Abathuthukisi abaningi abathile babhekana nenkinga yokuxhumana. Imvamisa umphakeli kagesi wendawo uyakwazi ukuqeda amandla avunyelwe anele ngaphandle kokukhanya kwendlu yezwe, kodwa hhayi indawo yokuhlala yesimanje yezwe. Ungangena kanjani ugesi endlini ngaphandle kokwephula imigomo nemithetho yamanje?
Funa akuyona ingozi
Uma uthenga indlu ekuhlazisweni kwe-cottage ngokusekelwa kobunjiniyela obudingekayo, udaba lokunikezwa kwamandla kwekhaya lakho selivele lixazululiwe. I-Inc. Ukuphatha noma abathuthukisi bafaka ukufakwa esikhundleni somuntu oyedwa noma ababili abasebenza ngamandla wamandla ababaliwe, ngokwesibonelo, ama-630 kva, aguqula amavolumu we-6-10 kV ngo-220-380v. Kuvela izinkinga lapho uzama ukwakha indlu noma wakhe kabusha ukufakwa kukagesi okukhona kwendlu emadolobhaneni, amadolobhana, ubudlelwano bengadi, lapho umthamo wokufakwa esikhundleni kwendawo awanele. Uye wasabalalisa kabusha la mandla esikhundleni sawo, indlela esemthethweni iyinkimbinkimbi impela.
Ake sithi imvume yokwenza ugesi ikhaya lakho linikezwe yigridi yamandla endawo. Uma kwenzeka, ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakheka, kuyadingeka uku-oda umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe wokuxhuma ukufakwa kukagesi kwesakhiwo kwinethiwekhi. Umsebenzisi wesikhathi esizayo kufanele acabange ngokucacile ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwe-appatus kagesi (i-boiler, phansi efudumele, amadivaysi okushisa amanzi, ama-air actioners) azodla amandla endlini yalo, yini amandla anele okufaka okujwayelekile ukusebenza. Ntambama, kuzodambisa esidlweni sokwenza izinguquko kuphrojekthi noma kwakhiwa kabusha ukufakwa kukagesi.
Umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe uvuselwa ngesisekelo sencwadi ebhekiswe kunjiniyela omkhulu wenhlangano yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla ngesicelo sokukhipha imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yokuxhumanisa amandla athile okubonisa isigaba samandla asemzini. Incwadi kumele ihambisane nemibhalo ye-HIRETEPETE: indawo yendawo nezakhiwo emhlabathini, ubufakazi belilungelo lokuthola lolu hlelo lwemvume yokwakhiwa kwendlu, ehlelwe nezinhlangano eziningi: Gorgaz, I-Rosterlecom, i-vodokanal, amagridi e-EDR ngokwawo uqobo. Amasiginesha abo aqinisekisa ubukhona noma ukungabikho kwezokuxhumana okusondelene noma endaweni yesayithi lakho. Le ncwadi ibhekwa njenge-PTO yenethiwekhi yesifunda noma yasemadolobheni. Esiteji sokuhlanganisa umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe, igridi yamandla noma ivumela ukuxhumana, noma inikeze izincomo ezithile okudingeka kwenziwe ukuxazulula inkinga. I-alamu noma umugqa wekhebula we-cable ophansi (0.4 kv) welule esikhundleni esiseduze (noma ikholomu), amandla asatshalaliswa phakathi kwabasebenzisi abaxhunyiwe kulo; Kokunye, umbuzo uxazululwa ukwabiwa kabusha kwamandla ngenxa yenombolo yezinto lapho kudliwa khona akunangqondo. Kukhona nenketho yesithathu - ukwakhiwa kokufakwa kwayo.
Cabanga ngalesi simo lapho indlu ihlelwa eduze komugqa wokuhambisa amandla amakhulu ngenani lama-35 kW. Ngokweqiniso, ngemvume yomhlinzeki kagesi, ungaxhuma kwinethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa i-transformer ehlinzayo yomuntu ngamunye. Kuze kube muva nje, imithetho yocingo lokufaka ugesi yalolu hlobo ayinikezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya noma intambo yekhebula le-voltage ephansi yadonswa endaweni eseduze, futhi amandla ayo asatshalaliswa phakathi kwabasebenzisi abaxhunyiwe. Uma umthamo wesipele wawungenjalo, okuwukuphela kokuvezwa okusele: shintsha i-transformer ibe namandla amakhulu. Vele, ngokulahlekisela obhalisile osanda kuxhunywa. Okunamathiselwe: Izindleko ze-Transformer yasekhaya ukuze umthamo we-100 KVA angama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60-80.
