Yiziphi izinto zokwakha ezinobungane ezisuselwa emakethe yaseRussia esekwe ngokhuni?
Photo: "Tamak"
Ukwanda okukhulu kwevolumu yokwakha indlu ephansi kubangele isidingo esikhulu sezinto zokwakha, ukusetshenziswa kwabantu abaningi okuholela ekwandeni okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko, ukuncishiswa kwesikhathi somsebenzi kanye nokwenza ngcono izici zokuphepha kwezindlu.
Ukwethembeka nokuphepha kwesakhiwo sokuhlala kunqunywa yizakhiwo zezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwalo. Amapharamitha abaluleke kakhulu achaza ukuphepha kwezinto zokwakha ngokwawo angahlukaniswa imihlangano ngezigaba ezine: amakhemikhali, ngokomzimba, umlilo kanye nemvelo. Ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kwesakhiwo sokuhlala - zombili izimo zansuku zonke nezedlulele, ngakunye kokuqukethwe okusetshenzisiwe kufanele kube namamaki aphezulu kuzo zonke izigaba.
Izihlahla zikaKhisimusi
Isethi ephezulu yezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu kuleyo naleyo mikhakha yokuphepha elandelayo yenziwa ngezinto ezenziwe ngengxube yezinkuni ngosayizi othile (ukhonza njenge-filler) kanye nekhoyili. Ngokukhiqizwa kwabo, izisombululo zamanzi zama-mineralizing addtitives (calcium chloride, i-calcium nitrate, i-aluminium aluminium, ingilazi ewuketshezi, njll.), I-njll. I-Binder ngokhuni.I-bioscistance yezihlahla itholakala ngenxa yesibalo esikhishwe ekwakhekeni kwayo lapho i-Calcidering Hydroxide Soliation, yakha i-Alkaline Medium. Zonke izihlahla zikaKhisimusi zilula ukucubungula: ukusika, ukumba, ukuxhuma izipikili, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthungwa okuyingqayizivele komhlaba wabo kunikeza ukuxhumana okuhle nodaka nokhonkolo.
Ukuze kube lula ukwethula, sahlukanisa izinto ezikhethiwe ukuze kubuyekezwe amaqembu amathathu, abebelwe amagama anemibandela alandelayo: U-Opilk ukhonkolo, uShpobeton kanye ne-Fibrobeton.
Izinkomba zokuphepha ezibhalwe ekubuyekezweni kwezinto zokwakha
- Amakhemikhali: Musa ukwehlukanisa izinto eziyingozi.
- Okomzimba: Uyakwazi ukunikeza induduzo eshisayo ezakhiweni ezisezingeni lamazinga akhona; Ayivikelekile; Yiba nezakhiwo ezizwakalayo zokufakwa okuzwakalayo (ezikwazi ukuheha umsindo).
- Isicishamlilo: zinhle kakhulu (G1), zivutha kakhulu (B1); Ungasakaze ilangabi (RP1); ube nekhono eliphansi lentuthu (D1); Ingozi ephansi kusuka endaweni yokubuka ubuthi bemikhiqizo yokuhlanganisa (T1).
- I-Biological: Biostoyki, ayithintwa izimbungulu - vertices, amagundane amakhaya, njll.
Ukhonkolo we-Opilk
Ummeleli odume kakhulu wezinto zokwakha zaleli qembu uCanment-Chipstick (CSP). Izinto zokuqala zokulungiselela kwazo zishelelezi zezingxenyana ezincane naphakathi.Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, "ukhaphethi" wezingqimba ezintathu zengxubevange ye-chip-cent ingxube (ezingxenyeni ezingaphandle - Ingxenye engajulile ye-chips, engaphakathi - inkulu kakhulu - ecindezelwayo ke icindezelwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, zitholakala amapuleti ngokuqothuka kuka-1100-1400 kg / m³ wobubanzi obulandelayo: ubude - 2700, 3200 no-3600 mm, ububanzi - ubukhulu - 8, 10, 24, 36 mm.
