Izinhlobo zamapayipi okushisa, amakhaza namanzi ashisayo. Izinto zokwakha, imininingwane, izinto ezixhumanisayo zokubeka amapayipi.
A- cut off the pig "isikhafu";
ukubopha indandatho ye-crimp;
ukwandisa ipayipi ngemikhaza "ekhethekile";
I-G-INSERT Fitting. Ipayipi ngokwalo liqinile kakhulu
1- PN 25 ngesendlalelo se-aluminium foil evimbela ukuxhaphaza i-oksijini;
2-Pn 20 onodonga olungama-3,4mm;
3- PN 10 ngodonga oluncane lwe-2.2mm
1- angle 90;
2- angle 45;
I-3-Welded Sacred;
4- angle ehlanganisiwe yangaphakathi nangaphandle;
5-tee;
6 - Isiphambano;
7- Isinxephezelo se-Enongation yokushisa "Omega";
Isigaba esingu-8 sendawo etholwe yindlela yokushisa ye-thermal. Izingxenye ezimbili ziye zaba munye
1- izindandatho zodonga;
2-plugs;
3-amakhona angena odongeni;
4- I-Value;
I-5- Curffoorcav
Ukusuka e-aquapor:
I-A-Pipe nokufaneleka kufudunyezwa yi- "Soldering Iron" efakwe isethi yama-adaple ngosayizi ngamunye wepayipi;
B- Hlanganisa imininingwane;
I-Compound iqoshwa;
Uhlelo oluqediwe lwe-G
1- Bronze Majz:
2 umkhono wensimbi;
3-ipayipi;
Isihlukanisi esingu-4-Galvanic;
5- Ukuvalwa kwamacala
I-radiator ephansi ye-radiator enerler enamapayipi afaka u-Unipie;
I-B-faketings yamapayipi asezitezi ezifudumele;
Umhlangano Womhlangano;
I-G- Sterector Wiring isebenzisa amapayipi oku-
Isihlukanisi esingu-1-Galvanic;
2- Irabber Seal;
3- Indandatho enkulu;
4- Ukulungisa Nut
I-polyethylene evimbela 1
I-2- Aluminium Pep, imiphetho ye-welded nge-laser jack;
3- i-polyethylene ye-crossinked
Umshini we-A- Cinder, usebenza ebhethri, nakwimamaini;
Ama-Piliers we-B- Amapayipi asuka ku-16 kuye ku-32mm
Ukwethulwa kwamanzi abandayo (i-PND);
Amapayipi okuphuka ohlelweni lokushisa;
Ekushintsheni kwamapayipi ethusi kuya kwensimbi;
Amapayipi we-metmer-polymer (ukufudumeza kanye nama-gvs) kanye ne-PP-Pipe (HPW)
Ukuqinisekisa izimo ezintofontofo endaweni yokuhlala, kuphela ngamapayipi amaphayiphu amabanda namanzi ashisayo futhi, ngokushisa. Imakethe inikezela ngenani elikhulu lezinketho zepayipi, ngalinye lelo liye lezo zombili izinzuzo nokubi. Shesha lapho ukhetha- Dala izinkinga ezinkulu wena kuphela, kodwa futhi nomakhelwane. Ungakugwema kanjani lokhu?
Amapayipi futhi ... ikhanda
Ngegama elithi "amapayipi" ikhanda kulabo abake bahlanganyela ekwakhiweni noma ekulungiseni, njengoba belimaza eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, babuhlungu kakhulu manje. Kuphela isilinganiselo sezinto ezikhathazayo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amapayipi asetshenziselwa ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okubandayo nokushisayo, indle, ukunisela futhi, ukufudumeza. Futhi manje kulolu hlelo, hhayi izinsimbi eyodwa noma ezimbili, njengangaphambili, neshumi nambili nokuningi. Imbangela yamakhanda amakhanda amashumi amathathu edlule ayehlukile ngandlela thile. Umbuzo wokuzikhethela-ke ngaphambi kokuba umthengi angemi ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala kwakhiqizwa amapayipi amnandi kuphela. Isizathu sesibili sikhululekile ukubathenga kwakungenzeki. Amapayipi, njengoba ayekhuluma, ayitholile. Njengezinyamazane ze-yagel. Izinselo. Kusuka ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngakho-ke, inhloko kuleyo minyaka yokukhumbula yayinokuningi okuvela emibuzweni ethi "Kanjani?" Futhi "kuphi?", Kepha hhayi ngombuzo othi "Yini?".Kepha izikhathi sezishintshile. Akudingekile ukuthola noma yini, kufanelekile ukuya emakethe eseduze noma esitolo esikhulu, ukuthengisa amapayipi, nokuthenga ... yonke into umphefumulo wakho. Kepha, ngokungafani ngokwanele, inhloko yomthengi futhi manje, ngegama elithi "ishubhu" libuhlungu. (Labo abathola inkinga yokuzikhethela bayokuqinisekisa ukuba yiqiniso kwalawa magama, okufanayo abangazange bathole ... Yebo, banenhlanhla nje!) Kepha le khanda lokubhekakade libuhlungu manje embuzweni "Yini? ". Yini ngempela okufanele uyikhethe kulokho kuchichima kwamapayipi, anikeza imakethe yesimanje? Futhi iphuzu alikho ngezindleko. Udinga ukukhetha ukuze ungazisoli ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma omakhelwane abahlala emafulethini alandelayo.
