Sikhuluma ukuthi sisakha kanjani futhi sihlomise isinyathelo somhlaba ngesinyathelo.
Photo: Indlu Yamatshe
Umelwesi lwamanzi lwanamuhla owenziwe nge-polyethylene ephezulu kakhulu enamandla anele nokumelana nemithelela yamakhemikhali anolaka, okuthinta isikhunta isikhunta namagciwane, kanye nomonakalo wokutshala izimpande. Photo: "Tekhnonikol"
Ngokwezindinganiso zokwakha, ingaphansi libhekwa njengephansi, livule emhlabathini akusekho ukwedlula ½ kokuphakama kwalo, kepha kuvame leli phali lesetsako lesentshonalanga. Qinisekisa ukuthi induduzo lapha ilula kakhulu kunasendlini engaphansi, lapho ukukhanyiswa okuyinhloko kungukubumbana futhi kungenzi ngaphandle komoya omncane. Futhi nokho, amakamelo okuhlala apholile asethelwe kwinkinga "yesisekelo" esinenkinga - lokhu kuphazanyiswa ukuntuleka kwelanga kanye nophahla oluphansi (imvamisa kungabi ngaphezu kuka-2.4 m). Kepha lapha ungakwazi ukubeka kahle wonke amakamelo wokusetshenziswa, ngaleyo ndlela ukonga indawo esizeni futhi uvikele izindleko ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezengeziwe kanye nezinamathiselo. Ingxenye yezomnotho kungenzeka ukuthi ingathathi yonke indawo yeleveli - kungakuhle ukukwengeza endaweni yokuzijabulisa ehlanganisa, ngokwesibonelo, ukusuka ejimini nase-sauna ngeshawa. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwesisekelo "sesisekelo" kanye nokuhlelwa kwalesomingcwabeni etholakala kunesihloko sengxoxo enkulu esehlukile, futhi kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezici eziphathelene nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezakhiwe.
Ezindaweni ezixhaphazelayo esikhundleni esingaphansi kwesisekelo kanye nesisekelo, isitezi sokuqala okungeyona eyakho (ezomnotho) ngamakhonkolo ukhonkolo ezingeni lesigcawu namathrekhi kwesinye isikhathi kuthatha. Akudingi umsebenzi okhuthele ekubumbeni kwenhlabathi, izindonga ezingenamanzi kanye nokufakwa kohlelo lokudonsa amanzi.
Ukwakhiwa kwesitezi esingaphansi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kuyazithethelela ezindaweni ezomile zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi ngokuntuleka okukhulu kwendawo eyakhiwe futhi / noma uma isakhiwo senzelwe izindonga ezinzima ezidinga ipuleti elinzima (reflux) isisekelo. Photo: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Uhlaka lokuqiniswa kwepuleti lwesisekelo lubekwe ngaphezulu kwekhonkolo ekhonkolo, lapho kukhona ungqimba lokungena kwamanzi. Photo: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Ngasikhathi sinye, bashiya ukukhishwa 'kokushayeka' kwezindonga nokusekelwa kwamakholomu. Photo: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Izindonga zesisekelo esingaphansi zingakhiwa kukhonkolo we-monolithic. Photo: "Kexholm Stry"
Noma amabhlogo wesisekelo. I-monolithic ribbon inamandla futhi iqinile, kepha izobiza kakhulu futhi ifuneke ngekhwalithi yomsebenzi. Photo: "Ars22"
Yehlisa izindleko zokushisa kuzosiza ukufakwa kwangaphandle kwesisekelo samashidi we-EPPS. Photo: Penopherelis
Isisekelo sephahlatho lomhlaba kuluhlaka lwe-pile Foundation, ipuleti elifudumele noma itheyiphu entantayo, futhi izindonga zalo kufanele zakhiwe kusuka ezintweni ezikwazi ukwedlula imijikelezo engaphezu kwe-100 yokuqandeka / ukufutheka (ngokwesibonelo, ukhonkolo noma ama-polystyrenereneren) , noma ukuvikela umswakama obhekene nomswakama. Ukungathandeki kwekhambi lezokwakha nokuhlela okunjalo kuyinto encane kakhulu ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokuhlala kanye "nokwahlukaniswa" kwendawo emele yendlu endaweni yokulondolozwa endaweni yokulondolozwa.
