
Njengengxenye yemfashini yanamuhla yezakhiwo, i-states eqondile ihlangana ngokuthula izikhala eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokuthinta isici esihle sobuhle, cabanga ngezinzuzo ezingokoqobo kanye nobubi bophahla oluhlanganisiwe lwamafomu athandwa kakhulu.Duplex ngeziketi eziqondile
Okulula kakhulu ekwakheni nophahla lwezomnotho, okulula ukungeniswa, futhi noma yiziphi izinto zophahla zizolungele ukunamathela. Ukungena komoya ongaphansi kwesikhala esingaphansi (emklamweni we-insured) kulula ukuhlela ama-sophibs ahlanganisiwe kanye nama-rigs wokungena komoya, futhi i-attic ebandayo ingaba yi-airway ngokusebenzisa izisulu zangaphambili. Emlandweni ophakathi waseRussia, i-angle efanelekile yemithambeka ingu-30- 35 °. Uphahla lwe-attic luyelulekwa ukwenza okupholile - kuzonyusa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, kepha kuzonciphisa ukulahleka kwendawo ewusizo.
Uphahla lwanamuhla alunangqondo ngaphandle kohlelo lokuphepha nolokutshala. Isithombe: URuukki.
Ephukile kabili
Leli fomu likuvumela ukuthi wenze e-attic ngaphandle kwezindonga ezithambekele, kepha kusho ukuncishiswa endaweni yaphansi nge-10-20%. Uphahla lwalolu hlobo luyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kune-Dumplex elula, kanye nokuchitha izinto zokwakha lapho usebenzisa izimbotshana zokuphahla kweshidi zikhudlwana.
Ukufakwa kwezokuphepha kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina kwenziwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeka phansi uphahla. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ama-sealances ahlala isikhathi eside nama-gaskets. Photo: "Uphahla olubomvu"
Uphahla
Lona ophahleni lwesilinganiso esingu-4, onke ama-rude anesimo esingunxantathu. Isisekelo sayo siqukethe ama-rafters amane aphezulu aphezulu (okuthiwa ambozwe) kanye nemishayo ethambekele ephakathi - ubuhlengikazi. Uphahla lubonakala ngokukhulisa ukumelana komoya, kepha umhlangano wezokwakha ulukhuni ngenxa yenani elikhulu lokuxhumana ngaphansi kwamakhona angaqondile. Ukungcola ngesikhathi kwakhiwa kubalulekile (ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa impahla yophahla lweshidi), ama-grooves ama-drooves kanye nabanikazi beqhwa badinga okungaphezu kophahla lwe-duplex.I-walmovaya
Kubizwe ophahleni oluneziketi ezimbili ezi-TrianZuluse nezimbili ze-trapezoidal. Ukucaciswa kokufakwa kwakhe, ngokufanayo, okufanayo netende, kepha ifomu elifanayo lilungele isakhiwo esiphakeme.
Ngokuyinhloko, ngokwanda kwe-angle yokuthambekela kwezinduku ezifika kuma-35 ° nangaphezulu ngaphansi kwetende noHolm uphahla, kepha ama-point actures kuzodingeka ukuthi afakwe kudivayisi yokupholisa. (I-attic ebandayo ingaba yizindiza ezinama-sofa ahlinzekile kanye namapayipi okuqeda.)
Namuhla, izakhi zohlelo lweRafter zivame ukubophana ngamapuleti ensimbi. Photo: Inkampani ye-GBS
Kanye namabakaki akhethekile. Photo: "ku mende-k"
namakhona. I-fastener enjalo ithembekile, kepha kuphela uma isetshenziswa lapho ifaka ama-bolts (izikopelo) noma izikulufa ezishisayo ze-galvanized ngesilinganiso okungenani esingu-6 mm, futhi hhayi amancanyana amancanyana. Photo: "DDM"
Uhlobo lwe-Multi
Lolu wuphahla oluyinkimbinkimbi olunobuningi be-Edge (amalunga athambekele), iziketi kanye nasezisekelweni (Ntshonalanga). Kusebenza kakhulu kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo ezidinga ukutholwa kwenani elikhulu lama-fasteners kanye nezinto eziningi zokuzithandela zokuzithandela. E-zone yezimali ngaphansi kwezinto ezingavunyelwe manzi ezingavunyelwe, kuzodingeka amakhaphethi wokulahla. Uphahla olunjalo kwesinye isikhathi ludinga ukulungiswa njalo - ukuhlanza iqhwa kanye nodoti, kucubungulwa nge-anti-grib.
