Ubuchwepheshe bokwakhiwa kokwelulwa okungenakugwenywa endlini eqediwe esibonelweni sokwakhiwa kompheme we-Indoor nendawo enama-6 m. Izinkinga ezingaba khona
Ezinsukwini zakudala zamakhosi aseRussia, kwakungenzima ukuthatha umpheme omusha, uSenai noma uBarn ku-Hut. Kodwa-ke, izixazululo zezobuchwepheshe ezazikuhle ekwakheni okwenziwe ngokhuni kwendabuko akunakusebenza lapho kwakhiwa ikhaya lanamuhla. Okwamanje, futhi namuhla izakhiwo kwesinye isikhathi zithatha izingxenye, zikholelwa ukuthi kulula. Umphumela uvela izandiso eziningi ezishayayo.
Noma ngubani oke waba semadolobhaneni asezigamekweni ezazisekwakhiwa ngokungangabazeki wabona ukuthi siphelele futhi siseceleni kwebhokisi ekhaya kuqala, bese sicabanga ukuthi ungaheha kanjani umpheme. Imvamisa, lapho indawo entsha yokuhlala isilungile, kuyacaca ukuthi ngaphandle kwetiye ukuphuza e-veranda, okwakungekho muntu ecabanga ngalo, ikotishi lalilahlekelwa kakhulu. Okufanele ukwenze, lapho ukhipha imisebenzi yokuklama, akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi unake wonke ama-nuances wempilo yesikhathi esizayo ngaphandle kwedolobha. Kepha kuvame kakhulu isidingo sokunwetshwa okuvela kulabo abathole indlu eqediwe futhi bezama ukuguqula okuthile ngokuhambisana nezicelo zabo, zombili ezifuywayo nabezihle.
I-Architect K. Khmyz Photo K. Manko | 
Photo V. Grigoriev |
1. Kuhle ukufaka isandiso ngokubonakala kwesakhiwo, hhayi umsebenzi olula. Kungcono ukukhokhisa ku-Professional Architect
2. Ukuhlola inqwaba yenhlabathi, kwezinye izimo kwanele ukumba okujulile 1 m
Isisusa
Ekusebenzeni, "ukwengeza" kuvela cishe ama-80% ezindlu zezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo, ukwakhiwa okusha okusanda kumiswa iziphatha kabi, futhi kwabanye akufuni ukuphuma nendlu, benze "ukuhamba" konyaka, phansi, phansi. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ngisho nemifantu odongeni lwezimali. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka nokuthi ungayigwema kanjani inkinga enjalo? Ake sizame ukuthola isibonelo esithile. Indaba yethu eyisishiyagalombili akuyona into elula elula yompheme owodwa, abafundi baphakade bamagazini "IVD" esitshele. Le ndaba yaqala eminyakeni emi-3 edlule ...
Udokotela uqobo lwaKhe shoologist
Unethuba lokunquma ngokuzimela ukuthi hlobo luni lomhlabathi osesigabeni sakho olungeyona eyakholwa (buthaka) noma okunamandla. Ukubumba kuncike ekuqondeni kwezinto: izinhlobo zenhlabathi, izimpama, uxhaso (for amashi, i-loam nesobho), usayizi wezinhlayiyana (ngesihlabathi), kepha kusekuqhamuka ikakhulu ezingeni lamanzi enhlabathi. Le nkomba kufanele inqunywe entwasahlobo, ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuncipha inhlabathi, noma ekwindla sekwephuzile (ehlobo e-arid akunanjongo). Ukuhlolwa kahle kungakhiwa ingadi brown. Uma amanzi avela ngaphansi kwe-2m ukusuka ebusweni, umhlabathi (ngaphandle kokuthi akuyona isihlabathi esihlanganayo noma i-sandbravy) kufanele ibhekwe njengengxenye eyodwa.