Ukuvala uphawu "ukuthuthwa okubandayo" kuphela esisekelweni
1 - Ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba yodonga lwasendlini engaphansi (i-monolithic eqinisiwe ekhonkolo); 2 - phansi kwesitezi esingaphansi (okuqinisiwe kwe-screed ye-plug ye-gravel); I-3 - Ukufaka uphawu kwe-Pelta Delta Footing Barrier (inhlanganisela ye-polyethylene ye-folyethylene ne-nonwoven polyesterra); 4 - I-sole yesisekelo. Photo: Dörken.
Hlobo luni lomhlabathi olungcono ukudala isisekelo
Uma usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje, khona-ke indlu enomhlaba ingaphakanyiswa kunoma iyiphi indawo futhi cishe noma yimuphi umhlabathi, kepha lesi sixazululo asizange sibize kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuqala ukubalwa futhi wenze isinqumo kungaba nje ngemuva kwe-geo-spendime.
Ukusetha amalunga phakathi kweziteshi namabhulokhi, isixazululo esiguquliwe singasetshenziswa noma i-glue ekhethekile ye-polyurethane. Photo: Ytong.
"Ukuphikisana" nokwakhiwa kwesitezi kungaphansi (kungaphansi kuka-2 m kusuka ngaphezulu) izinga lomhlaba. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza umsebenzi ongenamanzi ngengxenye engaphansi komhlaba yesakhiwo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvezwa njalo kwamanzi kanye nengcindezi eyalandela yenhlabathi emanzi ebukhali yehlisa impilo yokungena kwamanzi, futhi umswakama uqala ukungena phansi phansi kanye nezindonga.
Futhi, isithiyo esibi siyoba ungqimba lwesithombo se-porous ngaphansi kwesisekelo. Kulokhu, ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe kwesisekelo nge-string Pile, futhi lokhu kuzokhulisa izindleko zokwakha.
Ekugcineni, kunzima kakhulu ukwakha phansi kwesitezi esingaphansi emhlabathini wamadwala: Ukubhujiswa kwedwala, ngisho nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje, kudla isikhathi.
Ezimweni ezisele, ingaphansi kungenzeka kube yinzuzo enkulu, yize kungenzeki, akunakwenzeka ukukholelwa ukuthi amafemu athembisa ukuwakhela ngentengo yesisekelo seribhoni. Ngokuqondene nezitatimende ezingaphansi komhlaba zizobiza kabili. Izibalo ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi uma izindleko zokusebenza zinaka, zidinga indlela yobungcweti futhi kufanele zenziwe ngakunye kwiphrojekthi ngayinye.
I-Inlet kanye nokungena kwamanzi okungena emanzini kuyadingeka hhayi ukuvikela izakhiwo kuphela ekuvuzeni, kodwa futhi nokuvikelwa ekugcekeni kohlaka oluqinisiwe lwesakhiwo sokhonkolo. Photo: I-Penetron
Ukwakhiwa kwesitezi somhlabathi
Isitezi esingaphansi sibekwe ngaphakathi kwePlate-Belt Foundation, ukwakhiwa kwalo akudingi kuphela okhulunywe kahle kwe-geo, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi omkhulu nokhonkolo.Umdwebo wedivayisi engaphansi komhlaba ephansi
1- Ukusungula; 2 - Ulwelwelwesi olungapheli olungangeni manzi, lugqoke ngesendlalelo se-butumary polymer mastic; 3 - Ukufakwa okushisayo (amashidi we-EPP); I-4 - hydroponka (ukuvikelwa kokunwebeka ngokumelene nomthungo wekristalu); I-5 - i-gravel rack; 6 - Ukulungiselela ukhonkolo ("okumnandi"); 7 - I-Plantar Drainage; I-8 - Ukuvalwa kwaliva (ulwelwesi olufakelwe); 9 - Ungqimba lokuhlunga (Geotextile); 10 - uzamcolo. Photo: "Tekhnonikol"
Ukuthuthukiswa kweCatlovana
Kulesi sigaba, akudingekile ukukwenza ngaphandle komkhweli, kepha kulahla ama-20-30 cm ngesandla. Kuyadingeka ukuze isisekelo siqinisekisiwe ukuthi siphumule emhlabathini ominyene, ngaphandle kwalokho sizonikeza i-shrinkage ebalulekile, ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa kwangaphandle nokungangeni manzi kweteyipu eyisisekelo kungahle kuhlupheke (okungukuthi, ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba izindonga).Isitezi esingaphansi sivame ukuhambisana nemithambeka lapho umthamo we-rckurworks mncane khona, futhi inqwaba yokuncibilika kanye namanzi emvula isuswa ngokudonsa komhlaba.