I-Tile eguquguqukayo iyinhlanganisela yophahla lwendawo yonke, elungele izinduku eziqondile kanye nophahla lwesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngezingane, ama-ridges kanye ne-angle encane yokuthambekela. Ekwenziweni kwalokhu okuqukethwe, i-choleste yengilazi engabhalisiwe imbozwe ngoButume ezinhlangothini zombili, futhi i-fafaza isetshenziswa endaweni yangaphambili, enikeza ophahleni lokubukeka kobuhle bendlu futhi ivikela okuqukethwe kusuka ku-ultraviolet. Ithayela elihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu le-multilayer, ngokusekelwe izingqimba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu eziboshwe nge-canvas. Uphahla olunjalo lukhuphule amandla okwenziwa ngomshini nokumelana nomoya, kanye nokubukeka okuhle kakhulu - ngenxa yomphumela we-compound. Imiyalo yokufaka ebonisiwe eyenzelwe ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe ikhiqizwa nge-algorithm ye-step-by-step. Ngisho nezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zizosiza.
U-Alexander Preshin
Uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe we-Technonol Company
Photo: Fakro.
Stropil ezibonakalayo
Ezinyaweni ze-rafter kanye nokuqinisa, kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa kuphela amabhodi aphezulu aphezulu kanye nomugqa womswakama ongabi ngaphezu kwama-25%, ngaphandle kokubhidlizwa okukhulu, imifantu, inhlolovo, ukuthambekela kwemicu. Uma kuneziphambeko ezinkulu, unyawo lwe-rafter lungaqhekeka ngaphansi komthwalo. Uma kungenzeki ukuthola amapulangwe owomile, kufanele omiswe esikhungweni esikhungweni somoya. Kuhle ukucatshangelwa ukuthi kuthatha okungenani izinyanga ezi-2, futhi ngemuva kokomiswa kwengxenye yesithathu yamabhodi kuzolahlwa. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyeluleka ukuthi uthenge amabhodi anobubanzi ububanzi ukuze bakwazi ukuqondisa imiphetho yabo besebenzisa imishini yokuhlela - ngakho-ke kuzokwenzeka ukwenza iziketi zishelelezi kahle.
Indawo ye-Endov ihlala idinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe. Njengomthetho, izingqimba ezengeziwe zokulwa kwezinsimbi zibekwe lapha, futhi lapho zibeka ukuhlanganiswa okufihliwe - izinto ezibunjiwe. Photo: "Uphahla olubomvu"
Kulezi zinsuku, uhlelo lwe-rafter lwezakhiwo eziphansi eziphansi nge-attic floor lizihlangene ligcwele imishayo yensimbi (brand, izitembu, amachashal). Lezi zinto zibiza kakhulu ukwedlula ngokhuni futhi zinzima ukufakwa, kepha zimelana kakhulu nemithwalo yokugoba. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungenzeka ukuthi wenze ngaphandle kwama-backups aqonde mpo (okungukuthi, ukusetha ama-rafters alengayo) futhi ngaleyo ndlela anwebise ukukhetha kokuhlela izixazululo ze-attic.
Kodwa-ke, imishayo yensimbi enezinsimbi ingamabhuloho abandayo futhi idinga ukufakwa ngokushisa - imvamisa i-pie ephahleni kusuka kuma-chip athambekele namashidi e-polystyrenerenerenerenere aqoqiwe.
Ezinye izindlela zensimbi ekwenziweni kwama-rafts alengise ama-rods amade - ama-ducts ahlanganisiwe (i-OPP + Tree) kanye ne-multilayer lvl-timer. Owokuqala angabizi kakhulu futhi kancane kancane anqobisa ukuthandwa, kepha awakadlulisi isikhathi sokuhlola, kanti owesibili uzobiza okungenani izikhathi ezi-3 ezibiza kakhulu kunamapulangwe ajwayelekile.