Ukunaka konke lokhu: Ukumelana nokugqwala kanye namathuba okuvuza (kufaka phakathi ukuxhumana), amathuba okuxhuma), amathuba okuphuka ngenxa yengcindezi eyengeziwe nokuziphatha kwamapayipi ngesikhathi sohlelo oluphuthumayo. njll. Ngabe i-Ikak konke lokhu akufanele kubhekwe uma impilo yenkonzo yohlelo olubekiwe ixhomeke ngqo kwizakhiwo zamapayipi eziyinkimbinkimbi?
Ukuze kucace kakhulu, isizathu sokuthi "i-migraine" eshiwo, ngaphandle kokungena imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, sibhala izinhlobo zamapayipi umthengi azohlangana nalo. Ngokwesimo, zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu: insimbi, i-polymer kanye nensimbi-polymer.
Amapayipi wensimbi
Izinzuzo zazo ezijwayelekile zingamandla aphezulu (insimbi yinsimbi) futhi, eveza ulimi lochwepheshe, "ukubhekisisa i-oxygen-amelana nolimi" (mayelana nokuthi kuyini, sizotshela kamuva kumapayipi we-polymer).
Amashubhu wensimbi. Lokhu, ungasho imikhiqizo ejwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu kusukela ebuntwaneni, ngoba kwakunguye iminyaka eminingi obekuyiminyaka eyinhloko yendawo yonke yezinhlelo ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Izinzuzo eziphambili zingamandla aphezulu, ukutholakala (emakethe banikeza amafemu angaphezu kweshumi nambili) kanye nokushibhile okuhlobene (intengo, ukusuka kumaphayiphu kagesi we-welding kanye nokusuka ku-1pog, i-pic eqinile 202mm). Ubunzima obukhulu buyinkimbinkimbi ephezulu yoMhlangano Nokuntuleka kokuvikelwa ekugqwaneni kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Umphumela - amanzi angcolile (ukugqwala) amanzi, ukuvuza, ingrowth yohlobo lwangaphakathi nezinye "izintelezi". Amapayipi ensimbi, ngokusho kukaSnipham, kumele aguqulwe kanye eminyakeni engama-25. Ngokusho kwezibalo zezinhlangano ezisebenzayo, ziqala ukulungiswa nokuvuza kakade eminyakeni emihlanu noma eyisithupha.
I-Ivot ilapha futhi kufanele ikhunjulwe ngezindleko eziphansi. Kubhekiswa. Uma uqala nje ukuthi intengo yamapayipi ensimbi ingahle ibonakale iphansi. Zikhula kaningana enqubweni yokulethwa, ukufakwa kanye nokulungiswa okulandelayo. Iminyaka emihlanu kuphela emihlanu uhlelo lokushisa oluvela kumapayipi ensimbi aludingi izindleko ezibonakalayo. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, izindleko zokulungiswa kwamanje ziyanda ekuqhubekeni kwejometri, futhi ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuncipha (iminyaka emi-4), ngokuya ngezinhlangano ezisebenzayo, sezivele zingu-20% ngonyaka. I-ATEA isho ukuthi yonke impilo yenkonzo yokulungiswa kwamanje kudliwa ngo-150-300% wezindleko zohlelo.
Okomhlangano wamapayipi ensimbi, ukufudumeza (ukufudumeza igesi noma i-welding kagesi) kuyasetshenziswa, kanye nezixhumi ezijwayelekile ezihlanganisiwe ngophawu (iphakethe, sealant it.p.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.).
I-Steel Galvenized Pipe Woza ngokubiza kakhulu "mnyama" - kusuka kuma-ruble angama-80. Okwe-1pog.m amapayipi angama-202mm. Kwakungele ukuthi bayelulekwa ukuthi bafake isicelo ngemuva kwezinto ezifuywayo ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwezinhlelo zamanzi ezibandayo nezishisayo ngokushintshana nganoma yini engavikelwe ngamapayipi "amnyama". Basebenza isikhathi eside kunokujwayelekile, kepha, maye, kancane. Isizathu silula: Uma usebenzisa ama-elektrode ajwayelekile endaweni ye-welding (futhi ngaphandle kwawo, akudingekile ukukwenza ngaphandle kwayo) ungqimba lwe-zinc umane luyanyamalala- luhlala luhlala lungavikelekile- luhlala lukhona ngepayipi lensimbi elingavikelekile. Kukhona, iqiniso, ama-electrodes akhethekile, kepha cishe akunakwenzeka ukubathola ngokuthengisa. Kunye futhi kunenye inkinga efihliwe: Ngesikhathi sokufudumala, izinto ezinobuthi ziyahlukaniswa, futhi ophambukayo wenqaba ukusebenza nge- "Galvenised". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-galvanic pair phambi kwezinsimbi ezingezona ze-Ferrous kungenzeka.