Ukulungiselela isisekelo sepuleti lesisekelo
Phansi komcamelo womgodi kuvela emcameni kusuka ku-rubble enkulu ngobukhulu okungenani abangama-20 cm, okwenza umsebenzi wesendlalelo sokulinganisa kanye ne-reservoir drainage. Ngaphakathi komcamelo, ngethawula elingamapayipi acishe abe ngu-1.5 m, amapayipi ahlanganisiwe wepayipi abunjiwe eGeotextile, asuxhunywe kumacilongo we-plantar drainage esetshenzisiwe. (Iphansi lomhlabathi lihlala lisongela izikhukhula ezinezimvula ezinamandla nezikhukhula, ngakho-ke ngisho nezinga eliphansi lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, akunakwenzeka ukungayinaki idivaysi ohlelweni lokudonsa amanzi ajulile.)
Umcamelo uthambekele ngokuphelele, bese wenza "ukushanela" (wathela i-screses kakhonkolo okhiye ophansi) ngobukhulu obungamasentimitha angu-5, ngaphezulu kwalo lwe-polyethylene methylene metrene (for Isibonelo, "futhi" noma ukuhlela noma ukuhlela) ngokuhlalisana okuphoqelekile noma amalunga we-welding.
Okulandelayo, okuvikelwe okwengeziwe, i-gasket kanye nezendlalelo ezingavimba amanzi, okungaqhamuka komunye (isivimba sesihlabathi) kuya kwezihlanu.
Ukugcwalisa isisekelo sepuleti
Ubukhulu bepuleti yeSisekelo, ngokuya ngemithwalo ebaliwe, kusukela ngo-250 kuya ku-500 mm. Kuthuthukiswa ngohlaka lwensimbi olufakwe emgqomeni wokuqiniswa nobubanzi be-12 mm; Ngasikhathi sinye, izinga eliphansi lokuqiniswa kufanele libekwe ezisekelweni ezikude seplastiki, njengezisekelo zokuhlela.Thulula ngokufanelekile i-monolithic boiler-Belt Foundation ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukhonkolo womkhiqizi wefekthri ukulethwa entweni ezenziwa yi-autoulcicers kanye nephampu enikeziwe.
Ukwakhiwa kwezizathu zomhlaba phansi
Lesi sigaba sisolwa ngemuva kokuthi isitofu sizokwehla okungenani ama-70% amandla, okungukuthi, ezinsukwini ezingama-7- 30 kamuva (kuya ngokushisa komoya). Ngakho-ke, okuthiwa umthungo obandayo uhlala ekhona phakathi kodonga nesitofu. Kubekwa uphawu ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kepha enye ye-gasket yentambo yenjoloba noma ulwelwesi olukhethekile olukhethekile kanye nokungena kwamanzi okuphelele.
Ukufakwa kwezinto eziphambili kwenziwa ngosizo lokuphakamisa ubuchwepheshe, kepha imisebenzi eminingi yenziwa ngesandla kusetshenziswa ukulungiswa kwe-lever. Photo: Ytong.
Izindonga zangaphansi zihlelwe kangcono ngokhonkolo osezingeni eliphakeme le-monolithic, libopha uhlaka lwazo lokuqinisa ngohlaka lwe-slab (kulokhu, okwenziwayo kwenziwa ngokungaphansi kuka-0.7 m). Ubukhulu obulungile betheyipu yokubopha ngo-250-300 mm.
Kwesinye isikhathi izindonga zibekwe emabhulokini ayisisekelo, noma kunjalo, ukwakheka okunjalo kuthambekele ekuvuzeni futhi kudinga ukunika amandla okuphelele. Ukuhlukaniswa okungathandeki kubuzwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - kusuka ezitini, emabhulokini noma kuHlelo Technology.
Noma ngabe yimikhawulo yezobuchwepheshe kuphela etholakala ezingeni le-zero, kufanele lifudumale. Photo: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Amaphutha ajwayelekile ekwakhiweni komhlaba phansi
- Ukunquma kudivayisi yesisekelo ngemuva kokwakhiwa kweBelt Foundation (ngaphandle kwesisekelo se-slab). Ngena ngokuthembekile ukuhlanganiswa phansi okuhlanganiswe nodonga ngale ndlela yokwakha kunzima kakhulu.