Amafemu wokwakha asebenzisa amasu ahlukene we-rafting anempi. Othile uhlala ebambelele kubakaki abavalelekile futhi ekhuphuka emihukeni, abanye bathuthela emapuletini ensimbi, kubakaki. Photo: EuroCode5 (3)
Kanye nama-fasteners akhethekile wezinhlelo ze-rafal
Yini engcono? Akunampendulo eqondile kulo mbuzo, kepha ama-fasteners akhethekile akwenza kube lula kakhulu futhi asheshise ukufakwa. Ukuxhumeka kwendabuko kusebenza kanzima, futhi ikhwalithi yawo incike ngokuphelele kumakhono abakhi bokubaza.
Indlela yasendulo
Ngesikhathi sokwakha kusuka ku-log ejwayelekile neyindilinga, ophahleni lomklamo wendabuko kwesinye isikhathi luyakhiwa. Isekelwa yisisekelo sayo, noma isebenza, - parallel skate birch, ethembele kwizithombe ze-log. Njengoba ibhola lincipha luxhawula i-angle yokuthambekela, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ama-fasteners ashukumisayo, futhi kuvunyelwe ukumboza ophahleni ngezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-1.5-2 (okokuqala, indlu ye-log ivezwa ngaphansi kophahla lwesikhashana olugoqiwe) . Konke lokhu kungenxa yokwanda kwabasebenzi kanye nezinto zokwakha, ngakho-ke abambalwa abakhi benza izinguquko kubuchwepheshe basendulo. Isibonelo, lapho ukusika, amaFrones angasebenzisa i-Brica eyomile futhi ayiqinise ngo- "Coarse" entwasahlobo. Ngasikhathi sinye wenqaba ukugijima, futhi usungule amapulazi ajwayelekile we-rafter ngezikhonkwane noma ngama-backups aqonde mpo. Emklamweni onjalo, i-shrinkage yangemuva ayithinti ijometri yophahla, futhi izikhala eziphumile zingavalwa ngemichilo yokuhlobisa.Uhlelo lwe-slinge
Ingxenye yesiphambano kanye nezinyathelo zasemaphethelweni zikhethiwe, ziqondiswa yizinhlinzeko ze-Joint Venture 64.13330.2011 "Izakhiwo zokhuni", kanye ne-SP 20.13330.2011 Ukubalwa kwemithambeka, imithwalo yeqhwa kanye nomoya, kanye nesisindo sokuhlanganiswa kophahla kuthathwa. Uhlelo lweRafter luyelulekwa ukuthi lwenze nge-margin yamandla - ukwanda kwesigaba sesiphambano noma ukwehla esiteshini se-beam okungenani ngo-25% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-25% uma iqhathaniswa ne-25% uma iqhathaniswa neyodwa ebaliwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindleko zizokhula ngokuzithoba, futhi uphahla luzohlala ngaphandle kokulungiswa okungathi sína isikhathi eside.
Lapho uchaza ama-Rafters ezindongeni nasezindongeni, ungenzi ngaphandle kwezintaba ezishelelayo (a), okufanele zenziwe ngensimbi eyenziwe nge-galvanized ngobukhulu okungenani be-2 mm. Photo: "Ruble"
Lapho uxhuma ama-Rafters ngokuqina, kanye nokufakwa kwama-backups kanye nezinsimbi, kuyathandeka ukusebenzisa i-fastener ekhethekile noma inhlanganisela yokushisa e-poledev nge-screed evundile. Ama-Metal Beams angcono ukubopha ngama-bolts nama-stud, njengoba ama-welded seams adinga ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile, futhi kufanele akwazi ukukuvikela ngokugqwala.
Ingxenye evulekile yokwakhiwa kophahla ophahleni ingenza umsebenzi wesisekelo senkimbinkimbi yangaphambili futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuhlobisa i-facade. Photo: Ama-Logworkworks.
Lapho kuhlanganisa unyawo lwe-rafter nge-mauerlat (izingodo noma izingodo, ezisebenza njengokusekelwa phansi kwe-rafter), kungcono ukukwenza ngaphandle kwensiza ye-grooves inhlalansi ye-cornice ye-raft, futhi isebenzise amakona wensimbi ebheke ngaphezulu kwe kubakaki.