Kodwa-ke, inkinga ukubekwa kokufakwa kwe-transformer kanye nemishini efakiwe kwikhithi yayo. Njengomthetho, izinto eziguqukayo emaphandleni zinendlela ye-kiosk efakwe ezinsikeni lapho izitebhisi ziholela khona. Lokhu okuvumelekile kudinga ukulingana okukhethekile komhlaba. Futhi ukwenza ukufakwa kwamandla we-Power Transformers kuma-mast akhethekile. Uma izindlu ezintsha zakha esifundeni sasedolobhaneni, futhi ukususwa komhlaba ngaphansi kokufakwayo akunikezwa, ikhasimende lizobhekana nesidingo sokuxazulula le nkinga ngokubamba iqhaza kwezakhiwo zasendaweni. Akusilo iqiniso lokuthi uzongena ekuthuthukisweni konjiniyela. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ama-compact compul transformers (i-mini-esikhundleni) asetshenziswa ezimweni ezinjalo, amandla akuvumela ukuthi uxhume kumanethiwekhi amakhulu kusuka kwelinye kuya kwamane. Lezi ziguquli zifakwe kukhonkolo ojwayelekile (ngokhuni noma oluqinisiwe) Ukusekelwa ukubukeka okuhle. Bathi "Hardy" - vumela ukulayisha ngokweqile ku-40% ngomthwalo we-peak; Ifakwe nge-automation eyakhelwe ngaphakathi futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ayidingi ukulungiswa. Izinkampani ezinkulu ze-electrotechnical zikhiqiza amadivayisi anjalo: ngokwesibonelo, i-ABB yaseJalimane, i-Nokia, i-American Howard. Amanani entengo aguquguqukayo ngaphakathi kwama- $ 3500-4000. Abaguquli besinsika bamandla afanayo eBelarusian, isi-Ukraine, ukukhiqizwa kwaseRussia kushibhile kabili. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-analogued akhiqizwa eRussia kanye ne-CIS, ukuthi adinga insizakalo yaphakade, enze njalo umsebenzi wokulawula, osebenza ngogesi ofanelekayo kufanele futhi abe nabasebenza ngogesi ofanelekayo eGridi yamandla endawo.
U-Ella Sirotina, onguchwepheshe woMnyango Wezemidwebo weRoyal Electric JSC
Izidingo eziyisisekelo zemibhalo yephrojekthi yokufakwa kukagesiIphrojekthi yokuhlinzeka ngamandla eyenziwe kwizimo zobuchwepheshe zenhlangano yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla kufanele ifake:
1. Isethi esemqoka yemidwebo yomsebenzi; ireferensi nemibhalo ehambisana nayo; Inothi elichazayo. Okulandelayo kukhonjisiwe:
- Imininingwane ejwayelekile ngokufakwa kukagesi;
- Ukubalwa kwezintambo nezingxenye ze-wire ngokuya nge-pue;
- Ukubalwa kwemijikelezo yesifunda emfushane, ukulahleka kwamandla kagesi endaweni eyihlane yomjikelezo kagesi;
- Imiphumela yokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo ngekhono lokunqamula;
- Inhlangano yokubalwa kukagesi;
- Izidingo zokubeka imigwaqo emikhulu yamanethiwekhi ajwayelekile namaqembu;
- Inhlangano yokuvikelwa kombani;
- Idivaysi ephansi;
- Izinyathelo enhlanganweni yokuphepha kukagesi.
2. Isikimu sokuhlinzekwa kwamandla okugxile kolunye uhlangothi ngokuqokwa komkhiqizo kanye nengxenye yesiphambano samakhebula okuphakelayo, izintambo; Ngezindlela zokubekwa kwazo nezinombolo kumagazini we-Cable.
Ukusingathwa kwemibuthano yokufuya kagesi ye-single-linye kukhombisa amandla afakiwe afakiwe futhi kubaliwe, amanje, i-COSF, brand ne-Cross-isigaba sezintambo, ukubukeka kwe-gasket yabo.
3. Uhlelo Lendawo Yemishini. Kumele kuhlanganiswe nezinhlelo zegridi yamandla nedivaysi ethukuthele. Ukufaka okukhombisa inani namandla okuthola ugesi, okuhambelana nohlelo olungahambelani, khombisa amakamelo omlilo namaqhubu (ukucaciswa kwamakamelo kunamathiselwe).
4. Ukucaciswa kwemishini kagesi esetshenzisiwe, imikhiqizo nezinto zokwakha.
5. Imidwebo Ephakeme. Kufanele aqukethe idatha kumaphaneli wokukhanyisa, imigqa yeqembu, ekhombisa uhlobo, isigaba nezindlela zokubeka izintambo nezintambo.
I-University of the Project ifaka futhi uhlelo lwezihlangu ezitolo, okukhombisa uhlobo kanye nezintambo zezintambo zemigqa yeqembu, i-P- kanye nabaqhubiyo, uhlu lwemishini kagesi.
Ukufakwa kwemishini kukhombisa (uma kukhona) amakilasi ezindawo eziqhumayo, ukukhanya okukhanyayo.
I-Wiring ehlobo ihola inani lezintambo, izinombolo zeqembu, khombisa izingosi zokufaka zamalambu, ukushintshwa, amasosi, ubungako, uhlobo nokuphakama kokufakwa kwamalambu.
Ukufakwa kukagesi kagesi
Ukuqamba umugqa wamandla, ukufakwa kukagesi kwangaphandle neyangaphakathi kwendlu kufanele kunikezwe izinhlangano ezinelayisense yokwenza lolu hlobo lomsebenzi okhishwe ngumkhakha wezwe noma i-federal agency for zokwakha nezindlu kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Awekho amathuba okuvunywa ngezimo ezisemthethweni zamaphrojekthi "wesobunxele". Imibhalo eqediwe yephrojekthi ihlelwa kugridi yamandla endawo kanye ne-stenenerbonzor, lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo ngokuhambisana nomthetho.
Ukufakwa nokuthunyelwa kwephrojekthi kufanele kufezeke izinhlangano zokwakha nezokufaka ezinelayisense. Ukuhlola nokulungisa imishini ngokuklanywa okwalandela kwemibhalo yokudumazeka kuphathiswe izinhlangano ezifanayo noma ngenye indlela, uma okokuqala kunelayisense yokuhlola ekhishwe yi-State Energy Media.
Ngemuva kokufakwa kwemishini kagesi endlini, izakhiwo zezomnotho nasensimini yefa endaweni yelebhu eqinisekiswe yimizimba ehambisanayo yombuso, amaphasiphothi ezobuchwepheshe amadivaysi afakiwe kufanele athunyelwe. Njengoba le mibhalo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa, izimpikiswano laboratory umnikazi isitifiketi ukuhambisana ukufakwa kagesi elenza kudingekile ukunikeza imvume yokusebenzisa amadivayisi electrothermal (flow boilers, convectors futhi radiators, izitofu kagesi, iphansi efudumele IDR.). Ngokwesisekelo lesi sitifiketi sokumele ummeleli wokusekelwa kwamandla esifundazweni kumele akhiphe isenzo sokwamukelwa kokufakwa kukagesi ekufakweni kunethiwekhi. Lapho-ke igridi yamandla nomnikazi wendlu ubophekile ukuphetha isivumelwano ekusebenziseni ugesi. Esigabeni esifanayo, benza isenzo sokwamukelwa kwamadivayisi we-accounting futhi bakhiqize ukubekwa uphawu kwabo. Ukuthuthunxa, kufezekisa amandla wendlu. Izikhathi ezinamathiselwe Igridi yamandla endawo, okuyindawo yokugcina indawo yokuhlala (ikhasimende) kukhona inkontileka, yenza imisebenzi yokuvimbela, ukugcinwa kwensizakalo komugqa wamandla ngaphambi kokungena izintambo zokuphakelayo.
Umbuzo kufanelekile: Kuzobiza malini kwikhasimende langasese, i-gasket noma i-broach yomugqa wamandla endlini yakhe? Izindleko ezimaphakathi zephrojekthi yokunikeza amandla ye-cottage enekhono lokufaka kagesi elingu-5-30 KW esifundeni saseMoscow lisukela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-6 kuye kwangama-40. Izindleko zezinsizakalo zokwakha nezinhlangano zokufaka kuya ngobulukhuni bephrojekthi futhi ngoba yimiphi imishini esethiwe: kubiza kakhulu, kukhuphuka amanani alinganisiwe. Akuyona imfihlo yokuthi ukwenziwa komsebenzi wephrojekthi kushibhile kunokutholwa kwamasiginesha ezimvume, futhi kungenzeka kungabi mhlanu hhayi ishumi. Montage of turnkey power lines nalo lonke ukusebenzisana kuzoba ngumnikazi wendlu ngayinye esifundeni saseMoscow ngenani lama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-7 kuye kwangama-200. Isixazululo esibizayo esibizayo ukufakwa komoya endlini kusuka emugqeni omkhulu womugqa omkhulu we-voltage kuya ku-1 kV. Okufanayo, kepha ngokuxhumeka kumugqa wamandla aphezulu we-voltage kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-transformer kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuningi ...
Emhlabathini noma ngomoya?
Omunye umbuzo ovela ekwakhiweni - Hlobo luni lomugqa wamandla okufanele ukhethe? Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuhambisa ugesi: ngentambo engaphansi komhlaba kanye nemigqa yocingo yomoya. Owokuqala ubuhle ngokwengeziwe, kepha kubiza isikhathi esingu-1.5-2 izikhathi ezibiza kakhulu ngenxa yobunzima bomsebenzi kanye nentengo ephezulu yentambo. Izindleko zomsebenzi zisukela kusuka ku-25 kuye ku-100% yentengo yezinto zokwakha nemishini. Kodwa-ke, ukulethwa kukagesi kukhebula elibekwe emseleni kungakhiqizwa kude kuyo yonke indawo hhayi njalo. Izithiyo ziphenduka inhlabathi engathandeki ye-acidic, amanzi aphansi komhlaba, imifula nemizimba yamanzi, izimbangela zemigwaqo, ezivele zibele ezweni lezokuxhumana, ezulazulayo. Lapho ungena kulayini wekhebula, ikakhulukazi ebusika, abanikazi bengozi yokwakha yokuhlala behlala ngaphandle kokuthola amandla izinsuku ezintathu noma ngaphezulu, kanti ukuqeda ingozi yezindiza, kuthatha amahora amabili noma amabili. Ngakho-ke, imigqa yamandla ebhulokwayo yisisombululo esivame kakhulu.
Umugqa wamandla endiza. Ngokusho kwemithetho, izintambo zesigaba ezifakiwe, ezisontekile ekuhlaselweni okuhlobene ne-wire edwala noma engenakuvinjwa, kufanele isetshenziswe kulayini wamandla. Ukubeka imigqa yokudlulisela komoya ngokusebenzisa i-wire (VLI) eyedwa (VLI) namhlanje sebenzisa izintambo (SIP) ezisekelayo. Igatsha lokufaka livumelekile ukwenziwa kwenziwe kabusha, okusontekile kuma-harness ngezintambo ngaphandle kocingo lwenethiwekhi.
Idizayini ye-SIP ingumqhubi wesigaba ezintathu oyedwa osontekile ezungeze ikhebula le-zero elethwe eguquguqukayo kusuka ku-alloy ekhethekile ekhethekile. Uma kunesidingo, ukukhanya kwangaphandle nezintambo zokulawula kungangezwa kuma-harness. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-wiring kwenziwa ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet kanye ne-ozone, "kuhlangene" ezingeni lamangqamuzana e-polyethylene elinamahloni okuphezulu kokuqukethwe okuphezulu. Lokhu kufakelwa akunakuqhekeka ngenxa yamaphonsa okushisa kanye no-oscillation wire emoyeni. Izintambo zenkampani yaseFinland nk Energy OY (Nokia), izinkampani zaseFrance Nokia, Nexans, kanye namabhizinisi kagesi aseRussia athi "Sevkabel", "u-Irkutskabel" akhiqizwa.
Umgwaqo omkhulu we-lint kumele wenziwe ngezintambo zesigaba zesigaba esisodwa (okungenani 50mm2). Ukuqinisa okusheshayo, ukuxhumeka kwe-SIP kanye ne-action ku-SIP kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuqiniswa okuqondile okuqondile (ukusekela, ukwelula, ihange, ukuxhuma, ukuxhumanisa izimbotshana, ama-bandage tapes). Ibanga ukusuka endaweni ephansi yezintambo zezintambo ebusweni bomhlaba futhi umgwaqo wezimoto kufanele okungenani ube ngu-5.5 m, engxenyeni engangezona ezayo yemigwaqo ayikho ngaphansi kuka-4m. Ngaphambi kokungena endlini, ibanga ukusuka ezintanjeni kuya emhlabathini okungenani ama-2,5 m.
Ukuvikela imishini eqondile kusuka ku-Lightning and Atmospheric Electrity Disckarges, kumadivayisi aphansi kwenziwa ku-1 kV. Ekusekelweni kokhonkolo okuqinisiwe, inkampani yenethiwekhi ye-zero kufanele ifakwe ekuqiniseni okusekelwe ekusekelweni kokhonkolo okuqinisiwe. Ngokwesekwa ngokhuni, lapho umqhubi wesisekelo ubekelwe khona (isethulo) noma ikhebula elinegobolondo lensimbi, ephethe intambo ye-zero kumele ifakwe kumqhubi wesisekelo noma igobolondo lentambo. Ababhalishi kanye nabalinganiselwe ngokweqile abafakwe ezigodini kufanele banamathiselwe endlebeni endalweni ehlukile. Ngokwenziwa kwabaqhubi abasesitokisini ku-Supports of VLI to 1 KV, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ucingo lwensimbi oluvikelwe nge-cororiosion nge-6mm okungenani okungenani engu-6mm.
Cable ukubeka emiseleni. Ake sithi amakhono wezezimali wekhasimende kanye nezimo zobuchwepheshe zokwakha zikuvumela ukuthi ufeze ukubekwa kwezokuxhumana kwamakhebula. Kulokhu, ochwepheshe banqunywa ukuthi iyiphi ikhebula lomkhiqizo elithandwayo. Amakhabethe ama-Power nge-Aluminium neCopper Veins, ebalwa kumandla kagesi alinganiselwe wokungezelela okungu-1 KV, kwenziwa ngokufakwa kwephepha elikhethekile le-sulfate, elifakwe ku-olokanimphole nezinye izingoma ze-hydrophobic, kanye nokufakelwa kwepulasitiki. I-Shell eqinisiwe yekhebula yenziwa kusuka ku-aluminium, ukuhola, insimbi ehlanganisiwe noma akukho nhlobo. Ububanzi bemikhiqizo ye-khebula yasekhaya kuphela yale ndawo (ukukhiqiza "uMoskabel", "Sevkabel", "Imboni Ye-Cable Okb") inezinto ezingaphezu kuka-30. Azikho izinhlobo ezingaphansi kweziqhwaga zezimboni, njengamaNexsen, iRaychem, i-NK Energy Ergy OY zihlukaniswa.
Ngokusho kwamadokhumenti alawulayo, ithrekhi yomugqa wentambo kufanele ibekwe ezindaweni lapho kungekho zinto kungekho zinto eziphazamisayo ngokungaphenduki kwe-Metal Cable Shell (inhlabathi enodoti, usawoti, njll.) . Intambo kufanele ingasondeli kune-2m kusuka kudoti nase-cesspool. Isitayela emseleni sikhiqiza inyoka enesivikeli esingu-1-2% sobude be-Screens. Beka ukuhanjiswa kwezindandatho zekhebula kuvinjelwe ukuze kugwenywe ngokweqile. Uma ufuna ukuxhuma amakhebuli (noma ikhebula nocingo), ukufaka ukuhlanganiswa okukhethekile kusuka ezintweni ezingenakuphikwa, 1-1,5m Reserve. Ukujula kwebhukumaka ye-Primer ku-Primer akuphansi kuka-0.7m, lapho unqamula imigwaqo, imigwaqo nezikwele - 1m, emkhakheni wokufaka esakhiweni esiya ku-5m- 0.5m.
Ukuvikela izintambo kumonakalo wemishini ezindaweni zokuhlangana nokuhlangana, ziphothulwe ngekhonkolo eqinisiwe, ubumba, amapayipi aphonyisiwe, amapayipi epulasitiki anobubanzi obungu-5m nobuncane obungu-100mm nge ubude obukhulu. Lapho unqamula amandla enyuka kuze kufike ku-35 kV ngamanye ama-Cable Communications, ibanga elincane phakathi kwalo kufanele libe ngu-0.5 m.
I-gasket evulekile yezintambo yenziwa kubakaki, izakhiwo zekhebula kanye namathreyi, aqiniswe ezindongeni zezakhiwo kanye nokwakha izakhiwo. I-gasket yamakhekhe ngokuya ngezisekelo ezivuthayo zenziwa emapayipi. Ukufakwa kwamakhebuli okwenziwe ngemisele ezakhiweni kukhiqizwa ngezigaba zikakhonkolo, asbestos-usimende, amapayipi epulasitiki angabi kakhulu, emikhombeni ebizwa ngokuthi yimikhono. Izisombululo zesimanje zobuchwepheshe ziphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zokungena kwekhebula ezivuthayo kanye nezimpawu ezishisayo (iRaychem).
Abahleli babonga abaqondisi beRoyal Electric JSC nekhanda. UMnyango Wezemvelo Zobunjiniyela be-Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering, u-Electronics and automic Associate Profero v. K. Monakov usizo lapho kulungiswa izinto ezibonakalayo.