- Ukwenqatshelwa kwe-reservoir futhi kusetshenziswe ama-drainage ezindaweni ezinokunalo okuningi kanye nezikhukhula eziningi. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emanzini neqhwa kuholela ekulimaleni ungqimba olungavunyelwe khona.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezindonga zesisekelo sesisekelo se-Foundation Blocks on inhlabathi eshukumisayo nemithambeka. Amathuba amabhlokhi aguqukayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi yenhlabathi nokuphazamiseka kokuqina kwezindonga kukhulu.
- Imisebenzi yekhonkolo esezingeni eliphansi - amaphutha lapho ukuvelela ukufakwa, imipheni eminingi emide ekusebenzeni, ukubeka ukhonkolo ngaphandle kokudlidliza.
Andrei Zubtsov
Ukuhola uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe "Tekhnonikol"
Umsebenzi wokugcina ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesisekelo
Ukuvimbela amanzi kanye nokufakwa kodonga
Njengomthetho, ukuvikela umswakama ezindongeni, okukodwa noma ezimbili zokuphoqelelwa okuphoqiwe kwengilazi okuphoqiwe ngesisekelo esigoqiwe ngoTitumen (isibonelo, "i-tehnonikol" noma " kusetshenziswe. Enye inketho ukusetshenziswa kwe-penetrating (capillary) cement-polymer ukwakheka, yisho i-anetron noma i-hydrotex-b, kepha ayifaneleki izakhiwo ezivela emabhulokini ayisisekelo (ama-microcacks kuma-seams aholela ekwephulweni kokuqina kwezindonga). Ukuvimbela amanzi okuvumayo nakho kusebenza kakhulu ngaphansi kwesimo sokuvikelwa kwalo kumonakalo wezinto ezisongelwe noma ungqimba lokufakwa kwe-thermal.
Ukuvinjelwa kokushisa kwendlu engaphansi ngamashidi e-polystyrenerererenererenerenerererene (EPPS). Lokhu okuqukethwe kungeniswa okuphansi kakhulu kwamanzi ngisho nasemhlabathini kuzogcina izakhiwo zayo okungenani iminyaka engama-30. Engxenyeni engaphansi komhlaba yesisekelo, amashidi e-EPPs ahlelwe nge-polymer-bitumen mastic, futhi ngaphezulu - i-mastic neplastiki yepuleti yeplastiki.
Photo: Vladimir Grigoriev / Burda Media
Idivaysi yokudonsa
Umsele eceleni kwezindonga, njengomthetho, ulale ngesihlabathi esimiswe yimbayini noma i-sandbre, kepha uqedele ukufakwa kohlelo lokudonsa amanzi - faka umsele opharensi bese ufaka ama-drives emakhoneni, lapho Amanzi azokhishwa emgqonyeni we-drainage kahle. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi enhlabathini yobumba kungcono ukwenza esikhundleni sokudonsa indawo endaweni yesehlakalo, kuhlelwe odongeni lobumba ezindongeni; Isidingo samanzi esisesisekelweni sesisekelo siyagcinwa.
Ulwelwelwelwelwelwesi lwe-drainage lwezinhlanganisela lunikeza ukugeleza kwamanzi odongeni lwesisekelo kuya odongeni lwezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kuphumule ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic ekwakhiweni komhlaba. Isithombe: Tegola.
Ukufakwa kokugqagqana
Inketho evame kakhulu yokugqwala egumbini elingaphansi yipuleti ekhonkolo ye-precast evela ezintweni zokukhiqiza efekthri. Muva nje, amapuleti we-classic ayize avame ukushintshwa yimikhiqizo ebuswayo yokukhanya anamandla anele anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokufakwa kwe-thermal. Ukugcwala kwemishayo yokhuni kuhlala isikhathi eside kangako futhi kungahle "kufonelwe".