I-condensate ingakhiwa ebusweni bangaphakathi be-coating boofing kanye nobukhulu bekhekhe lokuphaphapha, izingxenye zokhuni zivame ukwehla futhi ngaphandle kokucubungula ziqala ukubola. Ngakho-ke, ama-rafters, futhi i-doom kufanele iphathwe ngezingoma ezivikelayo.
Ungabhekana kanjani ne-condensate
Imvamisa, amaphutha, okuthinta kakhulu imigqa yophahla lwe-attic, kwenziwa lapho kuwukufakelwa. Ngokuyisisekelo, zihlotshaniswa nokwenza iphutha elingalungile le-Inderfloor Ventilation Gap kanye nokufakwa okunganaki kwesendlalelo sohlobo lwangaphakathi lwe-vaporizolation yangaphakathi. Umphumela uba ukufakwa okuholela, ukubopha imishayo kanye namabala amanzi ophahleni, okuholela emcabangweni wokuvuza ophahleni oluningi.
Lapho ubeka uphahla lwe-attic, ulwelwesi olungenamanzi lulungisa ama-counterbursters anqunu ezinhlamvu. Amabha afanayo adala igebe lokungena komoya okudingekayo ukuhwamuka umswakama ovela eStrata yesakhiwo. Photo: Dörken.
Ukuze lokhu kungenzeki, usayizi wezikhala kanye neziteshi kumele zibalwe ngokuya ngamazinga (SP 17.133330.2011, isicelo b), futhi lapho ufaka impande kanye ne-Rooting coating, akuvunyelwe ukuvela izithulu amaphakethe lapho umoya ungafiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi ungavimbi izikhala zamaplanethi e-cornice kanye nama-drippers bese usetha ama-point aerator ukuze angalali ngeqhwa. Ekugcineni, kuyadingeka ukuvikela ukufakwa okuthembekile kusuka kuma-vapors angena kusuka phansi, futhi aqinisekise igebe phakathi kokuphela kanye ne-vaporizolation ukuze kungalimazi okokugcina lapho ufaka amasosi kanye nokushintsha.
Izindonga ezenziwe ngemigoqo enama-adhesive zinikeza i-shrinkage ye-3%, futhi ukunyakaza kwesakhiwo esigijimayo kuncane, okukuvumela ukuthi ukhweze ngokushesha i-riston raing. Photo: Izba de Luxe (4)
I-Skiing Bar inika amandla ukufakwa kwe-rafted "endaweni" (ngaphandle komhlangano wokuqala wamapulazi)
Amabha e-endod adingekayo ophahleni olunemigqa eminingi kanye ne-lugar yedivayisi. Yenza buthaka ukubhonga kwabo kungathandeki kakhulu, ngoba lezi zinto zithola umthwalo omkhulu
Endahn brusche
Lapho ukhetha ithayela lensimbi kanye nophahla olugoqiwe, okokuqala kwanaka bonke uhlobo lwensimbi. Izakhiwo zensimbi ekhethekile yophahla, njenge-S280GD, TSP, DX51 ne-DX52, zenze ukuthi kwenzeke amashidi nge-hermetic futhi anciphise ubungozi bomonakalo wokuzivikela ngesikhathi sokufaka. Ubukhulu beshidi kufanele okungenani bube ngu-0,5 mm. Amashidi wensimbi esezingeni eliphakeme ahlanganiswe nezingqimba eziningana zokuvikela - i-zinc (okungenani 275 g / m2), bese edlulela, bese enezinto zokuqala ne-polymer. Lobu buchwepheshe bukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze izakhiwo zobuhle nezobuchwepheshe zophahla lwamashumi eminyaka.
Ekaterina raihalme.
Inhloko yentuthuko yenkampani "Rukki Rus"
Ukushisa (Mansard) Inketho yophahla
1 - okunamathiselwe kophahla lwe-attic; 2 - Uhlaka lweRack; 3 - Ukufakelwa; 4 - I-Vaporizolation; 5 - umlenze we-lumpy; 6 - Ukufakelwa; 7 - I-FIFFUSION membrane; 8 - mbumbulu; 9 - DOM; 10 - Phansi kusuka ku-OSP: 11 - Ikhaphethi yokufaka phakathi; 12 - Ithayela eliguquguqukayo. Photo: Tehtonol