Amapayipi omphakathi ahlotshaniswa nemibono emibi emibili evamile maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwazo ezinhlelweni zokushisa. Umbono ongaqondile ukhathazeka kuqala amandla okusebenzisa amapayipi ahleliwe ohlelweni olucacisiwe. Yenza lokhu kungenzeki ukwenza lokhu. Isizathu saziwa futhi sikhonjiswe encwadini yamakhemikhali yebanga lesikhombisa: ngaphansi kwesenzo sokushisa kwezinhlelo zokushisa, i-ZN + H2O = ukusabela kweZNO + H2 kwenzeka. Kalula nje, ungqimba lwe-zinc ubhujisiwe, futhi i-hydrogen iqongelela emapayipi, uhlelo luphazamisa uhlelo ngokujwayelekile. Noma kunjalo, ngo-90-HGG. Ngasizathu simbe, bakhohlwa ngokuzumayo ngakho futhi ngendlela enkulu baqala ukusebenzisa amapayipi avikelwe yi-zinc in heating systems (Umqondo wokusebenzisa amapayipi, ukumelana kakhulu nokugqwala, ngokuqondakala, kuyaqondakala). Lezi zinhlelo zisenalo "igesi", futhi zingabasiza kakhulu ... kahle, ngaphandle kwe-autogen. Izindlela zesikhashana zokufaka i-valve ye-gesi ebhaliwe kwi-radiator ngayinye.
Ngokusho komkhohlisi wesibili, amapayipi ahleliwe angcono kune- "Black", aziphathe ezinhlelweni zokushisa ezigcwele i-antifreeze yasendlini. Kwenzekani ekuphendukeni kwamapayipi we-galvanized nge-ethylene glycol (kuyisisekelo samapholi amangalisayo), ngeke siphinde sichaze, vele sithi imiphumela yaso ichithina kakhulu kunathi lapho i-zinc esebenzisana namanzi ixhumana. Abakhiqizi be-Antifreeze baqashelwa obala futhi bakhombisa ngisho nokuvinjelwa kwilebula.
Amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali. Okusho ukuthi, lo mbono usebenza ekubekeni amapayipi asekhaya cishe insimbi engapheli engagculi ingavunywa kuphela. Ikrasivo (ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme nje), futhi ngokuthembekile. Kepha intengo, ebizwa ngokuthi, ukuluma: Ukungeniswa komhlaba (isibuko) ipayipi elenziwe ngensimbi aisi304 (analogue yensimbi yethu 08x18h10) usayizi we-182 mm uzobiza ama-ruble ayi-162. Ngo-1 k. m, ipayipi elifuywe elisezifundeni elenziwe ngensimbi 12x18n1t ngosayizi 19,12mm lizobiza u-200 rub. 1pog.m. (Ngokubala okulula, kungenzeka ukuthi uphethe ngokuthi ipayipi elifuywayo lizobiza okuthe xaxa.) Uma lokhu kwengeza amanani aphezulu okufaka, kuyacaca ukuthi amapayipi angenasici awasebenzisi ngesidingo esikhulu.
Amapayipi ethusi. Bahle kakhulu. I-IPrie Lokhu kusathembekile futhi kuhlala isikhathi eside (kubiza cishe ama-ruble angama-180. I-1POG. Hambisa amapayipi angama-221,5mm). Okomthengi wasekhaya, ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi ethusi ezinhlelweni zokuhlinzekelwa kwamanzi nokushisa kuncane. Kwalethwa kithi kusuka emazweni athuthukile eNtshonalanga - Sekulungile amapayipi amaningi ethusi kanye namakhulu eminyaka.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlelo zesimanje zokuhlanzeka kanye nezobuchwepheshe, ithusi liphendula cishe ngokuphelele. Lapha kanye nekhono lokumelana namazinga okushisa asezinhlekeleleni nase-DHW, kanye nokumelana nokuvezwa kokugqwala kwamanzi ompompi (angaqondakali, ku-chlorine kanye ne-ultraviolet. Kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuqaphela ubukhulu beplastikini ephezulu yezinto ezibonakalayo ezingasho lutho ngokuhambisana noshintsho lwefomu, kodwa futhi nekhono alibe ntekenteke emazingeni okushisa amabi. Lokhu, ngokusho kochwepheshe, kuvumela amapayipi ukuthi abekezelele ukuqaqana isikhathi esisodwa, futhi namaningi ahlinzeka ngomonakalo omncane. Yonke iminyaka ehlanganisiwe neyesikhathi eside (50-100) isikhathi sokusebenza ngaphandle kwenkinga inikeza amapayipi ethusi.
Kepha kukhona izithiyo zazo ezivela ethubeni. Akufanele isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezinamanzi amaningi acidi acijile (uhla olunconyiwe lwe-PH kusuka ngo-6.5 kuye ku-9.5), ukuhlaselwa okunenombolo enkulu yokungcola okuqinile kwemishini (amanani aphezulu ahlanjululwe kakhulu (we Isibonelo, ku-Surmental Zone Lokushisa Lokushisa), okubangela ukugqoka okusheshayo komhlaba. Ukufakwa kwamapayipi kudinga izimfanelo eziphezulu zokusebenza nokunemba - hhayi ukuhlanzwa kwe-burr yangaphakathi, kungadala ukucekelwa phansi kwepayipi kuphela ngoba ukugeleza kokugeleza okupholile kubangelwe (i-flow rate yenyuka endaweni, ne-Copper, njengoba sekushiwo, ayiyithandi).