Umndeni owodwa waseMoscow uphuphe iminyaka eminingi ngezwe futhi wafuna inketho efanelekile emakethe yezakhiwo zezwe. Ekugcineni ekugcineni! Nangu, uLoti Olindelwe isikhathi eside: I-Kiev Highway, 50KM kusuka emgwaqweni we-moscow rong (esiteshini seMetro "University", lapho amaqhawe ethu ehlala khona, a Ibhokisi lendlu yezitini le-97m. M - yebo ... bengingafuni ukuxhumana nokudilizwa. Kepha intengo ekhangayo kakhulu idlale indima yayo, kwenziwa isinqumo. Ngosuku ngakusasa ngemuva kokwakheka kokuthengiselana ensimini egcwele kakhulu ye-binorial kwaqala ukuba yimisebenzi yesivunguvungu. Izakhiwo ezithwala nezinhlaka zazisesimweni esihle, yize indlu eneminyaka engaba mi-5 yayimi ngaphandle kwamawindi nangeminyango. Izindonga zazinomklamo ongezansi ezimbili (ezivela emgwaqweni, zivulwe zibhekene nezitini, ngaphakathi kokugxila), futhi bekungadingeki ukuthi ziphinde zingenele. Ama-masonry, ikhwalithi yalokho okushiywe kufile, ngaphandle kwamaphaneli avaliwe. Amaviki ama-2 avimba ophahleni, afaka esikhundleni sakhiwo sangaphansi se-galvanized ngamathayili aguqukayo. Ihlala yokwakha i-porch, ukuze inganqobi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ufaka indlu "yesinyathelo" sokuphakama kwe-50cm.
"I-Abs-Stry" | 
Photo V. KOLELAV | 
Photo V. KOLELAV | 
"I-Abs-Stry" |
3-6. Ngokwakhiwa okuphansi kwenhlabathi ebunjiwe, amateyipu avame ukusungulwa ( 3. ), i-burbilling ( okune ) noSlab ( isihlanu ) Izisekelo. Uma zihlelelwe ukunamathisela ukunamathisela umpheme, ithala noma egalaji endlini, kubhande ngalinye lokuqinisa, kunezinkinga ezinde ezingama-20- 30mm ( 6. ). Kamuva, izinduku eziqinisa ukuqiniswa kwesisekelo sokwandiswa zithunyelwa. Kodwa-ke, amandla esakhiwo se-monolithic ajwayele ukuqinisekisa
Sinqume ukuqala kabusha ipuleti ekhonkolo eqinisiwe yeMonolithic ngokuqina kwe-140mm. Igoqwe esiteji sezitini nezigxobo zokhuni ezazisekela i-visor. Wonke umsebenzi wenziwa i-brigade yasendaweni. Umklamo ophelile wawubukeke ngokuthembekile, wakuthokozela iso, futhi akukho lutho olufanekiselwa inkathazo. Ebusika, abanikazi bavakashele izwe amahlandla amaningi futhi ababonanga izinguquko kokubi kakhulu (noma kunjalo, konke bekufihlwe ngaphansi kwesendlalelo seqhwa). Phakathi no-Ephreli kwafika ukuvula leso sikhathi, umbukiso omangazayo wavela phambi kwabo. Ukude nendlu, ukuphela kwepuleti kuphakama okungenani amasentimitha ayi-10, phakathi kompheme kanye nendlu yegebe legebe lobubanzi okungenani abangu-4 cm. Ngokubambisana nesitofu kwagcwaliswa kanye nezinsika ezisekelwa yi-visor. Ngenxa yalokho, yaklebhuka kancane odongeni, futhi ukwakheka kweRafter kwakusontekile. Kuliqiniso, lapho inhlabathi ikhululeka, isitofu saphindela endaweni yakhe, kepha ukuqhekeka kwahlala phakathi kwendlu nompheme, futhi i-visor ayizange isheshile ukuthola ukuthi ukubekwa kokuqala (ngaphezu kwalokho kwakungacacile ukuthi ukubopha okuthembekile manje ).
Ukuxazulula le nkinga, abanikazi banxuse inkampani enakekela ukuhlolwa kokwakha nokulungiswa kwezakhiwo eziphansi. (Ukubonisana nochwepheshe nokusuka endaweni yokwakha kutholakala kalula ngentengo yama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2-4.)
Ochwepheshe basho ngokungasho lutho ukuthi kunengqondo ukubuyisela umpheme okhona, ngoba ngezikhathi ezithile "kuya phezulu kanye ne-Downs" kuzoqhubeka. Idizayini kuzodingeka ihluleke ngokuphelele futhi idale kabusha. Bekumele ngilalele amazwi abucayi onjiniyela abanaka amaphutha abubi abenziwe ngunjiniyela: "Ngingazama kanjani ukunamathisela okuthile endlini, akukho lutho owaziyo ngeSisekelo sakhe noma inhlabathi yendawo ?!"