Imikhiqizo etholakele isetshenziselwa ukumboza izindonga zozimele zangaphandle (ubukhulu bepuleti - 10-24 mm), ukumboza izindonga zozimele zamakamelo owomile nangamanzi (8-24 mm), amakholomu angama-Riglels (8-16 mm), iqoqo wokuphahla kophahla oluyisicaba (12, 16, 20, 24 mm), ukugeza i-attic (12, 16, 20, 24 mm), isisekelo sesisekelo ngaphansi kwezitezi (20, 24, 36 mm) kanye namapuleti akwakheshi (24, 36 mm). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CSP ingasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamagalaji, ama-cellars, ama-hozbloks, amathrekhi engadini, ukufakwa uthango), njengoba womabili amafokhelo e-Ventucleobs, njengoba womabili amafomu asuswayo futhi angahlanganisi, Njll. Lapho ubeka izipikili ezipikili, amapuleti akhethwe ngaphambili. Intengo: Kusuka kuma-ruble angama-650 kuya kwangama-2000. Nge-1 pc.
Ingozi yomlilo yezinto zokwakha nezakhiwo
Ngokusho kwekhulu 274.465.001-2013, ingozi yomlilo yezinto zokwakha ibonakala yizakhiwo ezilandelayo: Ukuvutha (G1-G4); flammuty (B1-B3); Amandla okusabalalisa ilangabi ebusweni (RP1-RP4); ikhono elakha intuthu (D1-D3); Ubuthi bemikhiqizo yokuhlanganisa (T1-T4). Izakhiwo zokwakha zibonakaliswa ngumkhawulo wokumelana nomlilo (inani layo liyahluka kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-360 min), elinqunywe ukulahleka kwekhono le-carrier (r), ubuqotho (e), i-Heality (E noma W) Ukuvinjwa kwamavishini (ama), kanye ne-Gost Fire Hayar Class 30403-96 (K0-K3).
Uhlobo lwenkani
Photo: "Tamak". Ngenxa yesakhiwo se-monolithic, ipuleti le-CSP liphikisana ngempumelelo umswakama, imisebe yelanga, izinga lokushisa kanye nemiphumela yemvelo
Ukuhlolwa okufunwe kodonga lwangaphakathi lwe-CSP-test for amandla kufakazela ukuthi lingamelana nemithwalo ebalulekile
Ukumelana komlilo ku-CSP Slab kunje uma kwenzeka umlilo, uyakwazi ukubekezelela imiphumela yawo kungakapheli ihora
Namuhla, i-CSPS 8-12 mm isetshenziswa kabanzi ukumboza izakhiwo zozimele zokhuni
Shpobeton
Imakethe yanamuhla yokwakha inikela ngasikhathi sinye impahla ezintathu kuleli qembu: "U-Arbit", "Drudisol" kanye ne- "Velox". Zonke zingama-90-95% ezihlanganisa i-chip enkulu yezinhlobo zezinto ezihlanganayo zezihlahla, eziphathwe ngezengezo zamaminerali kanye nosimende oqinise i-portland. Phakathi "kwezingcezu" zomuntu ngamunye kukhona "izikhwama" zomoya, ukuhlinzeka ngokushisa okuphezulu, kodwa futhi nezimpawu ezinomsindo wezinto zokwakha (inkomba yokunciphisa umsindo ye-rw ingaphakathi kwe-50-60 DB), evumela ukuba bayisebenzise ngisho nokwakha ukuvikela umsindo izakhiwo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yesakhiwo se-porous, lezi zinto zokwakha zinomoya ophakeme ngomoya ophakeme kanye ne-vapor ephelele ("ukuphefumula"), okuthi, emcabangweni, kunikeza microscoloman enempilo endlini, njengasemapulangwe. Inzuzo yabo engaqondakali ukuthi yanda ekunikezelweni kokufakwa kwezingoma zokuphamba, okwenza lula umhlobiso wezindonga, kunciphisa ubunzima bayo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isikhathi kanye nezindleko zomsebenzi. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi umthamo wokushisa ngokhonkolo we-lump ungaphezu kolunye ukhonkolo olukhanyayo, ngakho-ke izindonga ezisongelwe kuzo zizosebenza njengamabhethri okushisa. Unjiniyela wangasese wokwenza izinto ezinjalo naye uheha iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi sokufakwa akudingi amasu aphezulu wokuphakamisa. Umhlobiso wangaphandle nowongaphakathi ungaba noma ngubani, kepha akufanele kunciphise amandla wezinto zokwakha "ukuphefumula."