I-Classic futhi ethembeke kakhulu kubhekwa njengamapayipi ethusi ahlanganisiwe esebenzisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu we-capillary soldering. Kodwa-ke, muva nje, amakhompiyutha asebenzisa i-thwed futhi ukufakwa kwezindaba kwaqala ukwanda.
Ngabe izindinganiso zithini
Kubukeka sengathi, ukuthola ukuthi yiliphi ipayipi nokuthi lilisebenzise kanjani, sekwanele ukumane, kudingeka kuphela ukufunda ama-slips akhona futhi. Kepha bekungekho lapho! Izingqinamba zohlelo lokusebenza kulezincwadi, ngeshwa, azimbozwanga kahle.
Uma ubhekisa ku-Snip II-30-76 "Amanzi angaphakathi Wokuhlinzekwa Kwendle Nokuthuthwa Kwendle", khona-ke esigabeni 4.1 naku-appendix No. 3, kukhonjiswe: Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi - i-polyethylene (Polyethylene (Pnp), i-vinylplast ne-polyvinyl chloride (PVC). IVA! Kwakungekho ezinye izinhlobo zamapayipi. 5.04.01-85 Kamuva, isigaba 4.1 sicishe siphindaphindekile, isigaba 4.1 cishe siqinisekiswe ngokoqobo, ngomehluko wokuthi noma yiluphi ulume lwezinto zamapayipi zimane zinyamalale kulo, futhi ngenxa yalokho izincomo zokhonkolo.
Ekuqaleni kwama-90s. I-XXV. Imakethe yethu yagcwala ngokoqobo amapayipi okukhiqizwa kwangaphandle kusuka ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ze-polimeriric. "Izidumbu zomthetho" zaphendula kule nto ngokwethula ushintsho Cha. 2 (1996) e-Sniped 02.04.01-85 *. Manje into 10.1 ihlelwe kanjena: "Amapayipi epulasitiki nemikhiqizo eyenziwe nge-polyethylene, e-polybuthylene, i-fibervinyl chloride, kusuka kumapayipi wangaphakathi anamakhaza angaphakathi, ama-polyethylene kanye nokunye Izinto zepulasitiki zawo wonke amanethiwekhi wokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi. Ngamanye amagama, abahlanganisi bamane babhale izinhlobo ezikhona zamapayipi kusuka ezintweni ze-polymeric, ukuhlinzeka umthengi kwesokudla ukweluleka, yipayipi nokuthi lisebenza kuphi. Ngokuvamile ... yenza okufunayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, imakethe yamapayipi iyaqhubeka nokukhula, nombuzo wesidingo sokwenza umqulu wawusululekile konke, babelinde ukuthi bobabili abathengi nabakhiqizi uqobo. U-Ion waphela ekugcineni. Kungu-Gost R 52134-2003 "Ingcindezi yamapayipi ama-thermoplastics kanye nokuxhuma izingxenye kubo ukuze uthole ukutholakala kwamanzi nezinhlelo zokushisa. Izimo zobuchwepheshe ezijwayelekile." Izimo zobuchwepheshe ezijwayelekile. UMenno wafaka amapayipi kusuka ku-thermoplastics elandelayo: I-polyethylene, i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polypropylene kanye nama-copolymers awo, i-polyethylene, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, i-polybutene.
I-gost entsha ibeka amakilasi amahlanu okusebenza: Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okushisayo endaweni yokushisa kwama-60c, ama-radiator afudumele okushisa, ama-radiator aphansi okushisa, ama-radiators okushisa aphansi, indawo yokushisa ephansi ". Ngasikhathi sinye, isigaba ngasinye sokusebenza sinqunywa yinkimbinkimbi yokushisa (esebenzayo, ephezulu kanye nesimo esiphuthumayo) nesikhathi somthelela sabo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwensiza yonke - kufanele okungenani ibe yiminyaka engama-50 (engcindezini engu-0.4; 0.6 noma I-1MPA). Ngokusekelwe kulezi zimo, ochwepheshe kanye nokubala amapharamitha adingekayo wamapayipi.
Sicabanga ukuthi akudingekile ukuthi kuphawulwe ngokwedlule isikhathi eside, kuhloselwe ikakhulukazi umenzi futhi ngokwengxenye kumqambi (yize kungenzeki ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nomklami onolwazi olunendlela enzima yokubalwa Hhayi amaphutha ekukhetheni womabili amapharamitha nezinto ezibonakalayo zamapayipi). Umthengi ngokucophelela - ngathi, njengeminyaka engama-30 edlule, akekho ocabanga.
Amapayipi we-polymer
Emakethe yanamuhla, isidingo salawa mapayipi sikhula njalo. Lokhu kuthambekela okuphikelelayo kuhlobene nezinzuzo ezilandelayo ezingenakubonakala zezinto ze-polymeric:
Ukuphikiswa kokugqwala (ama-polymers awakwazi ukungena ekuphendukeni kwe-electrochemical) kanye nokumelana nemiphumela yamakhemikhali amaningi wamakhemikhali.