Ngobuchwepheshe be-monolithic nobuchwepheshe be-monolithic, kulula ukwakha ngokweqile ngokuvulwa kwanoma iyiphi indawo nefomu. Photo: "Marco"
Umdwebo wedivaysi yokuqoqa-monolithic swerlap
1-of a ibhandenkolo ekhonkolo; 2 - I-Steel PROFEPPITE SCLELAP BEAM; I-3 - Vimba i-liner kusuka kukhonkolo kakhonkolo wesakhiwo; 4 - Igridi yokuqinisa; I-5 - Usekhukhwini - uthayi olimende onobukhulu obungaba ngu-50 mm; I-6 - Into yokufakelwa (ukuvikelwa kokuqothuka ngengxenye yodonga). Photo: "Marco"
Qeda umphakathi
Amashidi afakiwe we-EPPS Base angafakwa kugridi kanye nokufaka phakathi ne-clinker noma itshe lokufakelwa elinesisindo esingadluli ku-50 kg / m2. Noma unamathisela odongeni lukakhonkolo ngohlaka lokufakelwa kwamaphrofayili we-aluminium futhi uthunga isisekelo nge-polypropylene noma amaphaneli wesisekelo we-fibro-cement. OKUPHENDULEKILE yize ngaphansi kwamathayili ekuhlobiseni, kepha kufunwa kancane kwikhwalithi yomsebenzi womsebenzi futhi kuzobiza eyodwa nesigamu noma kushibhile kabili.Ukupaka ngaphansi komhlaba
Igalaji elifudumele phansi phansi - iphupho labanini bamakhaya abaningi. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukwazi ubunzima obuhambisana nokusebenza kwalo kusengaphambili. Okuyinhloko imvula namanzi anciphile ageleza phansi i-ramp, kanye neqhwa futhi kuntanta, kuvimbela ukukhuphuka nokuvela. Uhlelo lweziteshi zokudonsa amanzi ezixhunywe nomngani nomngane weziteshi zokudonsa amanzi kuzosiza ukuxazulula, okukodwa kwalokho kubeka ukungena phambi kwesango, kanye nokuphumula - enkabeni yekamelo noma ngezindonga, kuye ngokuthi isisekelo sephansi. Uhlelo lubandakanya amandla okuqoqa lapho kufakwa khona iphampu yokudonsa okuzenzakalelayo, ukupompa amanzi emgodini wendle wesivunguvungu, emgwaqweni omncane noma impumuzo eya phansi.
Ukuze alondoloze umswakama womoya ojwayelekile egalaji lesisekelo, kuqubuka ukuqeda amandla noma uhlelo lokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kweziteshi. Izimbobo zokuphelelwa amandla zitholakala kangcono eduze kwesitezi, ngoba kulapha lapho umoya ovuthiwe nobandayo uqongelela. Ku-1 m2 yendawo yegaraji, cishe ama-5 CM2 wendawo yeziteshi zokuphekela. Futhi akufanele ungayinaki imikhono eguquguqukayo exhunywe kwipayipi eliphumayo ngesikhathi senjini efudumeza.
Ukulwa neqhwa eligoqiwe kanye nebunzi elikwi-ramp kuzosiza uhlelo lokushisa kagesi olususelwa kufakwe kukhonkolo noma kubekwe izintambo zokushisa ezihlosiwe. Kepha ngesithwathwa esinamandla kanye nokuwa kweqhwa okuchichimayo, i-ramp kuzofanele ihlanzwe futhi ifakwe nge-ejenti ye-antigenic. Photo: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Kuyadingeka ukufudumeza phansi komhlaba, ngoba ukumelana nokudluliswa kokushisa kwezindonga zikakhonkolo kwalo akudluli ku-0.6 m² • ° C / W. Ukufudumeza ngamapuleti e-EPPS ngobukhulu bama-100 mm kuzokwandisa leli nani ku-3.4 m² • ° C / W, okudlula kancane izidingo zokwakha izindonga zangaphandle eRussia. Ukufakelwa kufanele kufakwe ngaphandle, ngaphezulu kokufaka amanzi ukuze ekugcineni kuvikeleke ekulimaleni kwemishini ngesikhathi sokuvuvukala kwenhlabathi, ukugcwala kwayo kanye ne-frosty. Lapho ukufakwa okuvela ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo, ukufakwa kwamanzi kungazelelwe kufanele kusondele kakhulu ngezinto ezishise amanzi (ngokwesibonelo, amapuleti ase-asbestos-cement) noma ulwelwesi olunamafayili enziwe nge-polyethylene ephezulu. Ngendlela, inketho yokugcina inyusa ukusebenza kahle kokudonsa okusetshenzisiwe.
Ilya Kormukhin
Unjiniyela Wokuqamba we-DSC Summer-Stry