Silandisa ngalokho esikhwama sesinxephezelo, i-eScro-akhawunti, okufanele sikwenze uma unjiniyela ehamba egcwele ama-ballruppt futhi mayelana nemithetho emisha yokuvikelwa kwabaninimasheya okhohlisiwe ngo-2019.
Ngokwesilinganiso, 2 kuya ku-6% wabaninimasheya minyaka yonke abazitholi izikhungo zabo ngesikhathi, futhi kwakha inkinga ebalulekile emakethe yezezakhiwo. Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abaninimasheya abanikezwe ngo-2005 ngomthetho Nombolo 214-Fz bekunganele, ngakho-ke kwaqhubeka nokukuthuthukisa. Kwenzelwe imithetho emisha ukuvikela amalungelo abaninimasheya okhohlisiwe. Isikhathi sokushintsha sethulwe kuze kube nguJulayi 2019.
Konke mayelana nezinto ezintsha emthethweni
Izinto nemiqondoBangobani abaninimasheya abakhohlisiwe
Izinkinga Zokwakhiwa Kwe-Equity
Izidingo zonjiniyela
Izidingo ze-DDU
Ukuzibophezela Ngokushintsha Kwabafihliwe
Isikhwama Sesinxephezelo
Unjiniyela Wokuqothuka
I-Akhawunti ye-Escrow
Incwadi yokufakazela
Amathemba okusungula izinto ezintsha
Mayelana nezinto nemiqondo
Ngakho-ke, kunezici ezimbili eziphambili. Owokuqala unjiniyela - inhlangano esemthethweni enokuqashiswa okufanelekile komhlaba nokuheha ababambiqhaza bemali ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye (noma) nezinye izinto zezezakhiwo ezisuselwa kwimvume etholakele.
Okwesibili ungumhlanganyeli ekwakhiweni okwabiwe - isakhamuzi noma inhlangano yezomthetho. Ngokubambisana bangakwazi ukwakha izakhiwo zokuhlala kuphela, kodwa futhi namagalaji, izikhungo zezempilo, ukudla, imisebenzi yebhizinisi, ukuhweba, amasiko nezinye izinto zezezakhiwo, ngaphandle kwezindawo zezindawo ezithengiswayo, ngaphandle kwezindawo zezindawo. Lokhu kubhalwe ku-Article 2 yomthetho.
Kukhona nencazelo ecacile yento yokwakhiwa kwe-Equity, okungukuthi, iqiniso lokuthi ngokuzayo kufanele kube yifulethi lakho, igalaji noma indawo endaweni yokupaka engaphansi komhlaba eduze kwendlu. Lesi sakhiwo sokuhlala noma sokuhlala esizodluliselwa kumnini wamasheya ngemuva kokuthola imvume yokuthola isakhiwo efulethini kanye (noma) kwenye into yangempela yezakhiwo kanye nengxenye yale ndlu noma into ethengiswayo, kufaka phakathi imali yomhlanganyeli, kufaka phakathi imali yomhlanganyeli .
Bangobani abaninimasheya abakhohlisiwe
Ukuze umthengi wezezakhiwo eziyinkinga ezakhelwe ezandleni, izimo ezilandelayo ziyadingeka:- Isivumelwano Sokuhwebelana Kwaphela;
- Iqembu le-Exerting alizange lifeze izibopho ngaphansi kwenkontileka yokubamba iqhaza kokulingana isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-9. futhi akazange akhuphule ukutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni kwendlu yezikhathi ezingaphezu kwezimbili zokubika zilandelana;
- Unjiniyela akanawo owalandela ekwakheni into;
- Izibopho zenkampani yokwakha ngaphambi kokuba abaninimasheya abavikelwe yisiqinisekiso sebhange noma umshuwalense wesikweletu seqembu.
