Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwendlu yokugezela: ukudilizwa kwendlu yokuhlanzeka, ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ezintsha, phansi kanye nophahla kanye nophahla nophahla, ithuluzi lokufaka amanzi, ukufakwa kwamapayipi. Izinketho zokuphamba ngokweqile Sanuzla
Izindlu zokugezela ezindlini zethu ezijwayelekile azibonakali. Zama ngaphandle kokugeza bese ucwila ukubeka umshini wokuwasha lapho, kubhasikidi welineni kanye nekhabethe ngamathabi nakuwe ndawo ngeke kushiywe. Uzohlala ucabanga ukuthi ungayithola kanjani i-1-2m2 ethe xaxa ...
Masinyane yenza indawo lapho iphupho lokugezela olunethezekile luzofanela lifakwe kuhlaka olusondele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia, imithetho yendawo yenqabela ukwakhiwa kabusha, okuphambene nezidingo zamazinga nemithetho ekhona yokwakha. Imithetho ye-ATEY (SNIP 31-01-2003 "I-Buildings Recidence Multi-Fire-Fire"): "Akuvunyelwe ukubeka igumbi lokuphumula nendlu yokugezela (noma ukugeza) ngqo ngenhla kwamakamelo okuhlala namakhishi." Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukwandisa amakamelo okugeza kuphela lapho kuncishiswa kuphela amagumbi okusetshenziswa. Kunamanye amatshe angaphansi komhlaba empahleni yezomthetho, esasiyitshela imininingwane nge- "IVD", 2011, Cha. 1. I-KSchasty, abaklami bethu nabaklami bajwayele imingcele. Kwesinye isikhathi bayakwazi ukuthuthukisa kakhulu ama-ergonomics egumbini, bahambisa izindonga ezingama-10-20 cm kuphela futhi baguqule indawo yepayipi. Kumayelana nokuhlelwa kabusha okuvame kakhulu okuhambisana nokudilizwa kwe-santohkabin "ejwayelekile", futhi kuzoxoxwa ngakho kulesi sihloko.
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Enye yezinketho zokufaka kabusha indlu yokugezela: Indawo yokugezela yahlanganiswa nendlu yangasese, ifonti yathathelwa indawo yokugeza futhi yafaka ibhokisi lomshini wokuwasha
I-Architect S. Window
Ihluzo zekhompyutha S. Vetrochova, O. Naklakhona
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Likhipha esikhundleni sokungena endlini yokugezela: ngokwanda endaweni yaso (a); Ngokwanda kule ndawo nokushintsha ukucushwa kwegumbi (b)
I-Architect E. Kirillova
Ihluzo zekhompyutha T. Bekhtera
Ngaphambi kwatholakala, bese ...
Umkhiqizi wefektri weSantekhkabina waqala ukufaka ezindlini zochungechunge lokuqala lwephaneli. Lesi sinqumo sakhiwe ngokokuqala ukuze sinciphise umnqamulajuqu wokwakhiwa kwezindlu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iSantechkabine, eqinisweni, yigumbi eliqediwe (noma kunalokho, indlu yangasese yendlu yokugezela "- neminyango, amapayipi afakwe emanzini afakiwe afakwe ngamapayipi. I-tower crane imane yehlise ama- "amabhokisi" anjalo ezakhiweni ezakhelwe.Isixazululo sikaHulumeni waseMosform kaFebhuwari 8, 2005 No. 73-pp
"Enqubweni yokuhlelwa kabusha kanye (noma) ukwakhelwa kabusha kwezindawo zokuhlala nezona zokuhlala ezakhiweni zokuhlala edolobheni laseMoscow":
"Akuvunyelwe ukuhlela kabusha izakhiwo, lapho ... Sebenza kudivayisi yezitezi ezinokushisa okuvela ekunikezelweni kwamanzi okujwayelekile kanye nezinhlelo zokufudumeza" zenziwa.