"I-Arbit"
Okuqukethwe kwenzelwe futhi kwahlelwa ngawo-1960s. E-USSR, lapho kwakhiwa khona amafektri angaphezu kwe-100. Ngemuva kwalokho wayesesikhathini eside esikhohliwe, kepha namuhla udlula ekuzalweni kwesibili. "I-Arbolit" (isuka eLat. Arbor - "Isihlahla" nesiGreek. I-Lithos - "Itshe") empeleni luhlobo lwekhonkolo elikhanyayo.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze- "Arbolit": Ukufakwa kwe-Therbolit (density - kufika ku-450 kg / m³), ukufakwa kwesakhiwo-thermal (450-600 kg / m³) kanye nesakhiwo (600-850 kg / m³). Inketho enkulu namuhla ijabulele isidingo esikhulu kunazo zonke, ngoba isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni ngohlobo lwamabhulokhi amakhulu enziwe ngomumo, lapho kwakhiwa khona izindonga zezakhiwo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezakhiwo.
Okubi kwe-Arbolita kubandakanya ukuvumela okuphezulu komswakama futhi kuncishiswe ukumelana komswakama, ukulwa ngokuthi kuyinto efiselekayo ukugcina umswakama womoya emakamelweni angakapheli ama-75%, futhi izindawo ezingaphandle kwezindonga kufanele zibe nesendlalelo sokuqeda okuvikelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngamaphesenti amaningi okuvunyelwanga kwaso, indlela eyanele yesisekelo sendlu ngaphezu kwesidlo sasekuseni kanye nohambo olunwetshiwe lwemikhono yophahla. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ukuvezwa kwamanzi okukodwa kwamanzi akulona ingozi - kuzokuma, kepha okumanzi njalo akwamukeleki.
Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwamabhulokhi imiswe kanjena elandelayo. Izinkuni ezikhethiwe ezikhethwe ngokukhethekile zichotshoziwe, zihlelwe ukuthi zikhethe izinhlayiya zenani elithile (i-appleas esetshenziswa ngezimbobo ezilinganisiwe) uthuli oluvuthiwe, bese-ke, kanye nezengezo zikasimende, amanzi kanye namasheya angena ku-mixer. "Isixazululo" esiqediwe sithululelwa amafomu wensimbi futhi sihlanganiswa nge-vibropress. Ngenkathi ingxube ingenzi ngokugcwele, igcinwa ngesimo futhi kuphela lapho uthatha umkhiqizo ophumelelayo. Ikhasimende liqediwe block hhayi ngaphambi kwamaviki ama-2.
Izinkampani ezinkulu kanye ne-500 × 300 × 200 mm imikhiqizo yenza ama-halves "- 500 × 300 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 × 15,0 kokuhlukaniswa kwesitezi sesibili nabanye. Intengo yamabhulokhi - kusuka kuma-ruble angama-4500. ngo-1 m³.
Amabhulokhi e-Arbolite abekwa cishe okufanayo namanye amabhlogo amakhulu. Ngaphambi kokufaka ukugqagqana kwe-inter-arc, izindonga zangaphandle nezingaphakathi zithwetshiwe umqhele we-armoomas kakhonkolo, hhayi kuphela amazinga ezingeni lezindonga, kodwa futhi zinomthelela ekusatshalalisweni komfaniswano womthwalo okhiqizwa ngokweqile kanye nezakhiwo ezenziwe ngokweqile, Futhi ihlinzeka namandla angeziwe nokumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba kwendlu.
"I-Arbit"
Photo: "Arborate". Ukuphikiswa okuncishisiwe kokudluliswa kokushisa kodonga kusuka kugqinsiwe "kwe-Arbilit" ka-30 cm ngaphandle kokufakwa okwengeziwe kungu-3.25 m2 • ° C / W
Ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zodonga ezisongelwe kusuka kumabhulokhi we- "ArBilit", amapulani ahlukene ama-masonry aqiniswe ngegridi yensimbi
Kusuka ku- "ArBit" Drank ngisho nezinto ezingenangqondo ngisho nezakhi
Ukulungiselela ukuthulula kwe-armophoyas, udonga lomshado
Isidubulwane
I-Dubisol akuyona into ebonakalayo kuphela, kepha futhi nobuchwepheshe bokwakhiwa kwasekuqaleni, okusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamabhulokhi odongeni olungenziwa ezimweni zefekthri, kudlala indima yefomu elingaxhunyiwe. Intengo: Ama-ruble angama-130-340. Nge-1 pc.Ekuhambeni kokwakhiwa kwezindonga, amabhlogo asethwe ngemigqa komunye nomunye, kepha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-binder. Isimo esigunyaziwe - ama-caving angaphakathi amabhulokhi azo zonke imigqa yezindonga kufanele ahlanganyele ngokuqondile, kepha lapho ubeka phakathi kwemigqa eseduze, kudingeka i-offset ye-half aflow. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-resesses akhona phezulu kwamabhulokhi emgqeni ngamunye avundlile abeka izinduku zokuqinisa, okufafaza ubude beflip nge-wire cleaner. Maphakathi nemikhakha eyindilinga, amabhulokhi afakiwe ukufakwa okuthe mpo (ubude hhayi ngaphezulu kwe-1.5-1,8 m), beseke wayibopha ngentambo yocingo evundlile (futhi uma kunesidingo, kukhule, "kushukunyiswa" ezisekelweni).
Ngokufanayo, babeka imigqa yesibili, yesithathu kanye neyesine yamabhulokhi, ababeka ukufakwa okuthe mpo. Emva kwalokho, imithambo emise mpo yakhiwa odongeni oluqoqekile igcwele i-Concrete Brand B15, B20, B25 noma B30. Ithululelwa ngesandla noma isebenzisa iphampu ekhonkolo. Ukhonkolo ukhukhutheke emgodini ubopha uphawu ngesandla (indlela yokugibela) noma i-vibrator ejulile. Ukusetshenziswa kokhonkolo wezentengiselwano ngodonga olu-1 m² odongeni olungaphakathi ku-0.075-0.125 M³. Imigqa emine elandelayo isethwe futhi iphindaphinde inqubo yokugcwalisa ngokhonkolo (njengoba udonga lukhula lukhuphuke izinduku mpo). Ngenxa yalokhu, i-monolithic eqinisiwe ekhonkolo ekhonkolo enamandla ezinsika ezinamandla eziqonde mpo ezihlotshaniswa nama-jumpers acashile avundlile avela ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sodonga esakhiwe. Amandla aphezulu e-carcass anjalo akuvumela ukuthi ukwenze ukuxhaswa ngokugqashuka kukhonkolo - okwenziwe kabusha noma monolithic.
Ukwakheka kohlelo lweDrurisol
Kubandakanya amabhlogo wokwakhiwa kwezimali ezifuywayo zezakhiwo ezingapheliwe kanye nezingxenye ezingaphakathi, kanye namabhulokhi anokufakwa kwe-polystyrene ekwakhiweni kwezindonga zangaphandle ezinezinto zokulondolozwa okuphezulu - ezakhiweni zokuhlala. Uchungechunge olungaphandle kwamabhulokhi wokwakheka kwemigqa lufaka ama-halves akhethekile futhi akwazi ukufaka esikhundleni amabhlogo awo wendawo yonke esetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-jumpers ngobufakazi.
Isidubulwane
Photo: V. KOLELAV / Burda Media. Kusuka ku-Düsisol Blocks, kungenzeka ukwenza izakhiwo zodonga zefomu elingelona elijwayelekile noma le-curvilinear, njenge-erker. Kulokhu, izinto ezidingekayo zenziwa lapho
Ukuxhuma i-armature yezindonga zangaphandle nezingaphakathi ezindongeni eziseceleni kwamabhulokhi angaphandle asike ama-grooves
Kusuka kusihlobo se-offset komunye nomunye, amabhlokhi aphethe ama-grooves kanye nemigqomo etholakala ezindizeni zawo zokugcina, okubuye kwenze indima yezimpawu zakwa-labyrinth
Izakhiwo zodonga lomjaho
"Velox"
Ubuchwepheshe obuphelele bokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezisebenza ngamandla monolithic usebenzisa i-Velox Sep-Cement Slabs ("velox") wabulungelo obunikazi e-Austria emuva ngo-1956 futhi namuhla usebenza ngempumelelo emazweni aseRussia.Into esemqoka yohlelo lwe- "velox" lokwakha luyi-2000 × 500 mm ngosayizi ezimbili, ezitholakala kakhulu ngokuguqulwa okubili: amapuleti angqimba olulodwa awugqinsi angama-25, 35, 50 no-75 mm asetshenziselwa idivaysi eyenziwe yangaphandle kanye nezindonga zangaphakathi; Amapuleti angenakushisa okushisa okushisa okwenziwe ngongqimba olulodwa (35 mm) ngokunamathela i-polystyrere Foam (PPP) enobukhulu baka-150 mm, okuvumela ukuthi wakhe izakhiwo zodonga ngokuvinjelwa kokushisa okuncishisiwe e-RO = 4.37 (M2 • ℃) / W. Kunamapuleti akhuphuke afinyelela ku-200 mm ungqimba lwe-PPS. Intengo yepuleti: 300-1200 rub. Nge-1 pc.
Uhlelo lubandakanya futhi: Amapuleti ophahla (200 × 500 × 25 mm); Amabhokisi (2000 × 380 × 170-260 mm, ukuphakama kuya ngobude besikhala) sokwenziwa kwezitezi ezisindi monolithic monolithic; I-Metal Engashadi Engashadi ne-Double Ehlala Ezinhlanganeni ezingama-320 kanye ne-480 mm ubude, ukuhlinzeka ibanga elinqunyelwe phakathi kwezindonga zangaphandle nezona zangaphakathi zomugqa owodwa oxhumanisa amapuleti emigqa ehlukene ukuphakama; Amafreyimu we-Spatial - ama-Trigons asetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezimbobeni zamandla ze-monolithic sclap.
Kulezi zinto eziyisisekelo zokuhambisana nemithetho ethile futhi kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezincane neziningi. Ukukhuphuka kuqala ngenye yamakhona angaphandle esakhiwo, ngenkathi amapuleti ekuhlanganeni qinisa izipikili ngobude obuyi-100 mm, aqhutshwa emangele ehlukene. Ngemuva kwalokho, amapuleti akha i-Outer futhi udonga lwangaphakathi lwefomu lomugqa wokuqala ludonswa njalo, lubaxhumanise ngokubhala izincwadi.
Ngenxa yalokhu, izingxenye eziqondile nezisezilimisiwe zezindonga ziyakhishwa kancane kancane, kanti amaphrojekthi asetshenzisiwe ahlinzekelwe kuphrojekthi ("ama-Exs" awo anamapuleti okugcina anobukhulu obungu-75 mm). Usuqedile ukufakwa kwezifo zodonga lwangaphandle, qhubeka nokwakha "amagobolondo" ngokuthwala izindonga zangaphakathi nezahlukaniso. Lapho ukufakwa komugqa wokuqala kuyo yonke indawo yendlu kuqediwe ngokuphelele, ngaphakathi kwefomu ezindaweni ezinikezwe yiprojekthi, ukufakwa okuthe mpo (ama-Trigons) kufakiwe kanye nokhonkolo womkhiqizo (ngesandla noma iphampu ekhonkolo). Ngokulandelayo, amabanga alandelayo efomu ahlanganisiwe, aguqula izibalo ezithe mpo zamapuleti emigqeni eseduze okungenani 250 mm.
Ubuchwepheshe bokwakhiwa kwezindonga busebenza kahle ngendlela yoqobo yokwenza lula izitezi zeMonolithi ezihlanganisiwe ze-monolithic. Isisekelo samuva - imishayo ekhonkolo iqiniswa ama-trigones ensimbi kanye nokuphakama okuvela ku-185 mm kuya ku-275 mm, kufakwe esiteji sika-620 mm kanye nezinto ze-monolith.
"Velox"
Photo: "Ecotomostroy". Amapuleti "velox" abopha ngomunye nomunye izipikili aqhutshwa engela
Ibanga elinqunyelwe phakathi kwezindonga zangaphandle nezingaphakathi zefomu lihlinzeka ngensimbi
Ama-Trigons nawo asetshenziselwa ukuqiniswa okuqondile, okunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi
Lapho kwakhiwa izitezi ze-monolithic ze-conolithic eziqinile, zenza ubukhulu bama-25-35 mm kusuka kumapuleti "velox"
I-Fibrobeton
Ibizwa nangokuthi i-Fibrolite - kungukuthi izinto zemvelo ze-slab ezikhiqizwe kusuka kuma-chips amahle (ubude - 250-500 mm, ububanzi - 1-4 mm, kuvame ukubhekiswa ku-Wood Wool), usimende wePortland namanzi. Ekwenziweni kwe-fiber fiber, kuphathwe ngesisombululo sengilazi ewuketshezi, kuxutshwe nosimende namanzi, bese kuthi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-0.5 MPA nge-Ribbon Presping indlela, imikhiqizo iphathwa nge-Ferry futhi yomisiwe. Imikhiqizo ejwayelekile - amapuleti anobude obungama-2400 no-3000 mm, ububanzi obungama-600-1200 mm kanye nobukhulu obungama-30 kuye kwayi-150 mm. Banamandla aphansi agoba (kusuka ku-0.4 kuya ku-1.2 MPA) nokuvumelana nezimo, kepha ngesikhathi esiphansi ngokwanele (kusuka ku-300 kuye ku-1050 kg (0.10-0.15 Izinkomba ezinhle zokuvuselela (0.10-0.15 w / (m Izici. Namuhla, amapuleti e-fiblite ezinkampani ezinjenge-Celenit (Italy), iGreen Board (Russia), Träullit (Sweden), njll. I-Acoustic noMklami.Izakhiwo. Ububanzi bokusebenzisa kwabo izakhiwo zokwakha bunqunywa yi-density, elihlukaniswe libe liphansi (200-500 kg / m³), medium (500-800 kg / m³) kanye ne-800 kg / m³). Njengesibonelo, cabanga ngamapuleti ohlelo lwebhodi eluhlaza.
Amapuleti anobunzima baka-250 kg / m³ (GB1, ubukhulu - 100 mm) kanye nama-300 kg / m³ (GB1, ubukhulu - ama-50 mm) asetshenziselwa ukushisa kanye nokufakwa komsindo, i-thermo- kanye ne-hydraging ye-microclimation ye izakhiwo. Ukwanda kokuncipha kuze kube ngu-450 kg / m³ (GB450, ubukhulu - 25 mm) kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngezinhloso ezifanayo, kanye nokusebenzisa njengezindonga ezingekho emthethweni kanye nezindonga zohlaka olubona imithwalo olulinganiselwe. Imikhiqizo enobukhulu obuphakathi kwe-600 kg / m³ (GB600, ubukhulu - 14, 25, 35 no-50 mm) kanye nama-25 no-35 mm) enze imisebenzi yefomu elingaxhunyiwe ku-monolithic izakhiwo ezivela kukhonkolo okhanyayo nokhonkolo osindayo; Zisetshenziselwa isikhumba sangaphandle nesingaphakathi sezindonga zezakhiwo zozimele, ukwahlukaniswa kanye nemizimba yophahla. Ekugcineni, ipuleti lingubuningi bama-950 kg / m³ (GB3, ubukhulu - 10 no-12 mm) kanye no-1050 Esikhundleni samapuleti e-OSP-PULTATES) esetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwamaphaneli we-sandwich (kususelwa kumapuleti we-PPS noma we-GB1), kanye nezinhlaka zezinhlelo ze-rafting-beam (esikhundleni se-OSP-PLUS).
Izindleko zamapuleti ezenhlalo zokukhiqizwa kweRussia ziyahlukahluka kusuka kuma-ruble angama-290 kuya kwayi-1200. Nge-1 pc. Imikhiqizo yase-Italy neSweden izobiza cishe izikhathi eziyi-1.5. I-Tile inezithunzi eziningi zemibala emihlanu eyinhloko - izimpawu zesibhakabhaka, amafu, izinkuni, umhlaba nolwandle. Amathayili womqambi wethulwa yimikhiqizo yenkampani yaseSweden Baux (ingena kwi-Träullit Group). Banezimo nemibala ehlukile, evumela amaphaneli wokuhlobisa cishe noma yiluphi usayizi ovela ezintweni ezithengiwe ezithengiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathayili anezakhiwo ezinhle zokunciphisa umsindo, ezikwazi ukudonsa futhi zingenalutho (kuya ngesimo somoya) futhi ziqongelela amandla ashisayo. Isisindo semikhiqizo singama-14 kg / m². Zingafakwa odongeni noma ophahleni ngezindlela ezimbili. Ebusweni bokuqala, ingaphezulu liqinile ngamashidi wensimbi amancane, futhi ngemuva kwethayela, ama-magnets ahleliwe - kulokhu, kungenzeka ukuthi ashintshe amaphaneli amadala noma alimaze iphethini yephaneli kaningi. Indlela yesibili ifaka ukunamathela ebusweni.
Kulonyaka, ukukhiqizwa kwe-Designer Tile sekuhlelele i-Russian Green Board. Intengo yemikhiqizo yokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya - kusuka kuma-ruble ayinkulungwane. Ngo-1 m². IsiSwidi sibiza kakhulu - kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-2. Ngo-1 m².
Ukwakhiwa kwe-fiblite
Isithombe: Selenit. Ezakhiweni zezitini ezinohlaka oluqinisiwe lwe-monolithic, kusetshenziselwa amapuleti ahlelekile we-fiblite ukufakazela amabhuloho okuthiwa abandayo.
Amapuleti aphezulu aphezulu anobukhulu obuyi-10 kuye kwangama-22 mm asetshenziswa ngempumelelo njengokuncipha kwamandla ezindongeni zangaphandle nezingaphakathi nokwahlukaniswa
Amapuleti aphakathi nendawo alungele ukwahlukaniswa kwezitini ezivinjelwe
Amaphaneli ezindonga
Uhlelo lokudala ama-grooves amaphaneli e-courier concrithic eqinisiwe
Isikhundla esisekupheleni kwephaneli sigcizelelwe ukuqiniswa kanye nokhonkolo othululelwe - ugongolo ophethe lohlaka (1) luyakhiwa; Ama-grooves ekuhlanganiseni okume mpo kwamaphaneli adala umsebenzi wokuphonsa ikholomu yokusekelwa yohlaka (2); ipuleti lensimbi yokulungisa izinkambo zezikhali (3); Ukugcizelela igridi emhlanganweni wamaphaneli
Muva nje, i-träullit yathuthukisa uhlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli odonga lodonga olugcwele kusuka kungxube yoboya bokhuni kanye nosimende (Fiblite) nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala ezivela kubo. Lawa mapaneli akhanyayo anobude obufinyelela ku-6 m, ukuphakama okungu-2.7-3 m kanye no-50 cm (kuya ngezimo zezulu zasendaweni (kuncike ekuvinjelweni kwezulu lokushisa kungahluka kusuka ku-3.29 kuya ku-6.58 (M² • K) / w). Imikhiqizo yenziwa ngomugqa ozenzakalelayo (ohlinzeka ngokulungela okungapheli kanye nokulungela okuphezulu kwefektri), lapho kufakwa khona ama-windows kanye neminyango lapho kugawulwa khona, kanye nemikhondo edingekayo yokubeka noma yokubeka ezokuxhumana. Ukusuka efektri esakhiweni sephaneli kuhanjiswa endaweni ebheke phezulu.
Ukushisa okuqongelelwa kwamandla amaphaneli - 250 KJ / M² • K. Isikhombisi sokumelana nomlilo sodonga - Rei 360 (ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ipaneli yodonga lafakwa ngaphansi komphumela oqhubekayo welangabi elinama-1200 ° C. Amahora - kusuka ohlangothini oluphambene nodonga, izinga lokushisa lalingu-45 ° C) kuphela. Ngenxa yesisindo esiphansi (ubuningi bemikhiqizo - 300-350 kg / m³), isisekelo esingasindi esingase sisetshenziswe ngaphansi kwezindonga zamaphaneli anjalo.
Ubuchwepheshe be-House Assembly bubonakala ngokulula, ukucatshangelwa okuphansi nezindleko eziphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekwakhiweni okuqoqiwe kwephaneli (amandla abo okucindezela angu-27 Kn / m), akukho umthwalo. Kuthatha ifreyimu ekhonkolo eqinisiwe equkethe amakholomu nemishayo, amafomu awo ama-grooves avundlile futhi abheke phezulu emaphethelweni amaphaneli odonga. Ngakho-ke emalungeni amaphaneli wodonga wodonga oluthe mpo, ama-cavies skwele akhiwa yisigaba sesiphambano esingu-70 × 70 mm. Engxenyeni engenhla yomkhiqizo ngamunye kukhona ukujula okwenziwe ngohlobo olubunjiwe ngesigaba se-100 × 160 mm, okuvumela ukwakheka kwe- "ring" groove eqinile ngaphansi komngcele wezindonga ngaphansi kodonga.
I-Fibroit yokwakhiwa kwephaneli
Photo: Träullit. Ama-loops wewindows anqunywe emaphaneli, ama-grooves enziwa ngaphansi kwe-wiring kagesi kanye nokuvalwa okusalungiswa kwenziwa.
Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwezindonga ezivela kumapuleti elokwakheka efektri abonakala ngokulula kanye nesivinini esikhulu esihlanganiswe nokuqina kwabasebenzi okuphansi nezindleko
Amapuleti ensimbi alungisa isikhundla sokuqiniswa kuphaneli ye-sinus ephezulu
Ngemuva kokufaka esisekelweni (kungqimba kasimende kasimende), amaphaneli acindezelwe. Ama-cavities mpo kanye nama-grooves avundlile abekwe ukuqiniswa kwensimbi, bese esathela ukhonkolo (uma isakhiwo esinezitezi eziningi, khona-ke amakholomu emalungeni amaphaneli adonswa kuwo wonke amafulethini asuka phezulu). Ukuze ugcine ukuqiniswa kuma-grooves avundlile kude ukusuka ku-fiblite, amapuleti akhethekile ensimbi anobukhulu obungu-3 mm ngesiphunga esisheshayo, esishayela emzimbeni wephaneli. Kumapuleti afanayo, imishayo yokugqashuka noma ama-rafters ahleliwe. Lapho uqeda izindonga zibunjiwe.
Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe obusha - ekwakhiweni kwezindonga akukho amabhuloho okubandayo, izinhlaka zihlala isikhathi eside, ama-racks wokubumba nokubola, abe nesisindo esincane futhi adalulwe ku-shrinkage. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngehora le-brigade labafaki (okungenani abantu abathathu), kungaba, ngosizo lwe-crane, faka amaphaneli amabili odonga, ngakho ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Izindleko zamaphaneli adingekayo ekufakweni kwezindonga zangaphandle zendlu ejwayelekile enezitezi ezinendawo ephelele ye-100 m², eSweden cishe ama-euro ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12-15. E-Russia, iphaneli isavela phesheya (isitshalo sasekhaya sokukhiqiza sawo senzelwe) ngakho-ke kubiza kakhulu ama-ruble acishe abe yizigidi eziyi-1.5-2,0. Ekhishini efanayo.
I-Fibrolyt ye-Design
Photo: Träullit. Umklami weTile Baux Träullit angaba ne-Round, Hex, isikwele, isikwele, isikwele kanye nesimo esingunxantathu. Ngasikhathi sinye, imikhiqizo yamafomu ahlukene ikhethiwe ngosayizi ukuze ihlanganiswe kalula esilinganisweni esisodwa
Amapuleti e-acoustic
Idizayinelwe ukulungisa i-acoustic medium emagcekeni akhuphulwe ngayo: amahholo wezemidlalo, izinkundla zemidlalo yasekhaya, njll. Amapuleti asetshenziselwa ukwehla ophahleni olumisiwe, emigqonyeni emile yomsindo noma ezikrinini ezengeziwe . Ngalezi zinhloso, kuhlongozwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe amapuleti ngokuqina kwama-450 no-600 kg / m³ kanye nobukhulu bokusuka ku-14 kuye ku-25 mm. Intengo yemikhiqizo yaseRussia ikhiqiza kusuka kuma-ruble angama-600 kuya kwayi-1200. Nge-1 pc. I-Italian izobiza cishe izikhathi eziyi-1.5 ezibiza kakhulu. Abanye bahlukanisa izitofu ezi-acoustic ezingafakwa ekuqedeni ukwakheka kwale ndawo. Ziyatholakala ngesisekelo sokwenza usimende ojwayelekile noma omhlophe futhi zipendwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene (ngokuya ngekhathalogu), futhi zinikezwe futhi ngemiphetho ngesibambo esingemuva komshini, njll. Izindleko: kusuka kuma-ruble angu-1000. Ngo-1 m2, angeniswa ezweni - ama-ruble angama-1300-2000. ngo-1 m2.
Photo: Traldtekt.