Akukho makhanda ezindongeni.
Ukulahleka kwengcindezi emincane yengxabano ngenxa yobulukhuni obuncane bendawo yangaphakathi.
Ukusebenza okushisayo okuphansi.
Isisindo esincane.
Izenzo zemisinga ezulazulayo akesabi (ngamapayipi ensimbi, le misipha, njengomthetho, yenza i-electrochemical corrosion).
Kodwa-ke, akudingekile ukucabanga ukuthi amapayipi e-polymer anezinzuzo eyodwa kuphela. Okubi futhi kube:
Amapayipi (aveza ulimi lochwepheshe) oksijini - evunyelwe. Ngamanye amagama, umoya-mpilo oqukethwe emoyeni, yize ku-albet ngamanani amancane, uhluka ngodonga lwepayipi bese uwela uketshezi olugeleza ngalo. Uma sikhuluma ngamanzi ashisayo noma abandayo aza kwi-crane, khona-ke awukwazi ukunaka umoya-mpilo kuso. Kepha uma kungukugeleza kopholile (amanzi, antifreeze), khona-ke ukungena komoya-mpilo ukungena kuyo ngokuqinisekile kungakhubaza noma kufudumele amadivayisi noma i-boiler.
Okungeyona i-imperima ukuqondisa ukukhanya kwelanga.
Ngokuya ngomthwalo nesikhathi, ulahlekelwe amandla awo.
Ayisebenzi ezinhlelweni zokulwa nomlilo.
Ngohlobo ngalunye lwe-polymer, ukufakwa okukhethekile nemishini yokufaka i-welding kuyadingeka.
Amapayipi adinga ukuvikeleka kumonakalo ngengozi (kufaka phakathi ... ukuhlasela amagundane).
Imakethe yanamuhla inikezela ngamapayipi e-polymer kusuka ezintweni ezilandelayo: I-Polyethylene, i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, polybutene, polyvinyl chloride kanye ne-fiberglass.
Polyethylene (re noma pe). Amapayipi avela kuwo ahloselwe amapayipi angaphandle nawokungaphakathi (ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi, indle, ukuhambisa amanzi). Imboni ikhiqiza izinhlobo ezimbili ze-polyethylene: I-High Pressure PVD (noma i-Low-density PNP-polyethylene) nengcindezelo ephansi ye-PND (noma i-PVP-polyethylene density). Khumbula ukuthi la magama (futhi, ngokweqiniso, ukumaka) kuvame ukudukisa umthengi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, akukulandeli nakancane ukuthi ingcindezi ephezulu ye-polyethylene (PVD) kufanele isetshenziselwe ukufunwa kwamanzi okucindezela, kanye nengcindezi ephansi ye-polyethylene (PND) - yokuthuthwa kwendle kanye nokukhucuza indle kanye nokukhucululwandle. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa la mapayipi kuze kube okuphambene nalokho, ngoba igama libonisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe, kepha hhayi ukuqokwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, amapayipi e-PVD anamandla amancane okusebenza ku-PND, ngakho-ke izindonga zikhulu futhi zinobunzima, ngokulandelana, ngokulandelana, ngokulandelana, ngokulandelana. By the way, ubukhulu bodonga olukhulu lunikeza amapayipi e-PVD inzuzo ethile: bamunca kangcono umsindo wendawo yokuhanjiswa.
Amapayipi e-polyethylene ahlinzeka emakethe ezimweni eziningi amafemu asekhaya, akwazi kahle ukukhiqizwa kwawo. Imikhiqizo yokungenisa ayivamile. Izindleko zamapayipi zincane - ngokwesibonelo, 1 k. m Peipe 202,3mm kubiza ama-ruble ayi-12. Ama-larts nawo anamapayipi e-polyethylene angacindezeli, ahlose ukuhambisa indle yangaphakathi.
Ipayipi elidonswayo le-re-re-lingalungiswa kusetshenziswa okubizwa ngokuthi yi-workword dryer:
I-polyethylene eqinile. Ukuze i-polyethylene iba namandla futhi imelana nemiphumela yokushisa, iphathwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuxhumeka okwengeziwe okuguqukayo kwakhiwa phakathi kwama-molecule, okuthiwa ama-crosslink (amabhuloho). Inqubo yokucubungula ngokwayo ibizwa ngokuthi yi-stitching, kanye ne-polyethylene ephumayo - e-polyethylene ekhawulelwe bese ilebula isifinyezo sikaRe-X (PE-C). Kuya ngendlela esetshenzisiwe yokuwela, kunezinhlobo ezine ze-PE-X, ezihlukile komunye nomunye, amasheya ama-molecule awela ama-molecule awela futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuqina: I-PE-XD, PE-XD . Amaphesenti wokuthunga aphezulu kakhulu eRe-ha.
