Ukuxazulula izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezingxabano enkantolo: amaqembu okulingwa, ukudweba nokuthumela isimangalo, izigaba zokucatshangelwa kwecala
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uBarn Münhhausen, ethi azikho izimo ezingenathemba, zazisho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthinteke enkantolo. Noma kunjalo, yilolu mthetho othile wesakhamuzi luzosiza ekutholeni indlela esemthethweni yokuphuma kwezingxabano eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngakho-ke, lapho zonke izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ezinokuthula, zihlala zinye kuphela: ukuxazulula icala enkantolo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukulungiselela isitatimende sedokhumenti yokuqala, okuyi-lever eyingqayizivele eyethusa umshini wokwahlulela.
Inqubo yababambiqhaza
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokucatshangelwa kwezingqinamba ezihlobene nokuqukethwe kwesimangalo, ake sinqume ngabantu abakhona noma amaqembu ecaleni. Lowo ofaka lesi simangalo ubizwa ngokuthi ummangali. Ohlangothini oluphambene, okungukuthi, labo abangezenzo zabo (noma ukungasebenzi) abephule amalungelo nezinzuzo ezisemthethweni zommangali, yena (ummangali) nezinselelo, ubizwa ngokuthi ummangalelwa. Lawa maqembu akhona njalo, uma kungenjalo isitatimende sesimangalo ngeke samukele ukucatshangelwa, ngoba sithandeka ekuthuthukisweni kwemicimbi, inkantolo ngeke ixolelwe kunoma ngubani kuzofeza ukunxephezela ngomonakalo.Inkambo yecala ingaba izimangaliso eziningana nabaphenduli (ngokwesibonelo, abafaka izicelo zeqembu lezakhamizi zezakhamizi zendlu ukuze ubambisene nababambisene nabo imali ekhokhwayo).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuthiwa yiqembu lesithathu elivikela amalungelo abo nezintshisekelo zabo ecaleni labanye abantu lingabamba iqhaza kwinqubo. Amaqembu esithathu angamemezela izidingo ezizimele zengxabano, futhi kulokhu zinawo wonke amalungelo nezibopho zommangali. Uma umuntu wesithathu engamemezeli izidingo zawo, angangena ebangeni eliseceleni kommangalelwa noma ummangalelwa angalethwa ekubambeni iqhaza ecaleni futhi ngesicelo samaqembu, umshushisi noma ekuqaleni inkantolo. Isibonelo, uma uphonsela inselelo iTestamente Lelinkantolo, qinisekisa ukuthi ulinakekele umhloli, obethembisa ukukunikeza indawo yokuhlala, kepha awunaso isikhathi sokuhlela ukuthi uzobhalwa phansi, izihlobo zomhloli - uma, Kuyiqiniso, babekwazi ukuthi kwenzekani izehlakalo futhi basekela isinqumo somhloli. Noma, ngokwesibonelo, uma ngabe isinqumo kufanele sithathwe maqondana nesigaba esiphoqelekile sefulethi phakathi kwabalingani bangaphambili, imvume kufanele baveze bonke labo abahlala kuleli ndlu ngesikhathi sengxenye. Kulokhu, amaqembu esithathu yilabo abahlala efulethini.
Umthetho awuvimbi ukungena ngokuzimela kwecala. Kodwa-ke, isipiliyoni sibonisa ukuthi kungcono ukusizakala ngosizo lochwepheshe ekuhlolweni kwezomthetho. Ukuqala ukuseshwa kweseluleko ngezeluleko zomthetho - Ochwepheshe basebenza kudokotela abazokusiza nasekuhlanganisweni kwesitatimende sesicelo, nasehhovisi elimele inkantolo.
Ngaphezu kwenani lezinsizakalo ezinikezwe zona, umagazini wokuphetha isivumelwano uyaxazululwa. Uma ummeli ekweluleka ekuhlanganiseni lesi simangalo noma uhlole inkontileka, enye yamaqembu akhe, ubudlelwano bakho abunakukhishwa ngokubhala. Kwanele ukuthola impendulo yombuzo oyithandayo futhi ukhokhe umsebenzi wommeli. Irisidi lokukhokha lezinsizakalo liyabekezela ngemuva kwezinto zokwakha inkantolo. Ngezinqubo ezinhle, lokhu kuchitha imali kukunxephezela ngokulahlekelwa yizimali zommangalelwa.
Uma ummeli ezohambisa izintshisekelo zakho enkantolo, inkontileka ebhaliwe empeleni iyisivumelwano esibhaliwe, lapho i-oda lakho lichazwa ngokuningiliziwe (ukwethula izintshisekelo enkantolo, ngokwesibonelo, kodwa hhayi ukuqeda isivumelwano sokuxazululwa), nenani Inkokhelo ikhonjiswa ngesikhathi sokulahlekelwa noma ukunqoba inkantolo. Bonke ababambiqhaza ezinqubekweni balingana ngokuphelele - lokhu kungumzuzu osemqoka wecala ngalinye.
Izimangalo, ezingabalingani bakabani, zibheka izinkantolo zombuso jikelele noma amajaji omhlaba (uma inani lentengo lesimangalo lingadluli ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu). Uma amaqembu amabhizinisi angqubuzana nangokomthetho noma osomabhizinisi abathile kufanele afake izicelo eNkantolo yezokwelapha endaweni (ikheli lezomthetho) kwelinye lamaqembu.
Inkantolo yebo, kunjalo
Isitatimende sesimangalo sihanjiswa enkantolo ngokubhala. Kubhekiswe osukwini nendawo nendawo yokulethwa kwesicelo; IGAMA ELIGCWELE. ummangali, ummangalelwa, izixhumanisi zawo; Igama lenkantolo lapho isicelo singeniswa khona (ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yesiFunda "somuzi waseMoscow"); Babeka umnyombo wecala futhi bakhombise umbuzo obekelwa ummangalelwa yinkantolo (ngokwesibonelo: "Ngicela ukuthi ululame e-Ivanov, olawulwa umsebenzi wokwakha ehlobo lokubiza ehlobo lami ehlobo lami I-COTTAGE, inhlawulo ngenani lama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Ukubambezeleka ekulethweni komsebenzi ezinyangeni ezi-3) Isitatimende sesicelo sasiwummeli owaziyo umthetho futhi athambekele ekutheni izixhumanisi nemihlahlandlela yemalungelo kuyadingeka. Endabeni yakho yokhonkolo.
I-Schema inganamathiselwa amadokhumenti aqinisekisa izidingo zakho noma ukucacisa umongo wemicimbi (ukusindisa okwangempela, yenza amakhophi asezingeni eliphakeme, afundwe kahle edokhumenti ngalinye). Qaphela ukuthi inani lamakhophi esimangalo kufanele lihambisane nenani labaphenduli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuthumela isimangalo, kufanele kuthunyelwe imali yombuso (ngokuya ngezigaba ezithile zezindaba, ummangali ukhululiwe ekukhokhweni komsebenzi wombuso, ngokwesibonelo, ezimangalweni zokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo abathengi) . Usayizi womsebenzi wombuso kumele ucaciswe enkantolo, kuya ngesigaba sezinto. Uma umsebenzi wombuso ungakhokhelwa (ngokwezigaba zezindaba, lapho ummangalelwa ungakhululwa khona ekukhokhweni kwayo), inkantolo inelungelo lokungacabangi lokhu, lokho, ukushiya isimangalo ngaphandle kokunyakaza, yazise ummangali Mayelana nalokhu futhi umnikeze isikhathi sokukhokha (okufanayo kuyasebenza nakwehluleka amadokhumenti adingekayo).
Ungahambisa isimangalo ngejaji ngokwamukela komuntu siqu, futhi ungathumela ngeposi nge-imeyili ebhalisiwe ngesaziso sesethulo. Uma ufuna ukufaka icala uqobo, chaza ukuthi yini ngokwahlulela okufanele uxhumane ngayo: Amajaji ahlukaniswe ngesibonakaliso sezwe noma ngesigaba sezinto (ngokwesibonelo, izinqubo zomshado zibheka ijaji elilodwa, nezingxabano zabasebenzi). Lapho, lapho ijaji ngalinye selutholile izinsuku, ungathola ehhovisi leNkantolo (izikebhe eziningi zinezingosi ze-Intanethi, ngakho uthola imininingwane edingekayo ngaphandle kokushiya indlu).
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, kuvezwa icala lomphakathi endaweni yokuhlala yommangalelwa. Uma ungaphansi kwecala endaweni yakho yokuhlala, isimangalo sizobuyiselwa kuwe ngenxa yokwehluleka kwecala yile nkantolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekwamukelweni kwesimangalo, unganqaba uma uhlelo lokusebenza lungaphansi kokucatshangelwa kwinqubo yokuqulwa kwezombumba noma uma ngabe isinqumo segunya elifanayo noma esiphakeme selivele lingene kulokhu. Othandweni, isizathu esenqabayo ukwenza isimangalo noma ukubuyisa icala, inkantolo kumele ibekwe ngokubhala.
Umsizi kanye nomeluleki inombolo eyodwa ecaleni akusona isihlobo somakhelwane, kepha ummeli ofanelekayo ozosiza ekwenzeni isitatimende sokufuna noma aveze izintshisekelo zakho enkantolo, futhi ngokudluliswa kwesicelo esifike ngesikhathi kuzosusa isidingo sokumangalela, ukubopha umhlaba ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Inqubo yecala enkantolo
Lapho lesi simangalo senziwa ukucatshangelwa (uma ufake icala lokutholwa komuntu siqu, nasehhovisi lenkantolo noma ngeposi, ungafunda ngekusasa lesitatimende sakho ngokubiza ihhovisi lenkantolo noma ukulinda i-ajenda ngeposi), Kuqalisiwe ukulungiselela inqubo. Ijaji lizoqoka umhlangano kanye nommangali (uma isimangalo singeniswa hhayi ngokwamukelwa), nommangalelwa. Mhlawumbe izingxabano zizokwazi ukunquma esigabeni sangaphambi kwecala. Ekutholweni kwejaji, ummangali (noma ummeleli wakhe) udlulisa ummangalelwa ngekhophi yobufakazi obuqinisekisa amaqiniso asuselwa esikhwameni. Ummangalelwa (noma ummeleli wakhe) ecacisa izidingo zommangali nezisekelo zazo; Imele ukuphikisana okubhaliwe emcimbini wabo, futhi kudlulise ubufakazi bokuthi banciphise lezi zinto eziphikisayo. Amaqembu athi isiphetho sesicelo sokubuyiselwa kobufakazi bokuthi ngeke bakwazi ukuzithola ngaphandle kosizo lwenkantolo.
Ngemuva kokuthi leli cala selilungiselelwe ukuqhubeka kwecala, ijaji lenza incazelo yokuyibeka kwicala enkantolo enkantolo, yazisa amaqembu nabanye abahlanganyeli ngecala lesikhathi. Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, amacala ajwayelekile kufanele abhekwe ngaphambi kokuphela kwezinyanga ezimbili kusukela ngosuku lokuthola isicelo enkantolo, kanye neJaji lomhlaba, ngaphambi kokuphela kwesitatimende sesicelo sokukhiqiza. Empeleni, leli gama lingakhuphuka ngandlela thile - konke kuncike emlondweni wejaji elithile kanye nobunzima benkambiso ezayo.
Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuza enkantolo ngesizathu esihle, ngokwesibonelo, ngokugula noma ngenxa yohambo lwebhizinisi lenkonzo, isikhathi senkantolo singahlehliswa kolunye usuku, futhi kwezinye izikhathi inkantolo inquma engekho uma i-Plaintiff ingenzi into nommangalelwa kwaziswa ngesikhathi sesikhathi sokucatshangelwa kwecala.
Okungaphansi kobuso bomuntu obamba iqhaza kuleyo nqubo kungahlangana nezinto zokwakha, kukhiphe bona, kanye nokwenza amakhophi - nganoma yisiphi isikhathi; Memezela ompompi (ngokwesibonelo, uma ushukumiseleka ukukholelwa ukuthi lo Fakazi obangelwa uhlangothi oluhlukile lunentshisekelo ngomphumela waleso sikhathi futhi unganikeza ukufundwa okungalungile); kungaba ubufakazi futhi babambe iqhaza ocwaningweni lwabo, buza imibuzo kwabanye ababambiqhaza kule nqubo; Ukukhanselwa (ngokwesibonelo, ngesimemo sochwepheshe noma ukwenza ucwaningo olwengeziwe); Nikeza izincazelo zomlomo nezincwadi ezibhaliwe enkantolo; Futhi nenqaba izicelo, ukuphikisana nokucatshangelwa kwabanye ababambiqhaza kule nqubo kanye nokukhanga izinqumo nezincazelo zenkantolo. Onke la malungelo azokuchazela ababambiqhaza benqubo ngaphambi kokuthi iqale.
I-OT, iSifundo senkantolo sase sihlelelwe ngaso ngasikhathi sini, inkantolo yazisa zonke izinhlangothi ngenqubo - ngohlamvu olubhalisiwe, i-ajenda yokwahlulela, umugqa ocingweni noma ngenye indlela. Ngemuva kokuthi bonke ubufakazi buxoxwa ngalo, inkantolo iphendukela ekulaleleni inkulumompikiswano yokwahlulela. Ukuqiniswa kuvunyelwa njalo ummeli wakhe ummangali nommeleli wakhe, khona-ke ummangalelwa nommeleli wakhe, futhi vele ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Lapho usuphothule impikiswano yokwahlulela, inkantolo isuswa egumbini lokululeka ukuze enze isinqumo. Isinqumo senkantolo sifunda ijaji, ngenkathi sidingisa hhayi okuqukethwe kwesinqumo, kodwa nenqubo yokufaka isikhalazo.
Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe isinqumo asithathwanga sithandwa sakho, unethuba lokufaka isikhalazo. Kuliqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi ngokubheka okulandelayo kwecala (inkantolo efanayo eCassation noma enkantolo ephakeme), isinqumo sizoshintsha. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka kuphela ukubonana nazo zonke izimo ezingqubuzanayo ngezingxoxo, futhi uma kunesidingo sokushintsha izindlela zokwahlulela ukuvikela amalungelo abo okusebenzisa usizo lommeli ofanele. Siyethemba ukuthi uma kwenzeka abafundi bethu kungazelelwe kufanele baxazulule impikiswano enkantolo, lezi zincomo zizokusiza ekutholeni indlela yokuphuma kulesi simo.
Mayelana nenkantolo namajaji
Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi kufanele sithinte kuphi isimo esiphikisayo. Izinkantolo azihlukaniswa hhayi kuphela ngezinga lezinqumo ezithathwe, kepha ngohlobo luni lwezingxabano ezigunyazwe ukuluxazulula, kanye neqiniso lokuthi zingathatha izimangalo.
INkantolo Yomthethosisekelo ibheka imithetho ekuthobeleleni kwawo umthetho obaluleke kakhulu woMthethosisekelo waseRussia. Kuliqiniso, thintana nale nkantolo kungenzeka kungabi yisakhamuzi esilula ukubhala isitatimende sesicelo eNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo awukwazi. Leli lungelo liphakathi kwabameleli beziphathimandla ezisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu: uMongameli, amaphini, amalungu kahulumeni.
Ama-Syok mayelana nokungahambisani nemigomo yokwakhiwa kosonkontileka, ukuphonsela inselelo intando futhi axazulule ezinye izingqinamba ezihlobene namacala okuphatha, ezomphakathi nawamacala, aphathwa ezinkantolo zomthetho jikelele. Uhola uhlelo lwale mikhumbi yenkantolo ephakeme yaseRussia Federation. Kepha masinyane hamba lapho kungakufanele, kunezinkantolo zezifunda zalokhu. Esigabeni salokhu okungenhla, izinkantolo zezinhlangano ezikhona zeRussia Federation (ngokwesibonelo, amaRiphabhuliki noma imiphetho).
Uma ukuqulwa kwecala kuphathelene nezinkinga ezihlobene namabutho ahlomile (ngokwesibonelo, uma indlu yakho yezwe ilimele ngenxa yokuzivocavoca okwenziwa esizeni esiseduze nokubambisana kwengadi), ixazulula izinkantolo zempi ezinjalo zidala lapho iyunithi yezempi idala lapho amasosha kuyathunyelwa.
Ukuze usheshise inqubo yezinyathelo zomthetho, kunesikhungo samajaji omhlaba. Izincwadi zingalashwa uma isimangalo sakho sikhathazekile ngokukhishwa komyalo wenkantolo (ngokwesibonelo, ukuhambisa okweletayo kusuka ezakhiweni zendawo yokuhlala ephethwe nguye noma ekubuyiselweni kwe-alimony), noma ukunquma inqubo yokusebenzisa impahla, noma Ubudlelwano bezabasebenzi (Okuhlukile ngumsebenzi ekubuyiselweni komsebenzi kanye necala ekuxazululeni kwezingxabano zabasebenzi ezihlanganyelwe). Futhi, iziphathimandla zamajaji wezwe zibandakanya isinqumo sobudlelwano bomndeni (ikakhulukazi, ukunqanyulwa komshado, uma kungekho ngxabano ngezingane eziphakathi kwabalingani, noma ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwabashadikazi bempahla ehlanganyelwe ngentengo yesimangalo Lokho akudluli ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu), ngaphandle kwamacala kuyinselele yobaba (umama), ekusungulweni kobaba, ekunciphisweni kwamalungelo wabazali, ukwamukelwa kwengane (ukwamukelwa) kwengane. Ibheka ijaji lomhlaba kanye namacala obugebengu uma isijeziso esinikezwe yikhodi yobugebengu ukuze icala eliphelele alidluli eminyakeni engu-2 eboshwe. Ekugcineni, abahluleli bomhlaba wonke bacabanga ngezingxabano zempahla (ngaphandle kwezindaba eziphathelene nefa lempahla namacala avela ebudlelwaneni ukudala nokusebenzisa imiphumela yomsebenzi wobuhlakani), kepha basebenzise imiphumela yokuba yisimangalo (noma ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ). Uma isimangalo sakho "izindleko" ngaphezulu (okungukuthi, impahla engenelwe ilinganiselwa ngenani elikhulu), kufanele uthintane neNkantolo yesiFunda.
Ijaji elizwe lonke lizothatha isinqumo sengxabano yedwa, futhi nalapho libheka leli cala enkantolo yesifunda, isinqumo singathatha njengejaji lesodwa neleji yokwahlulela noma ijaji kanye nejaji nejaji.
Kunezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezibheka izingxabano, enye yezinhlangothi zazo ezingokomthetho noma osomabhizinisi abathile. Isimangalo se-Tribunal Tribunal singakwazi ukusiza, ngokwesibonelo, ukuxazulula ukungezwani phakathi kokubambisana kwabaninimakhaya nenhlangano ekhiqiza ukuhlanzwa kwendawo yendawo.