Ngakho-ke, kulokhu (njengoba, nokho, ngobuningi balokhu), imbangela eyinhloko yenkathazo sekuyindlela engalungile yesisekelo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuthi uqhubeke nendaba, ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezisekelo ezingasetshenziselwa isandiso. Ukuze senze lokhu, sizokwenza uhambo olufushane lokuya emlandweni "oyisisekelo" wokwakha indlu yangasese ekhaya.
Photo V. Grigoriev | 
Photo V. Grigoriev | 
Photo V. Grigoriev |
7-9. Imvamisa, isisekelo sokunwetshwa kokukhanya sincibilikisa ( 7. ). Ngasikhathi sinye, izindonga zezitini ziqhekeke ngokungenakuphikiswa ( 8, 9.)
Amasampula nendlela yephutha
Isikhathi eside, izinhlobo ezimbili zezisekelo zazibuswa ekwakhiweni okuphansi ekwakhiweni okuphakathi kweRussia. Iteyipu yokuqala, ngokuzithandela ngaphansi kokujula kwamatshe, okuqoqwe kusuka emabhulokini akhonkolo aqinisiwe emboni (ezimweni ezingavamile zeMonolithic). Ezisekelweni ezinjalo, izingxenye zezitini zabamele abameli abangezekayo kanye nendlu yomaphetheli wamapulazi anamandla ezolimo kwakhiwa. Abase-Australia bezakhamizi eziyisithupha zamakamelo ehlobo babeka izihlangu zabo kanye nezingodo "ezihlalweni". Empeleni, lolu kwakuyindlela ebizwa ngokuthi yohlobo lwesibili lwesisekelo. Idizayini yalesi sisekelo ilula kakhulu: amabhlogo afanayo, noma amatshe ahamba ngezinyawo, noma okubi kakhulu, ama-sawnings asebekile emhlabeni emakhoneni wesakhiwo.
Ekupheleni kwama-80s 80s. Ikhulu lamashumi amabili, lapho ivolumu yokwakhiwa komuntu ngamunye yaqala ukukhula ngokushesha, yaqhubeka nokubusa umbono, ngakho-ke isisekelo sokwakhiwa kwenhlokodolobha kufanele sibekwe ngaphansi kokujula kwamatshe. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokwakhiwa kwalesi sisekelo zaziphezulu kakhulu (kuhlala kucatshangelwa namuhla). Kubuye kwavela ukuthi lesi sinqumo, ngokwengeziwe ngokwanele, asiqinisekisi ukuqina kwezakhiwo eziphansi eziphansi. Ngempela, ezindongeni eziseceleni kwesisekelo kukhona amandla e-tangential we-frosty powder, afinyelela amashumi amathani we-1 k. m, nomthwalo owenziwe ngesakhiwo esiphansi asikwazi ukulinganisa ingcindezi enamandla kangako. Izisekelo zeMonolithic ezinodonga lwesigaba se-trapezoidal ziphikiswa ngempumelelo nalezi zibopho: zikhulu kunasengxenyeni engenhla (kumamaki e-zero). Kodwa-ke, lapho bakhiwa, izindleko ezivele zikhunjulwa zesakhiwo zikhuphuka ngomunye ama-30-40%. Ukwakhiwa kwezisekelo ze-Ribbon zokwehla okujulile kulungisiswe kuphela uma indlu inelisekile ngendlu engaphansi, noma phansi, nalokhu, nalokhu, nalokhu, nalokhu, nakancane, futhi, nakancane, nakancane, futhi, futhi, nakancane, futhi, futhi, nakancane, futhi, nakancane, banengqondo ukwenza ezingeni eliphansi lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Dlulisela uhhafu wama-90s. Uzalwe, washeshe wathola abasekeli abaningi futhi ngokushesha wathola ukuqashelwa okusemthethweni emazingeni okwakha ezwe (TSN MF-97 mo) Umqondo wesisekelo esincane sokuzalela izingane. Ukujula kokuhlanza kwalo kungaphansi kokujula kwama-drainage - imvamisa kungu-0.3-0.4 m (endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi ingaphansi, iteyipu ayifakwanga nhlobo), futhi ukuphakama kodonga akukaze kudlule 1m. Izisekelo zalolu hlobo zibizwa ngokuthi zintanta, njengoba kungaphansi kwethonya lamandla we-Frosty Powder aqhubekela phansi ngezikhathi ezithile. Izisekelo ezinjalo kufanele ziqiniswe ngokucophelela. Kulokhu, okungenani amabhande amabili aqiniseka avundlile ezinduku ezimbili noma ezintathu ezinobubanzi obungu-8-12mm ngamunye. Lapho kukhuphuka, uhlaka luxhumeke ocingweni noma lwamandla, futhi ukuncipha kokuqiniswa kumele okungenani kube yi-1m. Kuma-Clars kanye ne-loam ngaphansi kwe-sole of the Foundation, umcamelo wesihlabathi esigoqiwe noma ingxubevange enesihlabathi esinobukhulu obungu-20- 40cm uphakanyisiwe ukukhulisa umthamo wenhlabathi.