Amapayipi enziwe nge-polyethylene eqinile ngenxa yokuthola umoya-mpilo ophakeme asetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ngokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okubandayo nokushisayo. Ngezinhlelo zokufudumeza kanye nezitezi ezifudumele, amapayipi anesithiyo esinamandla esingenhla noma sangaphakathi athuthukiswa, esivimba ukungena komoya-mpilo. Isithiyo esinjalo singatholakala kusetshenziswa utshwala obungenamikhawulo ka-Ethylene Wing (umgoqo wangaphakathi) noma ungqimba lwe-aluminium lwe-foil olunobukhulu be-0.1-0.15mm (umgoqo wangaphandle). I-Aluminium Foil, Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza ukuthi kwenzeke kakhulu ukunciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu bokwandiswa okushisayo (amapayipi anjalo abizwa ngokuthi azothuthukiswa).
Amapayipi aphindaphindwe akhiwa kusetshenziswa izixhumi zemishini ngendlela yokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa imiklamo ehlukene, kanye nentambo nokucindezela. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukufakwa kwezicucu ezihlanganisiwe kudinga isikhathi esithe xaxa, kanye nokulawula kanye nokugcinwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza (ukuqinisa ama-crimp nuts buthaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ukucindezelwa kokuxhumeka kungenzeka).
Uhla oluncane lwamadayimitha amapayipi ahlongozwayo (12-32mm) lunencazelo yezomnotho neyokusebenza: ngokubumbana okukhulu, ukushuba okukhulu kodonga kuzovela futhi ipayipi ngeke libe nokunwebeka kakhulu. Yebo, izixhumi zazo zizobiza kakhulu.
I-Polypropylene (PP noma i-PP). Kunezinhlobo zakhe eziningi:
I-RR-H (PP-G noma uhlobo lwe-PP 1) - lwenziwe nge-homopolymer, ama-macromolecule awo ama-macromolecule aqukethe amayunithi afanayo ama-monomer. Lawa mapayipi asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amasistimu wokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi abandayo;
I-RR-B (i-PP-B noma i-PP-Type 2) yenziwa kusuka ku-block copolymer, zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zihambisane kangcono namazinga okushisa aphansi (kuze kufike ku-40c). Isetshenziswa kumapayipi amanzi abandayo atholakalayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa phansi;
I-PP-R (PP-P noma i-PP-TYPE 3) yenziwa kusuka kwi-randopolymer. Lokhu kungukuhlukahluka kwe-polypropylene, izinzuzo zazo ukuthi yikhono lokuphindelela umthwalo ngokulinganayo ngobukhulu bodonga kanye namandla anomthelela omkhulu. Isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezibandayo nezishisayo, amasistimu angaphandle wokushisa kwamanzi.
Amapayipi e-Polypropylene PP-R akhiqizwa izinhlobo ezintathu eziphambili, ezibonakala ngokucindezela imisebenzi:
Pn 10- ngezinhlelo zamanzi abandayo ezinengcindezi ye-1mpa;
Pn 20- Amapayipi amanzi ashisayo nabandayo anengcindezi ku-T = 20c 2.0 MP, ku-T = 75c- 0.6 MP;
Uhlobo lwe-PN 25 ludinga incazelo eningilizayo. Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi amapayipi e-PP, afana namapayipi e-PE-X, avezwa emakethe ngendlela ye-lible-ungqimba nezakhiwo ze-multilayer (ngepulasitiki ye-aluminium ye-foil noma i-fibrous). Amapayipi e-Multilayer abizwa ngokuthi aqiniswe (ekumakeni Kunegama elithi "ezinzile" noma elisuselwa kulo). Zincane kakhulu umoya-mpilo futhi ziyehluka ngokuqina okukhulu kwefomu (ukunwetshwa okuqondile). Ukusebenza kwamapayipi we-PN25 (okuqinisiwe) kungasetshenziselwa amapayipi amanzi akhulayo nama-hot kanye nokushisa ngengcindezi ku-T = 20c 2,5mp, ku-T = 90c- 1,0 MP.
Amapayipi e-PP akhiqizwa ngobubanzi obungu-16 kuye kwangama-160 mm (ngokwesibonelo, izindleko zepayipi zingama-202.3mm, ukusuka kuma-ruble angu-17. Okwe-1POG. M). Zixhumeke ngendlela yokufudumala okushisayo, okususelwa ekuhlanganiseni kwezindawo ezincibilikile zezingxenye ze-welded.
Polybutene (RV noma pb) - Izinto ezibonakalayo, ngezindlela eziningi ezifanayo ne-polypropylene nase-polyethylene, kepha zibekezelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu nangaphansi futhi akhuphule ukuguquguquka. Ingafakwa ngendlela eshisayo noma ixhumeke ngentambo noma ukucindezela kwezindaba.