Amazinga wokwakha amadolobha aseMoscow (MGSN) 3.01-01 "Izakhiwo Zokuhlala":
"Akuvunyelwe ... Ukungena egumbini, kufakwe endlini yangasese, ngqo kusuka ekhishini nasemakamelweni okuhlala. Ukufaka kuvunyelwe: Kusuka egumbini lokulala kuya endlini yokugezela; Ukusuka egumbini lokulala kuya egumbini lokugezela elihlanganisiwe elinedivayisi efulethini legumbi lesibili elifakwe endlini yangasese, nomnyango wayo ovela ephaseji noma ehholo. "
Snip 2.04.01-85 *. "Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kwangaphakathi nohlelo lwendle":
"Ukubekwa kwamapayipi ensimbi axhumene nemicu, ngaphandle kwekhabhoni ukunamathisela ukwelashwa kwamanzi odongeni ... akuvunyelwe." Ukufakwa kokuqiniswa kufanele kufake neminyango. "
Snip 41-01-2003 "Ukushisa, umoya omncane kanye nomoya omoya":
"Ukukalwa kwamapayipi ngaphandle kokwakha izakhiwo kuvunyelwe ... ngempilo ebaliwe ye-PIPES iminyaka engama-40 nokuningi ... Ukubekwa kwamapayipi okuvela kumapayipi we-polymer kufanele kunikezwe ngefilideni: phansi, ama-plinths, ngemuva kwezikrini , kubafokazi, izimayini kanye nemisele ... "
Ngaphambi kokuqala kwama-90s. Xx in. Izindonga zeSantekhkababine zenziwe ngamaphaneli angqimba amabili aqoqwe kusuka kumapuleti kasimende we-asbestos anobukhulu be-10mm ngohlaka lwamapulangwe, kanti nophahla lusuka epuletini le-asbestos-usimende. Phansi kwekhabethe, ukuba nokwakheka kwe-pallet nokugqamiswa okungu-50mm, kwenziwa ngokhonkolo osindayo nalaphaya, efektri, kufakwe amathayili e-ceramic. Izindonga, uphahla nangaphansi okuqoqwe ekwakhiweni okukodwa kusetshenziswa amapuleti ensimbi, izikulufo ezizimele kanye nama-bolts, ezimbozwe ngokhonkolo. Kamuva kwathathelwa indawo amapuleti kasimende we-asbestos nge-monolithic eqinisiwe upliaster ushube ama-50mm. Ngesikhathi sokwakha kwendlu, ikhabethe alisondele ezinhlelweni zezinhloko-dolobha zesakhiwo, futhi ngobubanzi begebe elikhuphukayo buka-30-50mm (lokhu kugcwele kugcwele amaphakethe, bese kufakwa ophikiwe).
Bekungeke kube okungalungile ukucabanga ukuthi iSantechkabine idinga abakhi kuphela. Kuliqiniso ukukhonza abaqashi bendlu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eKhrushchev, ukuvuza okuncane kakhulu okuphela ngosuku nomakhelwane abahlala ngezansi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ezakhiweni zesakhiwo sanamuhla, amabhakede abhangqa amanzi phansi awaphendukeli inhlekelele yemvelo. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwesitezi esingenamanzi, ungavumela ingane buthule buthule ukuhlela impi yasolwandle "endaweni yakho yamanzi". U-Aesli uphula ijwabu leso eliguquguqukayo ku-mixer noma ithangi lasendlini yangasese, uzoba nesikhathi esithile ukuze unciphise ama-valve ku-riser. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokudiliza iSantechkabina, kuyadingeka ukuhlela phansi okusha kwamanzi okungena kwamanzi.
Noma ngabe awuzukukhulisa igumbi lokugezela, kepha ufuna nje ukuhlanganisa indlu yangasese kanye nendlu yangasese, ukudiliza ikhabethe kuzofanela kube ngokuphelele. Iqiniso ngukuthi lapho kudilizwa ukwahlukaniswa (noma ezinye izindonga), ukwakheka kuzolahlekelwa ukuqina futhi ngenxa yalokhu, kuzovela izimo zokuphela, ezizokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Gcina imilenze ifudumele
Ukuchithwa kweSantechkabina kuyinqubo ebendlayo. Ingangenziwa kuphela esigabeni sokuqala sokulungiswa - ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi wokuqeda uqale. Ikhabethe libhujiswa kancane kancane, lisusa eyodwa ngezicucu ezincane. Kungcono ukwenza lokhu ngosizo lwesibonelelo esikhethekile sediski, nokho, ekusebenzeni, i-perforator, i-sledgehammer kanye nesiBulgaria (sokusika grid) kuvame kakhulu esifundweni. Uma uqala nje, izenzo ezinjalo azidingi amakhosi afaneleka kakhulu, ngakho-ke, isilingo silethwa kwisisebenzi esingahleliwe, izinsizakalo zakhe zizobiza ngendlela engabizi. Kodwa-ke, le yindlela eyingozi. Ngempela, uma kwenzeka kulimala amapayipi okuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okusemqoka kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle, izindleko zokuqeda ingozi zingadluliselwa kaninginingi yizimali ezigciniwe. Ukuphendukela enkampanini ekhethekile noma enkulu yokwakha, uzobe usumshuwalense ngokumelene nenkinga enjalo. Ukuchithwa kweSantekhkabina kushibhile - ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-8-15. Kanye nama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-4. Ukususwa kodoti wokwakha (Le ndatshana ayivinjelwa kunoma yikuphi).
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Amabhati amasha endlu yokugezela kufanele akhiwe kusuka ku-spaster ongasindi we-tile - a)
Photo M. Polyakova
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Ukuhlanzeka Kwezifezi (a) akunakwenzeka ukudlulisa, kepha akunzima ukwenza izinguquko kuhlelo lokuxhuma ithuluzi (b)
I-podium ephezulu ngaphansi kwendlu yokugezela ikuvumela ukuthi ufihle kalula ukufakwa futhi ukhiphe amapayipi.
Photo by D. Minkin (a), (b).
Endleleni yendalo
Ukwakhiwa kwezindonga akumeleli nzima kakhulu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kungcono ukusebenzisa amapuleti e-hydrophobiles Plaster Plates - I-PGP (ngokwesibonelo, "i-Knauf-gypsum", eRussia). I-dormitory yenza umqondo ukwengeza isengezo ku-trockner keller (lugato, eJalimane) noma okufanayo. Umugqa ngamunye wamapuleti udinga ukuba 'uboshwe "odongeni oluyimali ngosizo lwamakhona noma izikhonkwane zezezimali. Kuyavunyelwa futhi ukufaka izitini zesitini noma izitini ezibunjiwe zegesi. Kodwa-ke, ecaleni lokugcina, kuthatha okuqiniswe ngokucophelela amabhulokhi (amabhulokhi asondelene kakhulu emugqeni aqinise nomunye ngamapuleti ensimbi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Foam Block iyakwazi ukuthola umswakama, njengesiponji. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokubhekana nezindonga ezinama-tile, kuzofanela zivikele udaka oluphindwayo lwamanzi - ukulungiswa kwesixazululo, akukubi ukusebenzisa izingxube "ze-hydro Sii" ("ama-chils (amakhazithi" , Kokubili - I-Russia), "Magma" (Stoltz, Germany) - kungaba ukumboza ngezingqimba eziningana ngokupenda amanzi angenamanzi, njenge-Akvasyl (Ozs, iRussia), i-OSMOFL, i-Germany) Ungakwazi i-hydrophobic ingxube ye-plaster ngokunezela kuyo, yisho, isengezo. Iminyango iminyango imvamisa inika ubukhulu bango-1980 700 noma ngo-2080 800/900mm, ngokusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi i-canvas yomnyango izoba nobukhulu ngo-1900 600 noma 2000mm. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwendlu yangasese nendlu yangasese (uma kuhlelwe) kucelwa ngemuva kokudalwa kwepallet entsha, eklanyelwe ukuvikela ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, kanye nokuqedwa kwezindlu zakho kanye nomakhelwane kusuka ezansi.
Emfuleni omusha
I-materproof floor pallet yakhelwe ngezigaba eziningana. Njengoba ekhaya cishe akunakwenzeka ukulungiselela ukhonkolo we-hydraulic (isici salo esiyinhloko yisisulu esiphakeme esihlinzekwayo efektri ngosizo lwe-vibropressing), kuyadingeka ukudala design ye-multilayessressing)
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Ngokufaka imali manzi, i-polymer kanye nama-bitumen primers nama-mastics kuvame ukusetshenziswa endlini yokugezela.
Ungqimba oluyinhloko lokufaka amanzi amanzi kwakhiwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezigoqiwe.
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Izakhi ezikhethekile zomakhale nolwelwesi lwe-polymer zizosiza ukuvikela izindonga zomswakama
Okokuqala, izingqimba ezimbili zokugoba amanzi okugoqiwe ngesiqondiso se-perfendicular zezigqila zibekwa ophahleni ophahleni. Izinto ezifuywayo ezivela ku-bibroumen oguquliwe ku-fibrous ehlala isikhathi eside (i-choleste ye-fiberglass, i-polyester-based engasusiwe (i-wifulethi ye-polyen ). Imichilo yesendlalelo ngasinye itholakala ngokudlula cishe nge-100mm, isiyekile ngomunye nomunye ngosizo lwe-pershing noma i-juing mastic. Ukuhlukaniswa kusethelwe ezindongeni ukuze umphetho wayo wehliswe ngaphezulu kwekusasa lesitezi sokugcina nge-50mm.
Emva kwalokho, izingqimba zokwakha amafomu zifakwa eminyango futhi zaphonsa isikrini ngobukhulu obungama-30-50mm. Udokotela kufanele angeze ipulasitiki, ukubekwa uphawu kanye nezithasiselo ze-hydrophobic, njenge-ceresit CC 92 ("Henkel-Baewechnik", "Tinner C" (sasi), "i-Armix Sperlust" ("Alliance-Art", Allia- Russia). Punching we ukusetshenziswa yamathebhu itshe afahlazekile noma clamzite (ingxenyenamba ayibi ngaphezu kuka-10mm), futhi eyiqinisa grid steel ngenhloso ububanzi rod okungenani 3mm futhi ubukhulu amaseli phezulu ukuze 100mm. Imiphetho ye-mesh igobela ukuze kukhishwe ama-25-30mm avela emaphethelweni emiqulu enobude obungama-40-45mm. Okulandelayo, iya ekuphonsweni ohlangothini. Ngosuku olulandelayo, lapho ukhonkolo, ubeka amabhodi abanzi, usuvele uhambe, usethe amafomu kanye nezindonga ze-Indent ezingaba ngu-40 mm futhi zibhekele iqiniso lokuthi 10- I-15mm "izodla ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphandle). Ukuphakama okufanayo kufanele kube nesisekelo sebhande sokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwendlu yangasese kanye nendlu yangasese, kuvunyelwe ukungavumi. Ngo-2nd, lapho umqulu ekugcineni "umi phezulu", umbozwe ngokupenda amanzi, okwenza ingaphezulu komhlaba linama-cellaric tile.
Inketho ilungele lapho izinga laphansi egumbini lokugezela livela ukuthi libe ngu-25-30 mm ngaphansi kwazo zonke izakhiwo (khona-ke ungakwenza ngaphandle kwesipika esingesihle). Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma wonke amafulethi ehlelwe kuyo yonke ifulethi (okungenani ama-60mm) ukushisa noma okunomsindo okuvuthayo. Kuzo zonke ezinye izimo, imvelaphi kufanele yakhelwe ukuze ukuphakama kwayo kungu-30mm okungenani, - "Ama-LEDges aphansi" anobuhlungu obukhulu.
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Izinhlobonhlobo Zomswakama omelana nophahla: kusuka kundwangu ye-polyester ngephrinta (a); kusuka kumaphaneli e-fiberglass kufreyimu yensimbi engenasici (b); kusuka ku-Syyonass PVC film (B);
"Strenger" (a), (c);
Ecophon (b).
Ukuqina kwezinhlaka ezifihliwe kuncike kakhulu kwikhwalithi yomsebenzi wethayili. Umswakama ungena kalula kakhulu futhi ugcwaliseke ngokungafanele.
Duscholux (g).
Uphahla egumbini lokugezela ngemuva kokumiswa kweSantechkabina, njengomthetho, wehlise: lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi wenze usayizi wegumbi elilinganayo, fihla imigqa ye-vent futhi ubeke izibuko. Kusele ukukhetha phakathi kwengxabano (kusuka kwifilimu ye-PVC) nezinhlelo ezimisiwe.
Ungahlali kanjani ebhokisini
Uphahla lwefilimu alusabi ngokuphelele umswakama, lungaba yi-matte noma lucwebezelayo, yinemibala ehlukene. Kodwa-ke, impilo yayo yenkonzo ayidluli eminyakeni eyi-10 - ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinto ezibonakalayo ziguqula umthunzi futhi zisindise. Ekufakweni okufanayo kophahla lwendawo encane yendawo encane, imakethe yezenzo, kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela kuma-50% wezindleko ezijwayelekile (esezivele ziphakeme), futhi azikho amasethi wokuzifaka. Kwakhiwa uphahla omisiwe kwakhiwa ngohlaka lokumiswa kwensimbi egayiwe. Ujantshi we-Aluminium, ama-tile epulasitiki, ama-polystass noma ama-polystaures ahlukaniswe yi-polystrerenera, amashidi amelana nomswakama angasebenza njengezinto ezihlanganyelwe (okwedlule zimbozwe ngamakamelo amamanzi). Njengomthetho, ophahleni omisiwe beshibhile kunokuxabana, kepha ukufakwa kwayo kuthatha isikhathi esithe xaxa.
Izwi lepayipi
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwendlu yokugezela kuvame ukuveza ukudluliswa kwamapayipi, ijwabu leso okufanele libe kulo. Amapayipi amanzi emthethweni angafihlwa emfucumfucu, kepha ukuthuthwa kwendle ngeke kulunge lapho. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ububanzi babo bungu-50-100mm, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukubheka isidingo sethambeka (1-2%). Amapayipi okukhipha afihliwe ngezindlela ezihlukile. Izindlela ze-Universal zokuxhumana zemaski ngamabhokisi akhiwe ngendlela yokwakha. Kodwa-ke, isinyathelo esiphakeme futhi esibanzi "ngasodongeni asona ngaso sonke isikhathi ukushaya ngaphakathi. I-Kschastina, e-Arsenal of Designers kukhona amanye amasu. Amapayipi amakhulu abubanzi kulula ukuwafihla ama-podiums angaphakathi, amakhabethe kanye nama-racks, ngemuva kokugeza okugeza, ngaphansi kwengxenye yezakhiwo kanye ne-semi-carrot. Izinto ezingcono kakhulu zazo yonke imiklamo efanayo - amaphaneli kasimende anobukhulu obungu-12.5mm, aqiniswe yi-tape tepi, ngokwesibonelo "amapuleti asuka ku-polystyrenerenerenerenerenerenererenererene angama-20-60mm , zombili - Russia). Okokuqala, kudingeka uhlaka lwensimbi, olwesibili lapho ukuhlanganisa izinhlaka ezihlangene kuvunyelwe ukubopha ngqo ngokusebenzisa izikulufo kanye ne-glue ekhethekile. Zombili lezi zinto zenzelwe ukungcola ngamathayili, uMoses IT.p.Exotic kancane
Lapho ufaka indlu yangasese noma ukugeza, kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphazamisi ukufakwa kwamanzi phansi. Leli phuzu lokubuka lilungele ukunamathela kwe-glue ku-coating yokuqeda noma ukufakwa ku-stiletto screen ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Usebenzisa izikulufa, izimbobo ezaphansi zigcwele i-polymer mastic noma i-silicone sealant ngaphambi kokushaya ama-dowels kuwo.
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Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kabusha kokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi, kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa ama-hoses angewona amarabha, nensimbi (a), i-metal-polymer (b) kanye namapayipi we-polypropylene angeke ahlakazeke ngokhonkolo. Uhlelo lwendle lusebenzisa amapayipi kanye nezinto ezenziwe nge-polypropylene, i-polyethylene nasePvc (b);
Indlela yesimanje eya ekwakhiweni kwendlu yangasese ifaka ukufakwa okufihliwe kokufaka amapayipi kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhlelo zokufaka. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ithangi lasendlini yangasese elishumekiwe, elicashe odongeni, ukwahlukanisa noma iSantechshkaf.
Photo V. KOLEVA (a), (c);
UGeberit (b), (g).
Ayikho indawo yokugezela engenza ngaphandle komoya omncane. Ezindlini eziningi, indlu yokugezela ixhumeke kwi-ventlala evamile enenhloso evulekile ngebhokisi elivulekile, elihlakazeke ngokungenakugwemeka kanye nepayipi. Buyisela lolu daba olunobuningi futhi olungahambelani alwenzi mqondo. Kungcono kakhulu, wehlise uphahla ngo-120-150mm, usike ama-grelles averation kuwo, bese uyihlanganisa nge-riser ngensimbi yensimbi noma ebhokisini lepulasitiki.
Abahleli babonga isikole se-International Design School, Geberit noViega ngosizo lokulungiselela lokho okuqukethwe.