Uyacelwa uqaphele: Kwezinye izimo, ngisho nokutholakala kwesivumelwano sokubamba iqhaza kwezokwakha ngeke kuvikele umthengi-alkerfelder. I-Federal Law No. 214-Fz "ngokubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamafulethi nezinye izinto zezezakhiwo" (Umtholo Nombolo 214-Fz) azivikeli abaninimasheya uma:
- Endlini eyakhiwe, kwathengiswa izakhiwo ezifanayo kaningana;
- Indlu yakhelwe ecebeni elingakhishwe noma liqashwe;
- Indlu yakhelwe ecebeni lapho lungavunyelwe khona;
- Indlu yakhelwe ngokuphulwa kohlelo lokuhlela idolobha, izidingo zephrojekthi.
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwalabo abaninimasheya ngamalungelo alo (ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi kungenzeka ukwenqatshelwa kwecala elilodwa noma ukuthola izinhlawulo zokwephulwa kokudluliselwa kwento) kungahle kunqabe ukuthi bavikele amalungelo uma imvelo enonya ye Izenzo zisunguliwe.
Izinkinga Zokwakhiwa Kwe-Equity
Ngamafuphi, izingibe ziya ngokuya zicace kuwo wonke umuntu ofunda ngokucophelela lolu hlelo lokutshala impahla ethengiswayo.
Ama-plevu weSikimu asobala: Umthengi uthola indawo ethengiswayo ngo-30- 40% eshibhile kunentengo yemakethe ephakathi; Unjiniyela uthola imali yokwakhiwa kwezinto zangempela zezezakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesiteshi komkhiqizo ophelile.
Ngeshwa, ukutshala imali okunjalo kuhlale kuhlotshaniswa nezingozi ezinkulu. Ukudonswa okuncane kuvamile impela, hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi uhlelo lwenziwa kahle. Kodwa-ke, kwenzeka ukuthi unjiniyela ahlehlise ngokuqondile ukuqedwa kokwakha noma ukudonsa isikhathi sokungena ezindlini.
Ukwemukelwa ngo-2005 Umtholo Nombolo Nombolo 214-Fz wethule ukuvinjelwa kwabathuthukisi ezindaweni ezikhuthazayo ngaphambi kokuthola izimvume; Ngayala ukuthi abathuthukisi babhalise kwinkontileka yonke imigomo nezinhlawulo zokungagcwalisi kwayo, kanye nokubhalisa yonke inkontileka yokubamba iqhaza kwe-Equity (DDU) ukuze kukhiphelwe ukuthengisa okubili.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akwanele kanti ushintsho lwaqala ukwethula izinguquko.
Okokuqala, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kufanele kuhlukaniswe neminye imisebenzi ngokufakwa kwemikhawulo kunjiniyela wokwenza imisebenzi engahlobene nokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi.
Okwesibili, umgomo we- "Inkampani eyodwa yimvume eyodwa yokwakha" kufanele abhekwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwakhiwa ngokuhlanganyela okwabiwe ngezimvume eziningana kuvinjelwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, abathuthukisi abakhulu ngeke bakwazi ukunikeza imisebenzi yabo ekwakhiweni kwezingane ukuze bathathe ekwenzeni amaphrojekthi amaningana ngasikhathi sinye, ngoba isipiliyoni okungenani se-3 (okungenani njengosonkontileka ojwayelekile noma ikhasimende).
Okwesithathu, umsebenzi wonjiniyela kufanele uhambisane nesikhungo esikhethiwe sebhange. Ama-akhawunti enkampani, ikhasimende lobuchwepheshe kanye nosonkontileka ojwayelekile kumele bavulwe ebhange elifanayo.
Okwesine, izidingo zedumela lebhizinisi lemizimba yokuphatha kanjiniyela nababambiqhaza bayo baqiniswa. Phakathi kwabasunguli bonjiniyela ngeke kube ubuso obunganakwa noma obukholwe ngokweqiniso noma okuvelele, kanye nalabo abakwenzayo okwenze ukuba yimisebenzi yabo eyenze ukuba yilapho kungaqothulwa khona.
Le nkampani kumele ithole isiphetho sokuhlolwa ngisho nezakhiwo eziphansi kakhulu, hhayi ukuthi zibe nezikweletu (ngaphandle kwenkokhelo yethagethi yokwakha). Esikhungweni esigunyaziwe sesikweletu sasebhange, imali kufanele ifakwe kwinani okungenani i-10% yezindleko zokwakha (i-parachute eyingqayizivele, okufanele ivikelwe futhi injiniyela, kanye nabaninimasheya uma kwenzeka kuqhubeka isikhathi noma ukuqothuka).
Okwesihlanu, umthetho umisa umkhawulo wezindleko zonjiniyela kwisisekelo somholo, izinkonzo zebhange, izinsizakalo zenkampani yokuphatha, ukukhangisa, izinsizakalo zomphakathi, izinsizakalo zokuxhumana, ukuqasha. Lo mkhawulo ngu-10% wezindleko zokwakhiwa.
Ungayikhetha kanjani inkampani ethembekile
Uma uzothenga ifulethi endlini eyakhiwa:- Funda imininingwane etholakalayo mayelana nonjiniyela, hlola idumela layo.
- Indlela elula yokuqinisekisa iqiniso lokuthi uzofunda kwi-Intanethi, - ukuya kunoma yiliphi lezakhiwo futhi uqiniseke ukuthi umsebenzi wenziwa.
- Ngaphambi kokusayina inkontileka yokubamba iqhaza kwe-Equity ekwakhiweni, ukuyifunda ngokucophelela, ungaphuthumi.
- Uma unokungabaza okuncane, bhekisa kubameli ukukusiza uqonde zonke izinkampani zomthetho.
Izidingo ezintsha zonjiniyela
Kuze kube usuku, inkontileka nomuntu obambe iqhaza wokuqala ekwakhiweni konjiniyela akekho ngaphambi kwezinsuku eziyi-14 kuphoqelekile ukushicilelwa kwabezindaba noma kwi-Intanethi imininingwane yenkampani ekhonjisiwe.
Umthuthukisi ubophekile ukuhlinzeka ngokusatshalaliswa ngesicelo sakhe:
- Imvume yokwakha;
- Ukuqiniseka kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho kwephrojekthi;
- Isiphetho sokuhlolwa kwesimo kwemibhalo yephrojekthi;
- Imibhalo yephrojekthi, ehlanganisa zonke izinguquko ezenziwe kuyo;
- Amadokhumenti aqinisekisa imithetho yonjiniyela ehlelweni lomhlaba.
Kufanele futhi atshale imali kuphrojekthi imali yayo uqobo ngenani okungenani ingxenye yesithathu yesabelomali sonke sephrojekthi; Imali ehehwa yibanikazi bamasheya kufanele iqhubeke ngokuqinile ekuqalisweni kwephrojekthi ethile, futhi akukho ndawo.
Izidingo zokubamba iqhaza
Ngokuhambisana ne-DTU, uhlangothi olulodwa (lolshler) luzibophezela ukukhokha isigxobo esinqunyelwe kudokhumenti futhi samukele into eyenziwe ngomumo, kanti elinye iqembu lithembisa ukwakha nokuhambisa le nto esivumelwaneni esinikezwe lesi sivumelwano.Inkontileka kumele ihambisane:
- Ukunqunywa kwento ethile yokwakhiwa okwabiwe kuyo okuzodluliselwa ngokuya ngemibhalo yephrojekthi kanjiniyela;
- Icacisa umnqamulajuqu wokudluliselwa kwento yokwakhiwa kwe-Equity Kwamasheya;
- Imininingwane mayelana nentengo yenkontileka, isikhathi nokuhleleka kokukhokha;
- Imininingwane ngesikhathi sewaranti esebenza ngokuhambisana nento eyakhiwe.
Uma kungekho okungenani okungenani kwezimo ezibhalwe phansi zohlu, inkontileka ibhekwa njengengasebenzi. I-DDU ngayinye kufanele ibhaliswe kwisigaba sesifunda seRosreestra ukuze igweme ukuthengisa okuphindwe kabili.
Umnikazi wamasheya unelungelo lokuqeda inkontileka unilaterally, uma, ngokwesibonelo:
- Kube nezinkinga ngamagama;
- Izidingo zekhwalithi yento yezezakhiwo zihlukunyezwa kakhulu;
- Ukuhlelwa kwamafulethi kuhlongozwe ngokushintsha kwephrojekthi yokuqala.
Uma kwenzeka kunqanyulwa inkontileka, unjiniyela unesibopho sokubuya hhayi kuphela imali kubaninimasheya, kodwa futhi nesithakazelo sokusetshenziswa kwemali ebolekwe ngenani eliphakathi nendawo ye-Russian Federation, Okusebenza ngosuku lokugcwaliseka kwesibopho sokubuyisa imali ekhokhwa ngabaninimasheya. Ngasikhathi sinye, inkampani inganqamula inkontileka kuphela eNkantolo ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu.
Ukuzibophezela Ngokushintsha Kwabafihliwe
Umthuthukisi ubophekile ukudlulisa into kubahlanganyeli ekwakhiweni kwe-Equity Nokwakha ngemuva kwesikhathi esishiwo yilesi sivumelwano. Isikhathi sokudlulisa sibethelwe bonke ababambiqhaza, munye.Uma inqubo ibambezelekile, unjiniyela uphoqelekile ukuthi akhokhe inhlawulo (inhlawulo) kubathengi ngenani elingu-1/75 lokuphinda anciphise ebhange eliphakathi le-Russian Federation, ngentengo yenkontileka yosuku ngalunye lokubambezeleka.
Uma kwenzeka kungenakwenzeka ukwakha indlu kwinkontileka ebhalwe kwinkontileka, inkampani ibophekile izinyanga ezi-2. Ngokubhala ukwazisa abaninimasheya futhi kusikisela ukwenza izinguquko kwinkontileka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-DDD isungula imigomo ethile yokudluliselwa kwezindawo ezithengiswayo kubatshalizimali bezezakhiwo ngemuva kokuthola imvume yokuthola indlu.
Ngokusho komthetho No. 214-Fz, unjiniyela uphoqelekile ukudlulisa zonke izindlu kumakhasimende izinyanga ezi-2. Ngemuva kokwamukela ikhomishini yombuso.
Isikhwama Sesinxephezelo Sokuvikela Abaninimasheya Abakhohlisiwe
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umshuwalense wesikweletu we-Civil Obathuthukisi abasebenza ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zokubamba iqhaza manje sekuyisikhwama sesinxephezelo.
Zonke izinkampani ezithengisa amafulethi ekwakheni kufanele ngokusho komthetho kufanele kudluliselwe esikhwameni sesinxephezelo ukuhlinzeka izikweletu ngaphansi kwesivumelwano se-DDU ngayinye. Umthetho uhlinzekela ukuhlolwa konyaka kwezibopho ukuguqula usayizi wokuhlola ukuhlolwa, kepha hhayi kaningi isikhathi ngonyaka.
Izimali zesikhwama sesinxephezelo zizoqondiswa ekugcwalisweni kwezinto ezithengiswa ngezezakhiwo. Ikhanda Isikhulu Esiphezulu Sesinxephezelo Sesikhwama se-ejensi sokubolekwa kwendlu kanye nokubolekwa kwemalimboleko (AHML). Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umsebenzi wesisekelo ungafaki ukuqoqa inani elithile, kuyadingeka kuphela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ihlinzeka ngemali ebekelwe izingozi ezikhona.
Inani eliphakeme lemali esinxephezelo semali linqunywa ngesisekelo sendawo ephelele yezindawo ezaziwayo ezakhiwe kanye nentengo yemitha eyodwa yesikwele zezindlu kule mpahla. Ngasikhathi sinye, indawo ephelele yokwakhiwa kwe-Equity Ayikwazi ukwedlula i-120 m², kanti intengo eyi-1 m² kuyo ayikwazi ukuphakeme kunenani eliphakeme lezindlu ezifanayo.
Isikhwama Sesinxephezelo sizosiza ukuvikela amalungelo abaninimasheya abaninimasheya; Ukuze basiza labo abahambisana nawo asevele bahlangane nobunzima, abaphathi bezifunda badonsele amagrafu okuphothulwa kwezinto zezinkinga, okukhombisa isikhathi nezinqubo zesisombululo.
Uma unjiniyela eqothuka
Isikhathi esiphelele senqubo yokuqothuka sincishiswa ukuqedwa kwezinqubo zokululama ngokwezezimali nokwenza kahle kwemisebenzi eyenziwe ngumphathi wokulamula kanye nenkantolo yokuqothuka. Inqubo yokuqala yethulwa kwinqubo yokukhiqiza ukuncintisana, kanti umholi ochwepheshe kufanele ahole inkampani ye-bankrupt, esevele inolwazi emkhakheni wezokwakha. Umphathi omusha we-bankrupscy uqondisa incwadi eya kubaninimasheya lapho inqubo eyengeziwe kanye ne-algorithm yezenzo izochazwa.
UMthetho "Ekuqothulweni" ubeka ukuthi izidingo zabo bonke abaninimasheya zethulwe kumphathi wokuncintisana, hhayi inkantolo yokulamula kungakapheli izinyanga ezi-2. Kusuka ngosuku lokutholwa kwesaziso semenenja yokuncintisana. Umphathi ubheka izidingo futhi azibandakanye ebhukwini.
Uma, phakathi nokuqhubeka kokuqothuka, isizathu esanele sabonakala sikholelwa ukuthi solvency developer developer bungabuyiselwa, ukuguqulwa kokuphathwa kwangaphandle kungenzeka.
Umphathi wokuncintisana unesibopho sokufeza izenzo ezidingekayo ukusesha nokuheha omunye umuntu. Kukhona enye inketho - Umhlangano wabanikazi bamasheya unelungelo lokunquma ngendlela yokwenza izibopho ngokuthola isinxephezelo esikhwameni sesinxephezelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusasele ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kubuyisele izidingo ngokudlulisela ezinhlinzekweni zokwakhiwa okungapheli noma ukudluliswa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala (uma into isivele yakhiwe). Lesi sinqumo senziwa ngokwahlukana endlini ngayinye eyakha, umhlangano jikelele wabaqashi besikhathi esizayo, kuyadingeka ukuthola imvume ye-¾ yalabo abaninimasheya.
Uyacelwa uqaphele: Ekuqothulweni kwe-abrecity of the Unjiniyela, isigaba esisengozini kakhulu sabanikazi bezakhiwo babanikazi bezindawo okungezona zokuhlala, kufaka phakathi amafulethi.
Izakhiwo Zomhlaba nendlu eyakha ekwakheni zibandakanyeke nabahlanganyeli ekwakheni ukulingana kuze kube unjiniyela egcwalisa izibopho zawo; Ngasikhathi sinye, ubunikazi bendawo ethengiswayo buya kwi-Sharelder ngesikhathi sokubhaliswa kwenkontileka yokubamba iqhaza kwe-Equity.
Yini i-Akhawunti ye-Escrow
U-Eskrow - Okukhethekile kwediphozithi enemibandela, lapho amadigri emali aqongelela khona kuze kube sekuphothulwe ukwakhiwa kwendlu. Ama-akhawunti escrow eRussia avele ngo-2014, kepha asebenzise lolu hlelo kuphela ngo-2018.
Inzalo ezimalini ezibekwe kuma-akhawunti e-Escrow ayikhokhiswanga, kanye nebhange lapho ama-akhawunti anjalo avulekile, awatholi umholo. Eqinisweni, i-akhawunti ye-Escrow iyidiphozithi esebenza ngentshisekelo, imali etholwe yisikhathi esingeqi isikhathi esingangeqi usuku lokusebenza kwento ekusebenzeni kwesimemezelo sedizayini kanye nezinyanga eziyisithupha. Lapho usebenzisa ama-Escrow Akhawunti, abaninimasheya abamukeli ubungozi bezezimali ohambisana nonjiniyela othize, futhi bathathe ubungozi kuphela kwibhange eligunyaziwe, okufanele libabukele kubo ezimweni ezinikezwe ngumthetho. Esimweni lapho ibhange limenyezelwa lubhalwe phansi, umthuthukisi avuselela inkontileka ne-ejenti entsha yasebhange, imali evikelwe izodluliselwa kwi-akhawunti entsha.
Le nkampani ithola imali evela kuma-akhawunti we-Exeruum ngemuva kokungena entweni ukuze isebenze futhi ibhalise ilungelo lobunikazi okungenani efulethini elilodwa.
Kusho ukuthi ngama-akhawunti escrow kungahunyushwa ukuze akhokhele izibopho zenkampani kwisivumelwano semalimboleko, noma abhalwe ngqo kunjiniyela (ukubala nobolekisi kuleli cala lapho kwakhiwa khona imali ebolekwe.
Isikhathi sewaranti - iminyaka emi-5
I-Dreetgent inelungelo lokudinga ukuqedwa kwamahhala kwezinkinga ezitholakele noma ukunciphisa intengo yefulethi kunani elifanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnikazi wamasheya angadinga ukunxeshezelwa kwezindleko zawo ukuze asuse ukusilela.Amathemba okusungula izinto ezintsha
Kusukela ngoJulayi 1, 2019, izinguquko emthonjeni we-Federal No. 214-Fz zaqala ukusebenza ngokugcwele. Ukwakhiwa okwabiwe kufanele kuthathelwe indawo yiphrojekthi, irejista kumele yenziwe (kuzosiza ukubheka ukwethenjwa konjiniyela).
Futhi kusuka ngoJulayi 1, 2019, inqubo yokuthengisa amafulethi ezakhiweni ezintsha isishintshile. Ngokuhambisana nomthetho, inkampani manje izothola imali engeyona imali yamasheya ukuze iqhubeke nokwakha, kodwa kusuka emabhange agunyaziwe futhi ayigcine kuma-akhawunti escrow.
Kepha akubona bonke abathuthukisi abazosebenza kulolu hlelo. Ngokusho kwesinqumo, abathuthukisi bangathengisa amafulethi ngezimo zakudala, uma ekhaya sezilungele okungenani ama-30%, futhi inani lezinkontileka eziphethayo - amaJuda angaphansi kwezakhiwo, avele abonile ukuthi abathuthukisi bafuna Izinhlelo ze-Bypass, ekusetshenzisweni kwanoma yiziphi abathengi bezakhiwo ngeke bafake i-DDD.
Isivumelwano sokubamba iqhaza kuphela esingakuqinisekisa ukuvikela amalungelo ama-alhorholder, ngakho-ke umthengi akakwazi ukuvuma isiphakamiso sonjiniyela ukukhipha umthethosivivinywa esikhundleni salokho, noma isivumelwano sokwenziwa kwemali.
Ochwepheshe bezindawo ezithengiswayo bakholelwa ukuthi ushintsho emthethweni No. 214-Fz luzophoqa izinkampani ezincane neziphakathi nendawo ezimakethe, ngoba inhloso yezinto ezintsha ukudedela imboni yezokwakha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi simo singadala izinguquko ezinkulu emakethe yemalimboleko yemalimboleko, ukuphoqa amabhange ukunikela ngezixazululo ezinesikweletu esinenzuzo kulabo abafuna ukuthenga izindlu.