Polyvinyl chloride - I-Thermoplastic material etholwe yi-polymerization yeVinyl Chloride. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zawo: I-PVC-U (NSLH) iyi-polyvinyl chloride engekho emthethweni ne-PVC-C (CPVH) - i-chlorvinyl chloride, eneplastiki ephakeme uma uyiqhathaniswa ne-PVC-U (12-110mm ubukhulu). Ziyahlukahluka kwamanye amapulasitiki ngokuqina okukhulu, kepha kushibhile. Futhi, izinzuzo zabo zifaka cishe imali ephindwe kabili kune-PR, ebumbana okushisayo kanye nokungamelana nemvelo umoya-mpilo. Ukungcola okubalulekile kwamapayipi anjalo, ongoti bakholelwa ukuthi lapho ukufakwa kufanele usebenzise amakhompiyutha anama-adhesive (indlela ye-polydifffutement), eyandisa izindleko futhi inciphise inqubo. Kukhona ezinye izinto ezimbi, ezinjengokuthi "ukwabiwa okuyingozi", okuyingozi ", esizokuxoxa ngemininingwane esikhathini sethu.
I-fiberglass. Isisekelo sodonga lwamafomu amapayipi amafomu e-fiberglass, i-filler-epoxy noma i-polyester resin. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto zokwakha kuvumela ukuthola izici zamandla eduze kwamapayipi ensimbi, kepha cishe kube lula. Amapayipi afanayo asevele ekhiqize iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20, kepha awakaze athole ukusaba. Isizathu silele kokubili okulinganiselwe kwezingxenye zokuxhuma nokufakwayo kanye nokungabikho kwendlela esheshayo nethembekile yokuxhuma amapayipi nokufakwa kwamapayipi.
| Indawo yesicelo | Ikilasi Lokusebenza | Uhlobo olusetshenzisiwe lwepayipi | I-Thrab, S. | Isikhathi se-Thrab, iminyaka | I-TMAX, S. | Isikhathi e-TMX, iminyaka | I-Tavar, c Tavar, H | Isikhathi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okushisayo (60c) | okukodwa | I-PR-H, PP-B, PP-R, RE-X, RV, PVC-C | 60. | 49. | 80. | okukodwa | 95. | 100 |
| Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okushisayo (70c) | 2. | I-PR-H, PP-B, PP-R, RE-X, RV, PVC-C | 70. | 49. | 80. | okukodwa | 95. | 100 |
| Ukushisa okushisa okuphansi kwangaphandle | 3. | I-PVC-C, PR-H, PP-B, PP-R, RE-X, RV | 30/40 | 20/25 | amashumi amahlanu | 4.5 | 65. | 100 |
| Ukushisa okushisa okuphezulu kwangaphandle, amadivaysi okushisa okushisa okushisa aphansi | okune | I-RR-N, PR-B, PP-R, RE-X, RV | 20/40/60 | 2.5 / 20/25 | 70. | 2,5 | 100 | 100 |
| Ukushisa okushisa okuphezulu ngamadivayisi wokushisa | isihlanu | I-RR-N, PR-B, PP-R, RE-X, RV | 20/60/80 | 14/25/10 | 90. | okukodwa | 100 | 100 |
| Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okubandayo | Hho | Re ne-pvc-u | amashumi amabili | amashumi amahlanu | - | - | - | - |
| Ukubuyiselwa: Izinga lokushisa elisebenza nge-Trab noma inhlanganisela yamazinga okushisa anamanzi athuthayo, anqunywe yindawo yesicelo; I-TMAX iyindlela yokushisa ephezulu yokusebenza, isenzo sawo esinqunyelwe ngesikhathi; Ukushisa okuphuthumayo kweTavar-Emergency kuvela ezimweni eziphuthumayo ukwephulwa kwezinhlelo zokulawula |
Scary, vele ukwethuka! (Kungaba ukuhlekisa uma bekungekho imiphumela emibi)
Sinikeza izindaba ezimbalwa ezezwa umlobi ngesikhathi sokulungiselela i-athikili.
Umlando 1. Enye yezinkampani zokwakha ezisetshenziswe ekwakheni indawo yokuhlala ebanzi yohlelo lwamanzi olushisayo esikhundleni samapayipi e-PN-20 amapayipi e-PN-10, futhi ngaphandle kokusungula izingxenyana ze-thermal ebertation. Isitezi esingaphansi kwendlu sasihloselwe ukudlula ngaphansi kwamahhovisi, ngakho amapayipi aminyene ahamba ezindongeni zawo afakwa ngokunikeza phansi ukubonwa kwezwe. Ukwethulwa kwecala lamanzi ashisayo kwachithwa ebusuku, futhi wahamba akazange ahambe ngaphandle kwesigameko. Kepha ake ucabange ukumangala kwabaqashi abangaphansi (bahlala kusenesikhathi), okwathi ngakusasa kwathola ukuthi isisindo esiphephile esingama-700kg asuswe kude ngo-0,5 m, futhi kwaqunwa ipayipi elikhulu eligobekile odongeni ngemuva kwakhe. Iphinde yanikeza i-sauna "pink"! Futhi wakwazi futhi waqhuma.
Umlando 2. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngohlelo lwamanzi abandayo, amapayipi e-PND afaneleka kahle. Njengoba sesifunde leli qiniso, usizi olunamapayipi lwafaka la mapayipi emthonjeni ngokujula kwe-80m. I-Amezhdu Topic Pipe yenzelwe ingcindezi ephezulu ye-10thth. Umphumela wesinyathelo esisheshayo esinjalo kwakuyisihloko sepayipi (angikwazanga ukumelana nengcindezi edingekayo ukuze ngiphakamise amanzi kanye nomsebenzi weSantechnibors) futhi ... imizamo emide ukuyithola kusuka ku-borehole Izinsalela zakhe ...