Lesi sixazululo sisindisa isikhathi nezindlela. Kuyinto yonke (ngokulingana kahle izakhiwo ezinama-maronry, oqoshiwe nezindonga ze-Frame-Shield). Kodwa-ke, unamaphutha amakhulu. Imvamisa, ngenxa ye-heterogeneity yenhlabathi, i-frosty powder Force isebenza ngokungafanele, futhi ngenxa yalokho, enye yezinhlangothi (noma enye yamakhona) isisekelo siphakama ngamandla. Entwasahlobo, konke kubonakala kusendaweni. Noma kunjalo, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ukuwohloka okuyinsalela ekwakhiweni kwe-Design Buthelela futhi kuholele ekubonakaleni kokuhlanekezelwa okubonakalayo kanye nemifantu ezindongeni. Izinqubo ezifanayo zenzeka ngelungiselelo elingalingani lomthwalo esisekelweni esintantayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhuba ukhombisile ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuqinisa isisekelo esinokweza okuncane okufuya usebenzisa ithuluzi lesandla kuphela. I-Design Ibeka izidingo ezikhulayo zekhwalithi kakhonkolo: Ingxube kufanele ixutshwe kahle, futhi ikhefu ekusebenzeni (ngisho nasebusuku) lingathandeki kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwengxube kakhonkolo ye-mini, akudingekile ukukwenza ngaphandle kwe-mini, futhi kungcono uku-oda inani elidingekayo likakhonkolo olufuywayo ngokulethwa kwemoto.
Nes. | 
Nes. | 
Nes. |
10-12. Isisekelo esihle kakhulu se-porch-calch-columnar noma inqwaba. Njengomthetho, ibanga phakathi kwamakholomu lihlotshiswe nge-bandwidth. Kungaba i-lattice ( Okuthenyalwayo ) noma okuqinile ( ishumi nanye ). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izixazululo zokwakha zikuvumela ukuthi ushiye ingxenye eyisisekelo evulekile ( Okuqophele imali)
Kanye ne-ribbon entantayo enhlabathini yenhlabathi ye-bubbly neyabuthakathaka kuma-90s. Bakha (yize bakha okuncane kakhulu) izisekelo zezinqwaba). Ngasikhathi sinye, kaningi, ngaphandle kokuba nemishini ekhethekile, yenziwa kusetshenziswa umgodi wesandla womgodi kuya ekujuleni kwamatshe ngo-1-3M (kuya ngomthwalo). UWookungs kufakwe ifreyimu yokuqinisa futhi uthele ngokhonkolo (inguqulo ephansi ye-tech of boronabivinal Foundation). Ngezinga eliphakeme lamanzi aphansi komhlaba liphazamisa ukugcwaliswa, elisetshenziswe imikhiqizo ekhonkolo eqinisiwe esetshenzisiwe, egcwele ukhonkolo asbestos cement pipes it.d. Iziphetho zezinsika eziphuma phezu komhlaba zaxhunyaniswa nebhande likakhonkolo eliqinisiwe, noma iRandbalka. Empeleni, izisekelo ezinjalo azizange zivume nje amathemba abelwe zona. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukwenza izimbobo ezinombala onsundu ngokuqinile ngezindonga ezibushelelezi zinzima impela, futhi ukutshekelwa noma ukunyakaza kuholela ekukhuphukeni okuningi kwamandla eziqhwa ezisebenza ngensika. Ukujula kokuzikhandla kwakuvame ukunganele, futhi ngaphandle kwemishini yokudlidliza, bekungenzeki ukufeza amandla adingekayo kakhonkolo. Umcunuli wayevame ukuphonswa emhlabathini noma emhlabathini onesihlabathi (eqinisweni, kufanele ancike kuphela kuma-pile amafayipu) futhi ngenxa yalokho waphenduka isisekelo sibe yiribhoni elintantayo, kodwa libize kakhulu.
Ngokushesha abathuthukisi bekufanele bakubone ukuthi ezingosini ezixubile ezinomhlabathi obunzima, izisekelo ezivalekile ezivela ezinqwaba zokhonkolo eziqinisiwe zokukhiqizwa kwefekthri. Ngenxa yokujula okukhulu kokushumeka (kuze kube ngu-5m), izizathu ezinjalo azithintwa amabutho kafulawa we-frosty. Futhi banamandla amakhulu okuthathwa ngenxa yokunamathela kwendawo yangaphandle yezinqwaba ezinenhlabathi (okuthiwa yizinqwaba ezilengisweni) noma izinqwaba ezihlala isikhathi eside, ezinjenge-chip-chip, inhlabathi (i-piles-rack). Lolu hlobo lwesisekelo luhlinzeka ngempilo yenkonzo ende kunazo zonke yesakhiwo futhi, naphezu kwezindleko eziphakeme, zilungiselelwa ngokwezomnotho. Ukubamba i-House-Building namuhla kuya ngokuya kusetshenziswa izisekelo ezivela ku-Screw Piles.
Ekuseni, ishumi leminyaka ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi yenkinga bathola ukuthandwa kwezisekelo zokubulala. Kuliqiniso, badinga ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kokhonkolo kanye nokuqinisa ngokuphelele, kepha kukuvumela ukuthi ugcine ku-Earthworks kanye nedivayisi yokukhuthala. Izendlalelo zokufakelwa okushisayo ezibekwe ngaphansi kweziteshi ziphazamisa inhlabathi egobekile ngakho-ke khipha ukunyakaza kwezakhiwo zokwakha. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izisekelo ezisesimweni sezinyawo ezingezona ezinyawo (kuze kufike ku-200mm) zenzelwe izindonga ezilula - kusuka kumaphaneli we-sandwich, ama-collow kanye namabhulokhi, izingodo, izingodo, izingodo, izingodo, izingodo, izingodo. NgeNdlu Yezitini noma ukhonkolo, ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ngama-Rivity Ribs anokuphakama okuphezulu kwe-300-400mm kuyadingeka.
Kungenzeka ukubhekana namandla e-Frosty Powder Forces futhi ngemuva kokuthi kwakhiwe isisekelo. Ukujula kwe-primer yomhlabathi kuzokwehla kakhulu, uma sifudumeza ibhulakufesi, lilele ngaphansi kwesendlalelo salo sobumba ngobukhulu obungama-20-30 cm. I-polyurethane foam ngempumelelo (2-3cm). Kuyasiza ukususwa kusuka ekusekelweni kwemvula namanzi ancibilikayo. Sikucebisa ukuthi uhlele ukudonsa okuphezulu endaweni yesehlakalo bese uhlinzeka ngesitoko kusuka ophahleni kuya emthonjeni okhethekile noma ekuphumeni phansi (okungenani 5M kusuka endlini).
Amagama ambalwa mayelana nentengo yentengo - vele, okwamanje. I-Monolithic Ribbon Foundation of Depy DownTream enezindonga ezingama-2000mm ukuphakama (kufaka phakathi iyunithi lesisekelo) kanye nobubanzi be-400mm ngaphandle kokufaka amanzi izindonga kuzobiza namuhla kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-16- 24. Ngo-1 k. m. I-Ribbon entantayo noma i-boronabive Foundation izokonga ngezinto zokwakha futhi zisebenze izikhathi 2-2.5. Ngemuva kwesisekelo esilula se-slab (ngaphandle kwama-stiffeners) kuzofanela akhokhe cishe i-Ribbon ejulile yehle. Kepha kucatshangelwa umnotho kudivayisi ephansi ye-sclap, eyokuqala izobiza i-15-20% eshibhile. Izisekelo ezibiza kakhulu yizinhlamvu zegwebu: kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-27. Ngo-1 k. M Ruralka. Manje, ukwakhiwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi zensimbi zihlukaniswa ngentengo enesizotha kakhulu - kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8. Ngo-1 k. M Ruralka.
Sicabanga-gadam
Ngakho-ke, zonke izisekelo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: ukuntanta (i-slab kanye ne-ribbon encane) futhi kugxilile (iribhoni ekujuleni kwenhliziyo nenqwaba). Owokuqala ukwenza ukunyakaza kwesizini, amplitude okuncike kwalezi zinto ezilandelayo:
ukucaciswa kwenhlabathi yendawo;
Izici zesimo sezulu zesikhathi esithile esibandayo (ekwindla elinethayo, kanye nokwethembeka kanye nobusika babafundi banikela emhlabathini ogobekile);
Umthwalo owenziwe yisakhiwo;
Ukutholakala / ukuntuleka kokushisa ekhaya.
Izisekelo ezilungisiwe ezinjalo ama-oscillations azikho ngaphansi kwazo, noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuthola amagoli, ngaphansi komthwalo we-2-3let (futhi kwesinye isikhathi isikhathi eside) zinikeza ukushwabana kwenhlabathi. Ukubikezela ukushukunyiswa kwenkolelo-mbuzo ezimbili izisekelo ezimiswe kungabi nalutho (kungakhathalekile ukuthi zifaka iqembu elilodwa noma elihlukile). Kuneminye imithetho nemigomo ejwayelekile, okulandelayo okuzokwazi ukuhlinzeka ngempilo ehlanganayo yendlu ehlanganayo yendlu kanye nesandiso.
Kangcono ngaphandle kokuhlangene. Ochwepheshe abaningi bancoma ukwenza isisekelo sanoma yikuphi ukunwetshwa okuzimele, ngoba cishe akunakwenzeka ukugwema ukuhamba ngesikhathi sokushwabana, ngaphansi kwesisekelo esisha kuzoqala ukuhlanganiswa. Manje, ukuba khona kwethayi eliqinile nesakhiwo esikhulu kuzovimba i-shrinkage, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukunwetshwa kuzokufaka endlini, okungaholela kuma-skewers ezinhlaka kanye nokuvela kwemifantu ezindongeni. Vele, kungaba kuhle okokuqala ukulayisha isisekelo esisha, linda iminyaka eyi-1-2, bese uyibopha ngamahange nabadala, kepha kunzima ukuyisebenzisa.
Izisekelo zokwandiswa kanye nesakhiwo esikhulu kunconywa ukuthi zihlotshaniswe nezikhonkwane kuphela esimweni esisodwa, uma indawo itholakala emthambekeni. Cishe akunakugwenywa yinhlangano eyenziwe yabasebenzi yenhlabathi emthambekeni, ngenxa yokuthi ukunwetshwa kucishe kuvalwe kude nendlu. Okuhle kunakho konke esigabeni sokwenza ifreyimu eqinisiwe yesisekelo esisha ukweqa induku ngayinye ngokusebenzisa izimbobo, kusengaphambili kufakwe odongeni lwesisekelo esidala. Emaphethelweni ezinduku, kuyadingeka ukusika imicu ukuze kube sekupheleni komsebenzi wokhonkolo nokwelapha isixazululo ukuze ubanikeze i-washer ne-nati kanye nomzamo wamabutho ambalwa wokudonsa isisekelo esisha Omdala. Le ndlela kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela ngemuva kokuthi isayithi lokwakha lihlola uchwepheshe.
"Insimbi yensimbi" | 
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Photo V. Grigoriev | 
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13, 14. I-Screw Pipes yenziwe ngamapayipi ensimbi abiyelwe ngodonga onke nge-60-140mm futhi ifakwe ngama-blades, faka umhlabathi njengombukiso we-1.5-4m ngesandla, usebenzisa ama-levers noma akhethekile ukufakwa. Kenge Ukuphela kweziphetho zePiles Welld Sharpep kusuka esiteshini, i-altare noma ishubhu elingunxande elenza umsebenzi weRandbalki
15. I-Reason Seam Seam:
Ukuphakama kungangenisi manzi kokufakelwa (sealant);
Udonga olungenamanzi (i-Pergamine);
ukufakwa;
Izikhonkwane eziguquguqukayo ze-G-Revenue ezivimbela i-Sediment yokufakelwa
Hlanganisa okufana nalokho. Kucace bha isifiso sokonga imali lapho kwakha isisekelo sesandiso esincane esingeyona eyokuhlala. Ithuba elinjalo uma izimo zokuqala zithandeka (ukuzilolonga kukhombisa ukuthi izinketho ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisiwe zingasetshenziswa enhlabathini yenhle neyaphakathi ne-Aports). Lapho inhlabathi igcwele, kungcono ukukhohlwa ngokonga. Uma indlu imi phezu kwesisekelo ilele ngaphansi kokujula kwamadada, izodinga isisekelo seqembu elifanayo (lihleliwe), noma kunjalo, hhayi uhlobo olufanayo. Kunzima ngokwengeziwe ukudala "engeza" okuzinzile esisekelweni esintantayo. Isisekelo se-slab ngokuvamile asilungele ukwandiswa okukhanyayo okukhanyayo, ngoba ukuthuthuka kokunyakaza kwayo okume mpo kuzoba kukhulu kakhulu. Uma isakhiwo esikhulu siphumule esitofini futhi silengase ebusika, kunengqondo ukwakha isandiso esisekelweni esinqunyelwe. I-AESLI Isisekelo sendlu iyimbabhoni, kuyadingeka ukuqondiswa nguMthetho olandelayo.
Ukuzimelela Lwela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthwalo othile oyisisekelo sesandiso wawufana nenkomba efanayo yesisekelo sendlu. Umthwalo othize odalwe ukwakhiwa ungabalwa ngokuzimela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga isamba sesisekelo, izindonga, ngaphezulu kanye nophahla (kanye nolunye u-10% wemithwalo yokusebenza neqhwa) ukuhlukanisa isisekelo se-base sole.
Ukuxhumana Komqondo
Emhlanganweni wokusungulwa kwahlela umthungo wesinxephezelo. Kwesinye isikhathi zihlukaniswa ngesihlangu se-boarding ofform, kepha kusizakala kakhulu ukusebenzisa izinto zokwakha ezingezona ezivuthayo: i-glassizol, i-glaskuw, i-bikrost, i-ruble.
Umthungo onxephezelayo naye wenziwa phakathi kwezindonga zendlu kanye nokwandiswa eduze komunye nomunye. Okokuqala udinga ukushiya igebe lika-20-50mm. Gcwalisa kuphela ngokuqedwa kwangaphandle kwesandiso. Kulesi, amaphakethe okufakwa kwe-fibrous noma uvolo wamaminerali afaneleke kahle (i-polyurethane Foam akufanele isetshenziswe). Ukufakwa kuvikelwe kumswakama ngosizo lwe-Facade Sealasil (International Contrance Sika), Sazilast (Sazi, Russia) Idr. Kuphakathi kwamathepha we-vapor kanye nama-waterproofing akhiqizwa yiDuPont (USA), i-Illbruck (Germany) IDR., Bese emboza nge-nachetnik.
Maye, ngale ndlela akunakwenzeka ukubeka "ukuphapha" okuhlangene "noma" uphahla "ngokuhlanganyela. Uphahla phezu kwe-veranda kungcono ukuqoqa ukuze libe nokuzimela (okungahlotshaniswa nodonga noma ophahleni lwendlu) umklamo we-rafter, futhi ukuhlangana kusondele ngaphezulu kwe-50mm okungenani It. I-visor ekhanyayo ngaphezulu kompheme, kunalokho, kungcono "ukulengisa" odongeni lwendlu, ngaphandle kokuxhaswa ezigxotsheni noma kwezinye izinto ezandiswa.
Photo V. Grigoriev | 
Photo V. Grigoriev | 
Photo V. Grigoriev | 
Photo V. Grigoriev |
Photo V. Grigoriev | 
Photo V. Grigoriev | 
Photo V. Grigoriev |
17-23. Ngesikhathi sokwakha umpheme, isisekelo seRabbon saphonswa efomini lamafomethi ( 17. ). I-Welded ipuleti lokuqinisa i-restFement, aphonswe ngokuxhaswa kwe-tepi ( ishumi nesishayagalombili ). Esitofini sela izitebhisi zezitini zompheme ( ishumi nesishiyagalolunye ). Baqamba amatshe abo emvelo besebenzisa i-glue "i-Unice Granit" ( amashumi amabili ). Umthungo wawulahlekile usimende. Beka ama-antiseptic lags futhi wahlela ukuba phansi kwebhodi lethala ( 21. ). Endaweni ephambi kompheme, umcamelo onesihlabathi onokuphakama okungama-15 cm wathutha futhi wahlanganiswa, esebenzisa igridi yomgwaqo ngokuqiniswa ( 22. ). Ukwakha okuqediwe ( 23.)
Konke futhi
Masingakhohlwa ngamaqhawe ethu. Ngemuva kokuqunjelwa ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqulwa kwecala, kwavela ukuthi inhlabathi ecebeni igcwele amanzi noma i-loam, okungukuthi, enye ye-pomp ephethwe kakhulu futhi ibuthakathaka. Ngokuqondene nesisekelo sendlu, kwakudingeka kukhiqize ukumbiwa kwangempela kakhulu, ngoba akukho mibhalo yezobuchwepheshe eyagcinwa. Kwavela ukuthi isakhiwo siphumule kwi-monolithic tepe nge-450mm kanye nokuphakama okungu-800mm.Ochwepheshe banikela abanikazi ukuthi benze isisekelo esifanayo futhi bephethe i-porch-bult, ngokuhambisana okufanayo, banciphise ububanzi bodonga kuya ku-150mm. Yize kunjalo, isisekelo sompheme kuleli cala sasilayishwa kakhulu kunesisekelo sendlu, ngakho-ke kwavela futhi kudingekile ngisho nokunciphisa indawo yokusekela inhlabathi.
Phakathi kwezizathu ezintsha nezidala zenze umthungo onxephezelayo wezingqimba ezimbili zezibuko. Iteyipu yasuswa i-100mm ngaphezulu kweleveli ye-zero, ihlelwe ukufakwa emanzini okuvela ku-rubberoid, futhi ngaphezulu kwe-cast ekhonkolo ekhonkolo eqinisiwe ku-forkwork engekho emthethweni.
Uphahla lompheme "lulengiswe" ngendlela yekhonsoli, eliqiniswe odongeni laqoqwa ngokuqinile amapulazi abumbana. Izinsika zishiywe, kepha kuphela njengezinto zokuhlobisa (ama-rafters awazange azisuse kuwo).
Ukunciphisa isisekelo senhlabathi ngaphansi kompheme, isiteji esiphambi kwaso sasikhonjwa futhi sabekwa ngaphezulu kwetshe lemvelo, futhi igceke lahlelwa phezu kwenxenye. Isimo sezulu esilandelayo sasebusika sasingathandeki kakhulu: thaw kuguqulwe ngokupholisa okuqinile. Noma kunjalo, kubiza intwasahlobo ngaphandle kwezimanga ezingezinhle. Lokhu kuqinisekisile ukunemba kwesixazululo esakhayo esakhayo.
Ukubalwa kwezindleko okukhulisiwe * Isandiso sendlu yompheme wasendlini nge-6m2
| Igama lemisebenzi | Inombolo ye | intengo, rub. | Izindleko, rub. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Umsebenzi we-geological and geodetic | ukubeka esikhathini esithile | - | 7500. |
| Umhlaba, idivaysi yomcamelo wesihlabathi | ukubeka esikhathini esithile | - | 3000. |
| Kusebenza ngokhonkolo | ukubeka esikhathini esithile | - | 12 500. |
| Umsebenzi wobumbano | ukubeka esikhathini esithile | - | 3300. |
| Umsebenzi wokubaza | ukubeka esikhathini esithile | - | 3700. |
| Uphalani | ukubeka esikhathini esithile | - | 6900. |
| -Nke | 36 900. | ||
| Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe esigabeni | |||
| Isihlabathi, ukufakwa, igridi yomgwaqo, ukhonkolo onomusa | ukubeka esikhathini esithile | - | 12 800. |
| I-Brick Red | Ama-270 ama-PC. | 28. | 7560. |
| Itshe le-sandstone-plate limina 20mm | I-16M2. | 400. | 6400. |
| Izingodo, izinto zophahla | ukubeka esikhathini esithile | - | 5230. |
| Uhlelo lokudonsa (pe + galvanized steel) | 7 pose. M. | 840. | 5880. |
| -Nke | 37 870. | ||
| -Nke | 74 770. | ||
| * Ukubalwa kuqediwe ngaphandle kokucabanga ngokweqile, ukuthutha kanye nezinye izindleko, kanye nenzuzo yenkampani. |