Umthombo wamanzi esitokisini sendlu: Izinzuzo nobubi bomthombo nomthombo wobuciko, ukuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi, ukwakhiwa kwephasiphothi kanye nelayisense lokusebenzisa i-subboil
Ukugoba kanye no-Arid Summer 2010 kwakha izakhamizi eziningi esikanye nazo ukuthi zicabange ngomthombo wazo wamanzi endlini yezwe noma ezweni. Yini oyithandayo: Donsela umthombo noma owomile kahle? I-athikili yethu izokusiza wenze isinqumo futhi ufunde ngezinto ezithile ezingokomthetho zokwakhiwa kwazo.
Kahle noma kahle?
Ukutholakala kwamanzi enhlabathi yokuqala kusuka ebusweni bomhlaba we-aquifer (ukujula komhlaba-5-30m) kuvula umthombo. Bamba ngokuvamile ngesandla, futhi ikakhulukazi bazibandakanya kuma-brigade ayizimele. Ngemithombo, amasongo kakhonkolo aqinisiwe ngokuphakama kwe-0.9m, ububanzi obungu-1m kanye nesisindo esingu-640-700kg. Into ebophekile yendandatho yi- "castle", okungukuthi, ama-prorrusions ekugcineni kwawo, ngeke avumele amanzi angcolile ukuba avuze emthonjeni. Izindleko zendandatho eyodwa nomsebenzi wokufakwa kwayo kungama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-4-5. Ukujula komthombo kunqunywa izisebenzi ngokwazo, zimba. Uma ungabethembi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, mema unjiniyela we-hydrogeologiogiogiogiogiological, uhlola inhlabathi futhi anikeze umbono wesazi ekujuleni kwe-aquifer esizeni sakho. Ukujula okujwayelekile komthombo kuyizindandatho eziyishumi, kepha kwenzeka ngokwengeziwe. Kuliqiniso, umthombo ungahle unyathe ngokuphelele - ngokwesibonelo, uma kune-Drone yoMfula ongaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi komhlaba wakho.Insiza kahle ishibhile kunokuhlanza kahle, izindleko zayo cishe zilingana nentengo yendandatho eyodwa. Yebo, okungasetshenziswa isikhathi eside noma ungahlanzekile kahle, kungahle kuguqulwe (lokhu kwenzeka cishe iminyaka emi-5).
Ukuhlela kahle ehlelweni lwayo, awudingi ukuthola imvume ekhethekile. Ngemuva kokumba, ukuqoqa amadokhumenti ngokusemthethweni kwawo, nakho, ngeke kudingeke. Sinaka nje isidingo sokuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi endaweni ekhethekile. Mhlawumbe othile onjengesilinganiso ubonakala ewukuqapha ngokweqile, kepha impilo yomndeni wakho wonke incike kukho.
Umthombo, lapho ungathola khona amanzi njengephampu kagesi, futhi ibhakede likagogo omdala, elilungele labo abadla ngamanzi angama-2m3 ngosuku. Kulokhu, inhlabathi esizeni akufanele ichitheke, ngaphandle kwalokho amanzi afanele akwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukuphuza. Umthombo wokumba kahle futhi ezimweni lapho isiza sesivele sahlelwa khona futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthwala imishini emikhulu kuyo.
Ngokuqondene nemithombo, kukhona ezimbili zohlobo lwazo: ukuhlunga (iSandy) ne-Artesian, noma i-limestone. Owokuqala isikhathi eside wayevame kakhulu. Eqinisweni, okufanayo okuhlukile kancane emthonjeni, njengoba kuvumela ukuthola amanzi kusuka ku-aquifer efanayo enjalo. Ukushisa izinsuku zemithombo ye-sandy kusencane kungenzeka - ashesha kakhulu kunomthombo (iminyaka eyi-1.5-2), futhi abiza kakhulu ukubahlanza. Hlunga kahle unika amanzi afinyelela ku-12m3 ngosuku. Isikhathi senkonzo yaso ngisho nokuhlanza njalo nokunakekela cishe iminyaka eyi-15. Izindleko zokumba 1M Umthombo ucishe ube ama-ruble angama-2500, ukujula okuphakathi kuka-25-30m.
Imithombo ye-Artesian yathola igama labo ngegama lesifundazwe saseFrance sika-Arto. Kwakukhona lapho imithombo eshiywe i-100m kanye namanzi ajulile ajulile, lapho kunesihlungi semvelo khona - i-limestone. Ngakho-ke, amanzi avela emthonjeni onjalo, njengomthetho, angadakwa, angahlunga futhi angakubiki. Ukujula kwengqimba ye-limestone kwehlukile: Kwezinye izifunda, zithi, 40m, kwabanye - 200m. Izindleko zokumba zicishe zifane nesihlabathi kahle. Kodwa-ke, ukujula kokumba kuhluke ngokuphelele. Umthombo we-Artesian uzobiza kakhulu kunokuhlunga noma kahle. Izizathu zalokhu ziwukujula okukhulu kanye nesidingo sokuthola ilayisense yokusebenzisa indawo engaphansi. Kepha umthombo onjalo uzosebenza kakhulu njengamapayipi ngokwawo, - aze afike ku-50 ubudala, futhi ubungozi bokusanhlamvu kwalo kuncane. Kuliqiniso, kukhona ama-minus: Amanzi avela kwa-Artesian kahle angaba nokunambitheka, ngakho-ke udinga ukufaka izihlungi ezengeziwe.
Ephumelela kakhulu ukumba kwe-Artesian kahle amasayithi amahlanu ayisikhombisa. Kulokhu, izindleko ziyindawo efanelekile, yokugcina yamanzi yansuku zonke zanele ukwanelisa zonke izidingo, kulula ukubona insimu ngaphansi komthombo. Ekugcineni, ukunakekela ukuklama umthombo wakho wamanzi ahlanzekile kungahlukaniswa nomakhelwane
Ukusheshisa kwazo zombili izinhlobo kukhona ukudonsa okujwayelekile: thola amanzi ngaphandle kosizo lwepompo akunakwenzeka. Ukuze i-Well ingasetshenziswa ebusika nasehlobo, amapayipi okuvela kuwo (njengoba, ngendlela, kusuka emthonjeni), kuyadingeka ukuhola ekujuleni okungenani okungu-1.5 m, amanzi awazibazi kuzo. Ukukhetha ipompo, kuyadingeka ukubheka ukujula komthombo noma kahle kanye nombuso wokushisa - amaphampu angaphezulu angavikelekile kahle kumakhaza.
Umthombo ungavuthwa endaweni eyodwa noma wenze ngokuhlanganyela. Uma umthombo ushayela kahle ekujuleni okuncane futhi yakhelwe izindlu eziyishumi, ilayisense ayidingeki - kwanele ukukhipha ipasipoti. Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukwenza umthombo kuwo wonke umzana noma ukusebenzisana kwengadi, zonke izigaba zokuklama nokuxhumana komsebenzi kuzofanele zihambe, bese uthola ilayisense yokusebenzisa indawo yangaphansi.
Dala umthombo
Ngaphambi kokumba, kufanele unqume ukujula kwamanzi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukutadisha ukwakheka kwe-aquifer. Unga-oda ukuhlola kwinsizakalo efanele yezwe esifundeni sakho noma usebenzise imininingwane emayelana nemithombo esele ebhaliswe kule nsimu. Ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezwe kuzoba lula ukwenza isinqumo, okungcono kakhulu ukumba - uSandy noma wase-Artesian.
Ukumba umthombo isikhathi eside - kuzothathwa isikhathi esithe xaxa ukulungiselela iphakethe lamadokhumenti ukuthola ilayisense lokusebenzisa i-subboil futhi kwakha umthombo ozosebenza (uma kulindeleke kahle). Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukubala ibhalansi yokudonsa kwamanzi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ukuthola isilinganiso sokugeleza okuyisibonelo (okungukuthi, amandla e-aquifer). Izibalo zokuqala zenziwa ngemuva komphumela wezifundo ze-geophysical zomthombo ohleliwe zizotholakala. Uma uthatha isinqumo sokuhlola ngaphandle kokuhlola, imiphumela yemisebenzi efanayo eyenziwa kule ndemu ingathathwa njengesisekelo sokubala. Ukuthola ilayisense, idatha yokuhlola geological ayibophekile. Kodwa-ke, elinye lemigomo yesivumelwano selayisense isidingo sokuhlola isitoko samanzi aphansi komhlaba esikhathini esithile.
Kuzodinga futhi isiphetho sochwepheshe be-rosrotrebnadzor ngemuva kokutadisha okokuqala kwendawo yesikhathi esizayo kahle. Lesi isenzo sokuhlola insimu ye-node yokudla kwamanzi esizayo. Ngaphandle kwesiphetho esinjalo, ukumba kuyingozi - kungahle kube yilapho ikhwalithi yamanzi ayihlangabezani nezidingo zokuphepha kokuhlanzeka. I-Wellthold of Well kufanele futhi ithole isiphetho se-sanitytaadmemadzor kungenzeka ukuthi usebenzise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba wokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi (lokhu akuphathelene nemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali noma nge-bacteriological, kodwa mayelana nesiphetho esemthethweni esenziwe ngesimo esikhethekile esingenalutho isampula esungulwe nge-hologram). Ngokufanelekile, lesi isiphetho sokuhambisana kwamanzi nezidingo zeSanpin 2.1.4.1074-01 "Amanzi okuphuza. Izidingo zokuhlanzeka kwekhwalithi yamanzi yezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zokuphuza amanzi. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi »Noma kungaba seanpine 2.1.4.1175-02" Izidingo zokuhlanzeka kwekhwalithi yamanzi okuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okungafakwanga. Ukuvikelwa kokuhlanzeka kwemithombo. " Uma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba azosetshenziselwa ukutholakala kwamanzi ezobuchwepheshe, awudingi ukuthola lesi siphetho.
Ekugcineni, kuyadingeka ukuthola indawo yokuhlanzeka nokuvikela yomthombo. Yinsimu eyizungezile, lapho kungenzeki khona ukubeka izakhiwo nokufakwa okude. Uma kungahlinzekiwe, ukuhlolwa kwezemvelo kungakulethela ukungcoliswa kokungcoliswa komhlaba (kulesi simo, ngisho ne-asphalt noma indawo ekhokhelwe emthonjeni uzosindisa). Ubukhulu obuncane be-sanitary uviter sone-30x30m. Kufanele inyamalale uthango bese ugibela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo yale ndawo ivunyelwa ukwehla, kepha imvamisa iphathelene namabhizinisi ezimboni. Kodwa-ke, manje amafemu amaningi anikela ekuthuthukiseni futhi avumelanise ukuncishiswa kokusalungiswa endaweni yokuvikelwa kokuhlanzeka - ungaxhumana nawo.
Ukukhetha indawo yendawo, qiniseka ukuthi amathangi ezimboni awambiwa. Kulula ukuthola obala lapho kuhlola. Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi uma kunemithombo yamanje yase-Artesian ezingosini ezingomakhelwane, ngokuzayo, izinkinga zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kungenzeka: ngakho-ke ama-aquifers awanamkhawulo, ngakho-ke umswakama ophilayo awunakukwanela kuwo wonke umuntu.
Senza ipasipoti nelayisense
Ngemuva kokuqedwa komsebenzi wokumba kanti amadokhumenti adingekayo emthonjeni atholakala, kuyadingeka ukuphetha isivumelwano sokulawulwa kwekhwalithi nge-sanidemior Laboratory. Ngasikhathi sinye, nikeza imvamisa yokulawula, okuzokusiza ngesikhathi ukuphendula amacala okungenzeka wokuvalwa
Ilayisense ikhishwa emnyangweni welayisense wenhlangano ye-subsoil federal (Rosnedra) esifundeni lapho uhlala khona. Uma uzokhipha amadokhumenti hhayi ngokuzimela, kepha ngomlamuli, ungazihlola ngokuzihlola ngendima yazo, ochwepheshe bazosiza ukuhlola ukuthi yini amathuba akho okuthola imvume yokusebenzisa izinto ezingaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukunciphisa izindleko: Uma kucaca ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke ukuhlela ilayisense (ngokwesibonelo, ubukhulu besindawo sokuhlanzeka akuhlangabezani nezidingo zeSanpin), akukephuzi kakhulu ukuguqula uhlobo ka-Well futhi esikhundleni se-Artesian khetha uSandy.
Ukuphendukela eRosnedra, kuyadingeka ukugcwalisa isitatimende ngomthetho osunguliwe. Ukushaywa kufanele kufakwe ohlelweni lwe-cadastral lwesayithi kanye nesitifiketi sobunikazi bomhlaba. Incazelo nokubalwa kwebhalansi yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuzodingeka futhi, kwesinye isikhathi - izinkontileka zokwelashwa kwamanzi noma ukusebenza kwezindawo zokulashwa kwamanzi, isivumelwano sokulahlwa kukadoti okususelwa emanzini.
Amadokhumenti owalekela eMnyangweni Wezifunda kaRosnedre athunyelwa ekwamukelweni kweRosTrebnadzor kanye nekomidi lezemihlaba yedolobha lakho noma esifundeni. Emva kwalokho, iphakethe lamadokhumende lidlulisela kwinhlangano yezwe elikhipha ilayisense lokusetshenziswa okungaphansi kokuhambisana nesampula elisunguliwe.
Iphrojekthi yezenhle eyenzelwe abasebenzisi abaningana, kuyadingeka ukuxhumanisa nochwepheshe beRasrotrebnadzor kanye nenhlangano eyenza imisebenzi yokuhlola (enhlokodolobha i-FSUE "Geocenter-Moscow"). Njengoba usuthole ilayisense yelungelo lokusebenzisa i-subsoil, ungabhekisa kubashayeli abazozama kahle ngokwephrojekthi.
Lapho uklama umthombo, nakasheke, noma ngabe kunesikhala esanele sokuhlela indawo yokuvikela yokuhlanzeka, ubukhulu obuncane bokuthi kufanele kube ngu-30x30m. Qaphela: Ukubeka noma yiziphi izakhiwo kanye nokufakwa okuphezulu kule ndawo akuvunyelwe.
Amafemu ahlanganyela emithonjeni yokumba, kakhulu, ngakho-ke kukhona ukukhetha. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhulume nalokhu ngokucophelela. Okokuqala, hlola ukuthi usonkontileka ongaba khona unokubekezelela ukumba kwamanzi (ilayisense). Buza futhi, noma ngabe inkampani ingakunikeza isibikezelo sekhwalithi yamanzi bese unquma isaphulelo se-Wells. Uma usonkontileka engakulungele ukwenza lowo msebenzi wokuhlaziya, kufanelekile ukusesha okunye.
Ukukhetha usonkontileka, nakekela ukuhlanganiswa kwenkontileka. Qikelela ngokucophelela igama lakhe - ngokwesibonelo, "isivumelwano sokumba komthombo wokuhlola kahle." Ngemuva kwakho konke, noma ngabe kwenziwa ukuhlola okuphezulu kwemvelo, asikho isiqinisekiso esiphelele sokuthi kuzoba namanzi anele esithukuthele kahle. Ukwehlisa ubungozi obunjalo kubuncane, unganikeza le nto elandelayo kwinkontileka: Uma kuvela ukuthi akukho manzi noma okuncane, usonkontileka obona ukuhlola kahle, futhi intengo yokumba iyancishiswa (imvamisa, Kepha kumele kuxoxwe).
Lawula inqubo yokumba emninimnikazi wendawo akuyona into edingekayo, kepha kuyinto efiseleka kakhulu. Ngisho nokuba khona okulula kwalo ngesikhathi somsebenzi kuzoba yisiqinisekiso sokuthi bazofezeka kangcono.
Lapho umthombo uqhutshwa futhi uhlome ngepompo, yizame ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Emva kwalokho, thumela amasampula amanzi elabhorari agunyaziwe ukuze izivivinyo ezilandelayo zenziwa lapho: I-Microbiological, Ukuphepha kwemisebe, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane. Ukuze unciphise ukulahleka okungenzeka uma ikhwalithi yamanzi iphansi, vula into ngokuya ngokuthi usonkontileka (okugcina kufanele aqinisekise ikhwalithi yomsebenzi, kepha ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yamanzi, echaza kahle) ibophekile ukuthi ingathethelela ukucacisa yokushayela futhi unikeze izihlungi zamanzi (kungenzeka ukuthi uzodinga).
Ngemuva kokumba, kufanele ukhiphe ipasipoti kahle. Alinayo ifomu elinqunyelwe ngokucacile, ngakho-ke usonkontileka uxazulula lo mbuzo ngokuzimela. Iphasiphothi ingaphrintwa kwiphrinta, idokhumenti elihlanganisiwe futhi eliqinisekisiwe noma i-typographic handbook, eligcwaliswe ngesandla kanye nokuphrinta okuqinisekisiwe. Esimweni sothando, kunesethi ephansi yezidingo okufanele zibonwe lapho leli phepha lihlanzwa.
Imithombo emthonjeni ikhombisa:
- Imali ekhokhwa ngemithombo;
- Ukujula kwawo;
- Uhlobo lokuqoqa kanye nobubanzi babo bangaphakathi;
- Thayipha nobubanzi besihlungi;
- Izinga le-Static and Dynamic of kahle;
- Ukwakhiwa kwezendlalelo nohlobo lwazo, lapho kuthathwa khona amanzi (ngaphesheya kokujula komthombo);
- Izici zepompo efakiwe;
- Uhlobo lwesiteshi sokupompa ngenkomba yobubanzi bepayipi lokuphakelayo, ukuba khona kwephampu evulekile kanye nokuqiniswa kokhonkolo okuqinisiwe, kanye nokuphakama kokufakwa kwephampu, okuvumela ukususa nokubeka esikhundleni sokugcina uma kudiliza;
- Thayipha nokubonakalayo kwepayipi;
- Ingcindezi yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi epayipini;
Idivaysi engangeni manzi inquma inani lamanzi adliwe (lokhu kuyadingeka ekubaleni iqoqo lezinsizakusebenza zamanzi).
Umthombo wakho ungabheka ikhomishini equkethe ochwepheshe beRosnedre, isikhwama sendaloji, abahloli bezemvelo nabasebenzi be-ovd. Uma ungenayo imvume yokushayela kanye namadokhumenti emthonjeni, usongelwa inhlawulo efinyelela kumaholo amancane angama-500 noma isijeziso ngohlobo lomsebenzi wokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo kuze kube iminyaka emi-2
I-Plisport ikhombisa amacebo ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwezendlalelo okuphasiswe ngabashayeli (kahle esigabeni), noma imishini yezobuchwepheshe ye-Well (izihlungi, i-IDR Pump) ingakhonjiswa.
Qaphela ukuthi ipasipoti akuyona imvume yokwakha umthombo, futhi idokhumenti yezobuchwepheshe edingekayo ekunakekelweni kwayo okulandelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukutholwa kwepasipoti kuyisigaba sokugcina sokwenza umthombo, hhayi owokuqala.
Abanye osonkontileka abahlakaniphe, balwela ukujabulisa umnikazi wesiza, banikeze amaphasiphothi amabili ngasikhathi sinye emthonjeni. Omunye wabo uhambelana nezici zako zangempela - kuzodingeka ukusetshenzelwa ngokuzayo. Ipasipoti yesibili yenziwa ngokuqondile ukuze iqinisekisile. Ngazise, ngokwesibonelo, ukujula kokumba kungaqondakala, okuguqula umthombo ovela e-artesian uye sandy. Kepha lokhu kuyingozi: Uma inhlangano yokuhlola isungula iqiniso, ngeke kudingeke ukuthi baphendule osonkontileka, kodwa njengomnikazi womthombo.
Ngemuva kokuthi yonke imibhalo itholakele (ukuthola amalayisense futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuthatha isikhathi eside - kufika ezinyangeni ezi-6), kufakwe kahle ukubalwa kwezimali ku-FSU TTI (Isikhwama Somhlaba Yolwazi lwezwe esifundeni sakho). Lokhu kunikezwa kuwe kuqinisekisa ifomu elisunguliwe. Manje ungasebenzisa ngenkuthalo umthombo wakho wamanzi. Uma ungacabangi amadokhumenti avumayo futhi uzobanjwa kahle engcupheni yakho, gcina engqondweni: Uma uqala ukubheka ukuthi uzophoqeleka ukuthi ungakhokhisi kuphela inhlawulo, kodwa futhi udlule kuzo zonke izigaba zomthombo wezenhle . I-ANA kuzodingeka ukuthi ichithe isikhathi esiningi nemali.
Khumbula ukuthi umthombo ufuna isimo esihle ngokucophelela. Kuyadingeka ukuthi uhambisane ngokuqinile nayo yonke imithetho yokusebenza kwanoma yiziphi izinto zemishini. Olunye Usuku Layday Umthombo wakho uqobo uzokujabulisa ngamanzi ahlanzekile futhi awusizo.