Amapayipi e-Metal-Polymer
Le mikhiqizo ayigcini ngokuhlanganisa izici ezinhle kakhulu zensimbi namapayipi epulasitiki, kodwa futhi zincishwa iningi lamaphutha alo. Idizayini iqukethe izingqimba eziningana:Ungqimba lwangaphandle lwe-polyethylene olumelana nemiphumela yemisebe ye-ultraviolet;
Isendlalelo esijwayelekile yi-aluminium tube enobukhulu bodonga olungu-0.2-2 mm, ophekwe ngobude be-on the orcase ye-inthanethi;
ungqimba lwangaphakathi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium ungqimba kuvumela ukuthola i-coefrecional ephansi ephansi futhi kuvikelekile ngokumelene nomoya-mpilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ipayipi lingagoba, emva kwalokho ligcina ukwakheka kwalo. Amandla aphezulu avumela amapayipi ukuthi abekezelela ingcindezi ephezulu (kuze kube ngu-20MPA) kanye nokushisa (kuze kube ngu-95c).
Kunobubanzi obukhulu bamadayimitha ale mikhiqizo (14-110 mm), kepha ngokwezomnotho kuyasizakala ukusebenzisa amapayipi amakhulu ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zezixhumi, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amapayipi afanayo afanayo namapayipi e-PE-X.
Kubukeka sengathi kuyacaca ekubuyekezweni kwethu okuyindilinga ukuthi ngaphandle kosizo kulokhu "uchichima" akunakwenzeka ukuqonda.
Okhiqiza amapayipi
I-Copper: I-KME (Germany), Outto Kumpu (Finland), "Isitshalo seKirov sokucutshungulwa kwezinsimbi ezingezona ze-Ferrous" (Russia).
I-Polypropylene: I-Aquapor (Germany), eKoplastik (Czech Republic), i-polymell (germany), "isitshalo samapayipi" (Ukraine).
I-PolyethYlene: UKan (Poland), iTruvolopolymer neKazanorgsintez (Russia).
Stitched polyethylene:
Re-ha: I-noror (t / m wirsboin Finland), uRehau (Germany);
Re-HB: I-MicroPol (M / M ISROPLAST- U-United Kingdom); I-IVT (T / m Prinoto- Germany), "Bir Pekc" kanye ne- "Van Tube" (Russia);
I-RE-HS: Tece (T / M TECEFLEX- Germany), Kan (T / M Kan-Therm).
Kubhekwe okuningi (PE-X / AL / PE-X): Wefa Plastic, Rehau (Germany), Henco (Belgium), i-WAVIN (Holland), i-ANOR.
Polyvinyl chloride: KAN, "Kubab" kanye ne- "Agrigazpolymer" (Russia).
Metal-polymer: I-Geberit (T / M MePLA-SWITWELand), Hewing Pro Aqua ne-Oventrop (Germany).
Ngabe ochwepheshe bazosiza?
Enye indlela yokwenza ukhetho ukuxhumana nenkampani enkulu efundiswa ongoti "emgwaqweni". Kuliqiniso, izihibe zingaboshwa lapha. Iqiniso ukuthi amafemu asebenza nazo zonke izinhlobo zamapayipi ngakho-ke kahle kakhulu kubo, noma ngabe zizisola kangakanani, azikho izinsizakalo emakethe. Inkampani ngayinye enkulu inesipiliyoni sayo, ngesisekelo esivele sinikeze okuncamelayo kwalokhu noma lowo mkhiqizi. Ngenxa yalokhu, abanye basebenza ngamapayipi epulasitiki kuphela omkhiqizo othile, abanye, kuphela ngamapayipi e-polyethylene, okwesithathu nge-polypropylene. By the way, okunamathiselwe "okunjalo kuvame ukuvuselwa ngokwezezimali ngumenzi wamapayipi - izaphulelo ezinkulu ze- Ngasikhathi sinye, inkampani ngayinye ikholelwa ukuthi yinguqulo yayo kuphela ukuthi okulungile futhi okungenakuphikwa. Ake sikutshele izindaba eziningi ezesabekayo kusukela ochungechungeni oluthi "Siphinde sabuya kanjani ngemuva kokuncintisana" futhi sizame, okuthiwa 'siphendukele okholweni lwethu.' Kepha kaningi awutholi imininingwane yenhloso.
Lapha, mhlawumbe, lonke ulwazi esasifuna ukujwayelana khona nomfundi kulokhu kubuyekezwa. Kepha izingxoxo zethu mayelana namapayipi azipheli. Sinendaba enemininingwane eminingi ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamapayipi. Ngokuvamile, ukuqhubeka kufanele kube ...
Ibhodi lokuhlela libonga i-aquart, Geberit, no-Overrop, i-Ovenrop, "ama-Triff", "Griff R", kanye nekhanda lomuntu mathupha ", iLungu le-presidium ye-NP" AVEK ", Ph.D. Sasina V.I. Bona ukulungiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo.