Uthango lwesigaba sangasese socingo oluphezulu lwensimbi nezinye izindlela zokuqinisekisa isigceme sezindlu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesibuko ukwamukela okuvumela ukuthi unakekele kahle isikhala bese ufihla udonga oluqinile olunamandla. Ngomklamo okhanyayo kocingo olusuka kwisitshalo esithi "string" kube sengathi ubhekisisa i-New, "eyakhiwe" yezwe lezimangaliso
Uthango lwe-Multi-Tier kusuka ku-bamboo- design eqinile kakhulu. Izithungo eziwugqinsi azikwazi ukwephulwa ngezandla zazo futhi kunzima ukusika nge-hacksaw. I-bamboo efanayo ayiboli
Ukungena kwi-Chinese Kindergarten ukuhlobisa amakhandlela amahle amakhandlela kanye nezilwane ezifuywayo
Eduze kwendlu yokugoqa ye-rustic yelule i-waint enobukhulu obukhulu. Ubekwe etsheni, ngaleyo ndlela avikele ekuxhumaneni njalo nomhlaba kanye nokubola okusheshayo
Impahla engcono kakhulu yezakhiwo zokhuni - uphayini, i-larch noma i-oki
Lokhu okungajwayelekile, njengokungathi izingxenye zokusekelwa ezingekho emthethweni zilandela amasiko ezakhiwo zamazwe ashisayo ase-Asia nawase-Afrika. Baboshelwe endlini, ngaphezu kwakho konke, okumhlophe okukhazimulayo. I-Metal Span ehleliwe, i-Metal Rolling
Uthango lwamapulangwe luhlelwe ngohlobo lwezimpumputhe, asikho isithunzi esiyisithulu nokudangala eduze kwaso, kuvela ukugeleza okuqinile kwe-vortex. Utshalwe eduze kocingo lwesitshalo uzizwe ethokomele, ukuthola nokukhanya, nomoya omusha
"Iwindi" lokuhlobisa "liphula i-monotony eyisicefe yodonga lwe-bamboo
I-Palcol kusuka kumalogi anobubanzi obungu-100-180mm azungeze ingadi noma ithala lasehlobo libukeka livumelane uma indlu ingena. Uthango ludonswe ngokuqinile ngu-alibi
Sishicilela lolu uthango olwalulukiwe. Ngokuzithandela ukuze babe thringa, ubona ukulingiswa okwenziwe ngabamnyama kusuka ezintanjeni zensimbi
Udonga lwamatshe "olubi" lubonisa kangcono imisindo yangaphandle
Ukufakwa kokufakwa okunamabala ekwakhiweni kokubiyelwa ngombono wokuqala. Lolu cingo oluhlanganisiwe ludala imvelo ekhethekile yobuciko.
Ubheka ukuvuleka okukhulu esikhaleni sokuqala njengesithombe. Ukuhlaselwa kwayo - Uhlaka lwamapulangwe olune-curly lianami
I-Brick Hedges ephansi ibonakala iphakeme uma kukhona ukutshala okuwugqinsi komhlobiso wezitshalo ze-TV-TV futhi eziqhakazayo
U-Akie ngamagilebhisi asendle Uthango lwensimbi olusekelwa ngokhonkolo maduze kuzoba nzima ukuhlukanisa kusuka kuthango langempela eliphilayo
Izinto zokhuni zabekwa eduze kwezingqimba eziningana zakha udonga oluqinile. Isitayela uthango- izwe elijwayelekile
Amatshe "Izikhukhula" - Ekuqaleni ezivela emazweni ezintabeni, lapho kusetshenziswa khona lokhu okuqukethwe ekwakheni ezikhathini zasendulo. Isisekelo senziwa kusuka kukhonkolo oqinisiwe, amabhlokhi wokwakha, izitini namatshe
Vula umsebenzi futhi uthango olukhulu lwenza nenhle. Izinsika ezimile zibonakala zikhuluma ngemikhono ephezulu
Amaphaneli kakhonkolo wezakhiwo alingisa izitini ezindala
Iphaneli ngalinye lakhiwa izingxenye ezine ezenziwe ngokhonkolo wezakhiwo
imvamisa;
I-BLT;
Uhlobo lwedlelo;
G-lattice;
Indlunkulu;
Ziqinile
I-Wall-waterfall. Imishini yokupompa kanye ne-water reservoir itholakala ngaphansi komhlaba, namashubhu ahlinzeka ngamanzi - ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zamatshe zothango
Ngisho nezihlahla ezinkulu zingatshalwa eduze kocingo, kusuka ohlangothini oluseningizimu. Ifomu lomqhele wefulethi, amagatsha alungisa amamaki wokunwebeka avundlile. Izitshalo ezinjalo zisindisa indawo yendawo. Umhlaba ngaphambi kokutshala utshani bumbozwe ngefilimu elibi
Lapho kudingeka kuphela ukuchaza imingcele yesimo sendawo, uthango lungakhiwa iziqu eziguqayo zezihlahla
Uthango lwangaphakathi luyabelana ngezomnotho, indawo yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuphila
Iziqu ze-Bamboo zihlelwe ngemicu eqinile, ingaphezulu kothango luhlotshiswe ngeqembu eliminyene lamagatsha amancanyana aseBirch
"Ibhasikidi" liluka kusuka emgodini omncane
Ngo-Arely wafunda indlela yokwakha indawo yokuhlala, umuntu wathatha inkinga yokusungulwa kwakhe kodonga olwengeziwe odongeni olungezekile oluzovikela indlu ezingozini zomhlaba wangaphandle. Inkinga ihlala isebenza nanamuhla.
Izici zale millenge engajwayelekile, izinto zifana nezilimi zelangabi noma amaqabunga elokwakha amahlathi ukwakhiwa kwendlu, usuvele usesigabeni sokubeka isisekelo esiqale ukucabanga ngokubikwa kwesiza. Ungazibuka kanjani izinto zokwakha? Ungazivikela kanjani i-Young and Flealile FIT kusuka ekuvakasheni kwezivakashi ezingakazalwa? Lapho indlu isilungile, inkinga yokuvikelwa kwempahla namanje ayinikezi abanikazi bokuthula. Umsebenzi wokuqapha mhlawumbe uyinhloso esemqoka yocingo. Okungenani lezo zinhlaka zezinkulungwane ezakhelwe ezungeze umngcele wezinto zakho. Baphinde bakuvikele emsindweni wangaphandle, kusuka othulini, emoyeni futhi kwenze kube nzima ukushaya omiyane esizeni (kukholelwa ukuthi kwanele ukwakha uthango olungamamitha ayi-6 kuphela).
Uthango ukwakhiwa okubandakanya izinto ezintathu eziphambili: izinsika zokusekela; Ama-spans (noma agijime), okubandakanya ukugcwaliswa kanye nezinto zokunamathiselwa kwalo kwizisekelweni, ezizinzile eziqinile (noma zokuphuma), kanye nokujikeleza kokufaka noma isango lokufaka. Ngokwengeziwe, uthango lungahlonyiswa ngemvula ukuze kuvikeleke emvuleni naseqhweni, ukukhanyisela, izinto ezahlukahlukene zokuhlobisa, ukusayina nezinhlelo nokubhekwa kwevidiyo. Ngokungafinyeleleki kakhudlwana "ukungatholakali" ngaphezulu, ngaphezu kwezipani, zivumela ucingo oluvinjelwe noma izingcezwana ezifakwe ezingilazi.
Ngokwakhiwa kocingo, kusetshenziswa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokwakha: izinkuni, izitini, insimbi, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, itshe lemvelo noma zonke izinhlobo zenhlanganisela zalo. Uthango luvame ukusungulwa ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwendlu, ngasikhathi sinye ngentambo kagesi namanzi, kushiye ukuvulwa nobubanzi be-5-6m ukuze imoto ishayela nganoma yiziphi izinto ezidingekayo. Kamuva, lokhu kuvulwa kuzothuthukiswa futhi kuphenduke isango elihle.
Hlobo luni lokubiyelwa manje lusemfashini? Lokhu ikakhulukazi kocingo lwezithulu olunokuphakama okungenani okungu-2, noma nakho konke okungu-2.5m, "izindonga zangempela" zenqaba ". I-Psyche yezakhamizi zaseMegacities ezikhathele umthelela oqhubekayo wempucuko, kusukela ekuqongeleleni kwabantu, izimoto, izindlu. Nazi izindawo zomuzi bese uya emvelweni nenhloso eyodwa eyodwa ukuze athathe umhlalaphansi, acashe futhi aphumule, aphumule. Isibhedlela, kanye nohlangothi lokuhlobisa endaweni ephakeme kanye nokwakhiwa kohlobo lwezithulu, njengomthetho, ubhekene nendawo yomakhelwane, ubuhle bokubuyisela, umnikazi uphikisana nalo. Yize ukuthambekela okukhuthazayo kwale sizini bekuyiqiniso lokuthi phakathi kwezifo ezidaliwe kwakukhona inani elikhulu "elibonakalayo", eliphansi lokukhanyisa amabala 1.5.5 ukuphakama okungu-1.5.5. Futhi, futhi okukuhle, kukhona okwengeziwe ngokwengeziwe, izixazululo ze-inepar.
Izindleko zocingo ngalunye zakhiwe ngezinto ezintathu: izindleko zezinto zokwenziwa, ukulethwa kanye nomsebenzi. Isamba sababili bokugcina singafinyelela kuma-70% enani lezinto zokwakha, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ziphakeme kakhulu. Zonke izintengo ezishiwo ku-athikili zenzelwe ukwakheka okunemibandela enokuphakama kwe-2m ngebanga phakathi kwezinsika ze-3M. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani anikezwa ngaphandle kwezindleko zokuthumela kanye nemisebenzi, ngoba la magugu angahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngendawo yesayithi nobude obubi (kunokuba kufakwa okubizayo kwamamitha ngalunye).
Izigxobo Zokusekela
Uthango oluphezulu nolukhulu luvikela ezingozini zomhlaba wangaphandle, kanye nokwakhiwa okuphansi, okuvinjelwe, kungcono kuhlobise uhlobo lokuhlobisa imali ikakhulukazi kuncike ekuklameni kwama-span, khona-ke amandla entengo kaJehova Izinsika zokusekela zibaluleke kakhulu (zibizwa nangokuthi ama-racks). Ngisho nothango lokhuni, akuvamile ukuba lube ngokhuni, luzoncishiswa ngokuqinile yimpilo yenkonzo yesakhiwo. Izinsika zokusekelwa zivame ukwenziwa ngensimbi (amapayipi ensimbi wesikwele, isikwele noma isigaba esiyindilinga ngesilinganiso esingu-50mm) noma ama-racks, uma ama-racks azoba nezinduku ezine eziqinile, hhayi ezimbili). Uma ufuna ukubona izinsika ngawonke ngokhuni, qiniseka ukuthi uqiniseka ukuthi ingxenye igxilwe emhlabathini okungenani okungenani i-1m ku-bitumen evuthayo, noma ukudubula emlilweni ngaphambi kokwakhiwa ungqimba lwamalahle noma ugcwele ngepayipi lensimbi.
Ukuthobela (i-SNIP III-10-75 "Ukuthuthuka Kwezindawo"), okunikeza imithetho eyisisekelo yokwakhiwa kwezinhlaka ezivalelwe, akukho okushiwoyo ngokusebenza kwama-racks. Okomandla emishini kanye nokubala umthwalo womoya ngocingo olulodwa, ukujula okwanele ngo-70-90 cm. Kepha enhlabathini ebunjiwe, imigqa, izihlabathi ezinothuli, ezindaweni zokuvalwa kwamanzi asemphethweni- Kulezi zimo ze-Middle strip yaseRussia, kunconywa ukukhulisa ukujula ku-150-160 cm (inani elilingana nobukhulu yenhlabathi eqandayo). Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngenxa yokukhanya kwenhlabathi, izigxobo zingahle zikhishwe emhlabathini, yingakho ukwakheka kusongela ukuphonsa. Ubude obujwayelekile besinyathelo phakathi kokuxhaswa - 2-3m. Le nkomba incike ngokuyinhloko ezintweni eziqinile nobunzima bokudla. Ekwakheni uthango olubi (izitini, itshe), 1 k. M okunesisindo esingaphezu kuka-100-150kg, kuzodingeka ukwakha isisekelo sebhande.
Imigodi engaphansi kwezigxotsheni ijikelezwa isebenzisa i-drill engadini enemizwa ehlukahlukene enobubanzi obungu-30- 40cm (okuyi-2-2,5 izikhathi ezibanzi kunobubanzi bensika). Ungqimba lwesihlabathi nongqimba lwe-gravel luwa phansi. Izigxobo zisethe ngokuphelele ngokuqondile, emva kwalokho yonke ivolumu yomgodi kufanele yakhiwe noma ibulewe. Emithambekeni, ama-rack angular ama-angular afakwa, phakathi kwentambo eyeluliwe. Lapho-ke indawo yamakholomu aphakathi nendawo kuhlelwe kusetshenziswa i-plumb kanye nojantshi wokulinganisa. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi inani lokwehlisa i-spans eliseduze alidluli ku-1/4 ukuphakama kwalo.
"Esobala" noma izithulu?
Isitebhisi sokhuni sigcwaliswe kakhulu ngohlangothi lokuhlobisa olubheke emigwaqweni emigwaqweni, Yebo, lufanele abanikazi babanikazi, ngoba basivumela ukuba sihlukane nomhlaba wangaphandle, dala izwe lakho lokuthula. Kepha ngokombono wokuhlobisa, le miklamo ayilukhuni futhi kuyaqabukela ivumelane ngokuvumelanayo. Uthango olunjalo ludala isithunzi esimnyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthango oluqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi olutholakala ethafeni, kubangele ukukhuphuka okubukhali kokugeleza komoya kanye nokwehla okubukhali ngakolunye uhlangothi kocingo. Umphumela ungumoya oshushisayo ovuzayo nowonakalisayo ugezela ngokutshala okuluhlaza ohlelweni oluseduze kocingo. Izindawo zamaphoyinti zivame ukuxazululwa yinombolo enkulu yezinambuzane zasengadini - ama-butterflies, amacimbi it.d. "Ama-Designs" abizwa ngokuthi angelona angenampilo, angakhokhelwa, latiki, avuliwe, ahleliwe) anciphisa isivinini somoya, asuse amandla ayo futhi avikele ukubukeka kokugeleza kwe-vortex. Ukubikwa okufanayo okulula ngokomoya okubonakalayo nomoya, bangafakwa kunoma yikuphi ukubonwa komhlaba, ngisho nabancane kule ndawo.
Ihlashana
Uthango oluqinile oluvela ebhodini lendiza. Ama-Vissors ngaphezulu kwamakholomu kanye ne-wicket evikela imvula kanye neqhwa. Othangokhuni. Izingcingo zokhuni ziyi-classic yohlobo, olunye lwezinto ezithandwa kakhulu eRussia, inzuzo yezinto ezibonakalayo ayibizi. Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, ukwakhiwa okunjalo kungcono ukufakwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezinamandla zokusekela izinsika - i-metal, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe. Kusuka esihlahleni baveza izikhala. Ungakha uthango olusuka kwi-spans eqediwe (izisebenzi zomsebenzi zokucushwa ezahlukahlukene kanye nemidwebo zinikela ngenkampani "indlu yaseNorway", "Tamak", "noma i-Extre-Raw" Material. Othangokhuni ngokhuni bobabili imvamisa, kanye nolukiwe, kanye noStakenier, kanye "nokufakwa ngaphakathi" okuqinile. Izinto zokugcwalisa zingalingana ngokuvundlile, zibheke ngokuqondile, ngokuphambana noma ukwenza imidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi eminingi. Izinto ezithandwa kakhulu - uphayini, inhlanganisela yentengo nekhwalithi yazo kocingo olungcono (olusanda kushiwo ngocingo 2m ngesinyathelo phakathi kwama-ruble angama-450. Cishe izikhathi ezi-2 zibiza kakhulu futhi zibuhlungu kakhulu (ama-ruble angama-950-1000 / mm) - akesabi umswakama, ayiboli. I-Oak i-elite xaxa, ebiza kakhulu kunama-larchs ngokwesilinganiso sezikhathi eziyi-1.5. Emaxhaphozi aluhlaza kungasetshenziswa futhi uhlobo oluthambile, olungelona olunqumayo ngokhuni (i-aspen, lime).
Umuthi uphathwa ngokutholwa okuvikelayo-imibhalo. Banikezwa njengabakhiqizi baseRussia ("Lovin-flames", "Sezheng-Flames", "Sezheng", "Rogneda" Idr.), NezamaTharch Timber Protection, United Kingdom; I-Estotea). Futhi, izinkuni zingapendwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene noma zithambe ngokulingisa amadwala abalulekile.
Ngomphathi wababambiqhaza kanye nothango oluqinile, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise ibhodi elihleliwe ngobukhulu obungama-20-25mm nobubanzi obungu-80-150mm. Ama-Indoces amabhodi axhumeke ngenye yezindlela ezimbili, "kwikota" noma "e-spool". Ezikhungweni ze-palid, izingodo ziyadingeka ngobubanzi be-100-180mm, ekhonjwe ngaphezulu, zilungiswe ngezindlela ezivundlile. I-Palcol ayivamile ukusetshenziswa, kuyabiza kakhulu - kusuka kuma-ruble angu-1200 / k. m. Lapho sakha uthango lwe-wicker, uvame ukusetshenziswa izinduku ze-willow.
Insimbi yanama ini
"Idizayini esobala" ene-Metal Spans yensimbi futhi isekele izinsika zezitini. Ngalo, wonke amakhona okubukeka komhlaba, imakethe inikezela ngenani elikhulu lezisombululo ezahlukahlukene endabeni yocingo lokwakha ngokusetshenziswa kwensimbi. Okokuqala, kungaba uthango oluqinile olwenziwe ekhasini elibushelelezi noma elihlanganisiwe lensimbi. Ishidi elibushelelezi lisinda kakhulu (1M2 1.5mm linesisindo esingu-12kg), hhayi ahlala isikhathi eside futhi ngenxa yalokho asetshenziswa kuyaqabukela. Insimbi efihlekile (noma enziwe ngokonakalisiwe) ithandwa kakhulu. Ubukhulu beqabunga ngokwalo bungu-0.5-0.7mm. Ukuphakama kanye nefomu lephrofayili kungenzeka kwehlukile. Imikhiqizo ye-Galvanized ivame ukusetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezifakiwe. Izimbambo ezihlanjululwe zizenza ziqinile kuneshidi lensimbi ebushelelezi. Ukuvuselelwa okuvundlile kushukunyiswa ngesandla ngenhlamvu eyodwa noma ezimbili. Esimweni sesibili, uthango lwakho luzohlobisa ngokulinganayo ngaphandle nangaphakathi. Izindleko zokwakheka okunezinhlangothi ezine ezinokuphakama kwama-ruble acishe abe ngama-600 / POG. Ekugcineni, isikhathi sasithandwa kakhulu phansi nge-plasting floor nge-polymer coating - i-plastisol, i-polyester, i-pural. Imakethe iveza imikhiqizo njengabakhiqizi baseRussia (ngokwesibonelo, "iphrofayili ye-taldom", i-NLMK- "" novolipetsky metallurgical isitshalo "i-idr) ne-English, isiJalimane, isiFinnish. Njengethayela lensimbi (futhi lezi zinto zokwakha ziyinto efana nokuthile), okuhlukahlukene kakhulu imibala - amakhulukhulu ama-shades anezinhla ezibanzi kakhulu ze-polymer. Abakhiqizi baqinisekisa ukuthi iminyaka engu-15, umbala uzohlala ungashintshiwe. Izindleko zocingo olunjalo zingama-ruble angama-800-850 / P. m.
Okwesibili, uthango lwensimbi lungaba khona, zombili igridi elula ye-chain kanye nezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene ze-welded futhi zenze. Izindleko zinqunywa ikakhulu yinkimbinkimbi yesithombe futhi, ngokufanele, ubunzima bokukhiqiza. Ake sithi, izinto ezinephethini elula (imigqa eqondile kuphela kanye nobunjwa obuyisisekelo bejometri, isikwele, unxantathu, unxantathu, umbuthano; umsebenzi wokusebenza kahle) ukuze ukhiphe ku-1100-1200руб. / Pop. m. Izingxenye ezivulekile (I-geometry eyinkimbinkimbi: Umdwebo ufaka zonke izinhlobo zama-curls, izithambisi nezinye izingxenye zokuhlobisa; ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza - Ukugoba okubandayo) kuzobiza i-2000-2200rub. / POG. Izakhiwo ezikhohliswe ngokweqiniso zenziwa zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obushisayo bokuvuselela: insimbi yephukile, ikhipha, iguqukele, izinguquko enhlaka esimweni esishisayo. Kulokhu, ukukhishwa okushisayo kwenzeka ngomshini kanye nencwajana. Igridi elula yensimbi eyenziwe yensimbi izobiza kusuka kuma-ruble angama-3000. / POG. m, ubuze ngokugcwele-kusuka ku-5000rub. / POG m, uthango olukhethekile olukhiqizwa yi-oda, futhi lubiza kakhulu - 150-200 / POG. m. Usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, ama-Blacksmiths anganikeza imikhiqizo ngomphumela wesiliva elimnyama, i-iron endala, indawo ecwebezelayo, ithusi lensimbi, ithusi lemithunzi eminingana. Ukukhiqizwa kocingo okhohlisiwe kubandakanyeka enanini elikhulu lezinkampani zaseRussia: "Ukuthethelela isiRussia" (iLipetsk), "i-SVAROG ART", "i-Partykozoz" yaseRussia "(idolobhana laseSaltykovka Moscow esifundeni) i-IDR. Izakhiwo zensimbi ye-lattice zihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, kepha, ngeshwa, ukunakekelwa okungathandeki futhi zidinga ukupenda okujwayelekile.
Hedges
Ukwakha ama-livestocks, kusetshenziswa izihlahlana ezikhula ngokushesha, ezinomqhele ominyene kanye nobusika. Uma udinga uthango olugcwele kancane, nikeza okuncamelayo emadwaleni amakhulu afinyelela ku-2-3M eminyakeni evuthiwe. Okwe-hedgesment ethambile, khetha i-hawthorn, ezinye izinhlobo zeBarbarisa, Kalina. Izitshalo ezingezinhle ezingezinhle ezingahlezi ku-Haircut: Izinhlobo ezinde ze-rosehip (zithi, izinja ze-rose), ezinye izinhlobo zamabhodwe (noma, njengoba zivame ukubizwa, i-honeysuckle, iqabunga, amafomu okuhlobisa - donsela. I-HEDges enjalo iyakwazi ukuqhakaza nezithelo. Ifomu elifuywayo elihlala lihlala lisuka emadwaleni angenamikhawulo noma lidle, kepha likhula lihamba kancane. Idumile eNtshonalanga, i-Samshet kanye nezimbungulu ezimeni ze-Middle strip yaseRussia zilungile, ngoba azibekezeleli ubusika bethu obunzima ngamathophu okushisa anaphakade nama-frost aqinile.Imvamisa, ukuphakama okubukhoma kwamiswa kusuka ezitshalweni zohlobo olulodwa. Ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezifanayo zezihlahlana, ukwakheka kungenziwa kube nokuhle kakhulu futhi kukhange. Kuyathakazelisa umakhelwane wephutha eline-burgundy emnyama futhi ngama-geard aluhlaza we-barbarisa weRedtar ejwayelekile nohlaza, kanye naku-tuya Greenvaya naseGoldhvoy.
Ama-saplings abekwe emseleni endaweni eyodwa, emibili noma emithathu, ngokulandelana kokuhlola. Umsele ngamunye ukumba okungenani ama-50 cm ububanzi futhi okufanayo ekujuleni. Izitshalo ezisencane zitshalwa imvamisa ethile: cishe ama-5 barbaris bush, 3-4-china ngaphandle, 2-3 tusi ku-1 k. m. Ngemuva kokutshala inhlabathi ezungeze izithombo, bacasha kakhulu futhi banisela. Ama-Drades of Tmealies kusuka ekutholeni angagcwala ama-roller ubumba azobamba amanzi. Iziqongo zezithombo eziqinile ngaphambi kokutshala zisikwa, izitshalo ezingcono zokuphazamisa. Izinwele zokuhlobisa ziyaphinda njalo, ngokwesilinganiso izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngesizini.
I-Livestore ayisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela uthango lwesayithi, ngosizo lwayo ungenza amathrekhi, izindawo zokuzijabulisa, wabelane ngezinto zakho zezingcezwana. Okwe-hedgegeghight hedges (kuze kufike ku-1.5m), khetha i-rosehing, u-Spiria, uCaticker, i-magonia, shrub willow. Nge "Imingcele" ephansi (30-50cm Height), amathrekhi akhonkotha, amamaki wezimbali-utshani kanye nemibhede yezimbali, i-barberry yezimbali, i-blueber, i-thyme, i-lingonberry ilungele.
Isitini
Izihlahla ezi-curly, njenge-roses eningi (ezithombeni) noma i-honeysuckle, ihlobisa udonga lwezitini bese udala umkhathi onothando lwemicibisholo yeminyaka yeminyaka emidala - okuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Lapho uhambisana nazo zonke izimo zokusebenza, zisebenza okungenani iminyaka engama-50 futhi nazo azidingi insiza yonyaka. Isithiyo esibalulekile ekwakhiweni komklamo wezitini kungaba yizindleko zayo eziphakeme kuphela - kusuka kuma-ruble angu-1700 / p. M Uthango lwamamitha amabili ngaphandle kokucabanga izindleko zokusebenza nokulethwa kwezinto zokwakha.
Uthango lwesitini lusinda, kudinga isisekelo se-pile-belt. Ngemuva kokubekwa kwesakhiwo se-contours yesisekelo ngijikeleze umsele. Ukujula kwayo okungenani i-50cm ngaphansi kwezikhathi zesikhathi esizayo kanye ne-1.5-1,6m endaweni yezinsika zokusekelwa. Amafreyimu we-armature (ukuqiniswa kwensimbi engu-3 Ibanga eliseduze nalo lenziwa ngumthombo wezitini, futhi ubunenzi obusele bugcwele isisombululo noma ukhonkolo. Phakathi kwesisekelo nocingo, kuyadingeka ukuvala amanzi angangejwayelekile (i-rubbeoid ejwayelekile yezendlalelo 1-2), uma kungenjalo umswakama futhi isitini sizoqhubeka siqine emhlabathini. amanzi kuma-pores. Uthango olude lufinyelela ku-2m, njengomthetho, yenza ubukhulu bokuqina, kanye no-2-3 emqoka wezitini owodwa. Ukwakhiwa ngo-3m nangaphezulu kunobukhulu be-1.5-2 kanye nezitini ezi-3. Ngasohlangothini olungaphambili, ezimweni eziningi, kusetshenziswa izitini ezihlangene, noma zibomvu kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwezinto ezibonakalayo - izingcezu eziyi-102 ngodonga olungu-1 m2 ngesitini esisodwa.
Ngesikhathi sokwakha, wonke umugqa we-2-3 wama-masonry kumele aqiniswe ngegridi ekhethekile. Kubalulekile ukuthi udonga lwezitini luqonde ngqo, wonke ama-angles nezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zejometri adalwe kahle, futhi kwandiswa i-sediment, uma kungenjalo isitini sizoqala ukugcwala. Ukuvikelwa emvuleni naseqhweni phezu kwezikhala nezinsika, ama-visors (metallic noma ukhonkolo) kuvame ukufakwa.
Uthango lwezitini alulona udonga lwezithulu olunomdwebo wama-classical masonry. Izitini zingafakwa hhayi zivaliwe hhayi kuphela, kepha futhi nezikhathi ezithile (khona-ke izindawo ezivulekile ze-porous zihambisana nesigaxa sikakhonkolo), ngokuvundlile, ngokuqondile, ngokuqondile noma ukudala izinhlobonhlobo zamaphethini wejometri, hlanganisa. Uthango oluvela ezitini zobuso luvame ukushiywa ngaphandle kokuhlobisa okwengeziwe kokuhlobisa, futhi kusuka kokujwayelekile kuvame ukumbozwa ama-plasters wokuhlobisa noma upende.
Idwala
Isixazululo esingajwayelekile: phakathi kwama-grids amabili wensimbi, amatshe anamabhodlela anamabhodlela lapho enze amabhodlela ahlatshwayo, izinto zemvelo nezinezinkinga noma ezibhekene nezitini, amabhlokhi noma izitini). Imvamisa ayisetshenziswanga izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu - iSandstone, i-limestone, indle, i-dolomite, ebiza kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo i-granite. Izinongo zamatshe, njengezitini, ziyehluka ngamandla futhi zidinga nokwakhiwa kweBelt Foundation. Uthango lwamatshe olugcwele "luqoqwe" kusuka emadwaleni amakhulu anele (ngesilinganiso esingu-10-30 cm), isihlabathi noma ama-lime cobblestones, ukuwabopha ngesisombululo se-masonry. Izindleko - kusuka kuma-ruble 2000 / POG. m, kepha umsebenzi ungangeza okufanayo futhi ngisho ne-bo, inani. Ukubhekana netshe (kusuka kumapuleti noma amapuleti amancane) "isitshalo" kugridi yokwakha.
Izici zokuhlobisa zemvelo yemvelo zikhanga kakhulu. Umfanekiso, Umbala kanye nokuthungwa kwamatshe kukhona umuntu futhi uhlukile, ngakho-ke uthango lwakho ngeke lubukeke njengezindawo "ezifanayo" ezifanayo ". Ingaphezulu lingashiywa "endle" (coarse, ngokuhambisanayo) noma ukucubungula (isiPolish, isiPolish). Ukuze umdwebo ubhekwe ngokucacile, uhlangothi lwangaphambili lwetshe lumbozwe nge-varnish. Uma izinhlobo zohlobo ziqukethe ukufakwa kwama-quartszites, uthango luzokhazimula futhi lukhazimula ekukhanyeni kwelanga.
Ukhonkolo
Amaphaneli e-monolithic anosayizi ongu-32,5 noma u-34m kanye nobukhulu baka-150mm (okuthiwa okubizwa ngokuthi "ama-waffles"), asetshenziselwa ubumnandi bokubukeka kwezindawo zezimboni futhi akulungele kakhulu ngokubukeka, akulungile isetshenzisiwe, ngaphandle kwesisekelo sokufaka itshe. Ngokwakhiwa kocingo, okuhlobisa (noma ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo) kuvame ukusetshenziswa. Iningi labakhiqizi ("Inkampani yokuqala esekelayo" - ZSC-1, "SpepStroybeton zhbi-17" Idr.) Kwenziwa yindlela yokuvilisa. Inkampani "Maksfor" igcizelela ngokwengeziwe lokho okuqukethwe nge-fiberglass (imikhiqizo ebangelwa ibizwa nge-fibrobeton) - inika amapuleti amandla akhuphukayo. Uthango lwekhonkolo yizakhi ezibizwa nge-pratebricial izinhlaka ezakhiwe ngezigaba ezihlukene ezihlukene (usayizi wazo ngamunye wazo ngu-0.52m). Ngokuya ngokuphakama kwesakhiwo, i-span ingakha izingxenye ezi-3, 4 noma ezi-5. Bangaguquguquki, kusukela phansi kuya phezulu, bafakwa emithonjeni yezigxobo, bese beqiniswa ngesisombululo sosimende. Amaphaneli wokudweba ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, e-assortment yeZSC-1 cishe izinhlobo ezingama-30 zezigaba ezinomklamo ohlukahlukene, kubandakanya nokulingisa izitini, itshe nezinkuni. Abakhiqizi bakhiqiza izingxenye ezinephethini elilodwa elihlangene nelihlanga lonke, okugcina, vele, kubiza kakhulu.Izikhungo zokhonkolo zikhange ukwedlula ukulula kokuhlelwa - i-brigade yabathathu ngosuku ngama-average isethi cishe ngocingo olungama-20m. Amafosholo kuphela kanye ne-concreset mixer esetshenziswa kumathuluzi. Ngemuva kokufaka, uthango luvame ukwenziwa, lusebenzisa ama-popade ama-presic kanye nopende we-acrylic. Uthango alunakupeyingwa, kepha kulokhu kunconywa ukuthi luphathwe ngokutholwa kwezinto zokhonkolo, kuyadingeka ukuvikela ekuhambeni kwezulu. Isakhiwo esinjalo kulula ukulungisa: Lapho imifantu ivela kwesinye sezigaba ezingathathelwa indawo. Izindleko zocingo zingama-ruble angama-800 / P. m.
Lapho uthenga uthango ngokhonkolo, kuqedwa inkontileka ngokuya ngokuthi isikhathi sewaranti senkonzo yabo sinqunywa. Uma ngesikhathi sokulethwa kwengxenye ye-Elements Beats, futhi lokhu kwenzeka kwesinye isikhathi, inkampani ibophekile ukunxephezela konke ukulahleka. Uthengwe ngezindleko eziphansi zomkhiqizo "womgwaqo" we-Roadside ", uzolahlekelwa yikhwalithi, ngemuva kwemvula yesithathu, lokho okuqukethwe kungaqala ukukhubeka.
Izakhiwo zethayela zethango ziyakhiwa kusuka ekwakheni ukhonkolo we-block-ceramzite, ukhonkolo wegwebu, i-idr ekhonkolo yesihlabathi. Izindleko - kusuka ku-1500 rub. / POG. m (ngobukhulu 20cm). Banamasayizi amakhulu (200,200400, 300200600mm), ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi wokubeka ushibhile. Lapho-ke amabhlogo angazalwa ngetshe noma alungise.
-Thambile esandleni
Ngokubukeka, uthango lwepulasitiki lufana nemiklamo yesakhiwo sokhuni, i-lining "lining" idr. Amaswidi angafinyelela ku-6m. Ukwakhiwa kuqukethe izinhlobo ezine zezakhi: izinsika, ama-crossbars avundlile, amaphaneli abheke mpo. Zonke zenziwe nge-PVC enobunzima obukhulu, ezidwetshwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Uhla lwamazinga okushisa okusebenza - ukusuka ku-30 kuya ku-50c. Ukusetshenziswa ezifundeni ezisenyakatho kuzodinga ukwengeza amapulasitiki akhulisa ubukhulu bezinto ezibonakalayo.
Uthango lweplastiki luphansi ekufakweni, luya khona lapho, kube sengathi kusuka kumklami wezingane. Izinsika zinasezisekelweni zezicathulo, ezinamathiselwe kwisisekelo sikakhonkolo nge-anchor bolts. UKeslbam, naye, ahlanganise ama-crossbars avundlile, namaphaneli abheke mpo. Izigxobo neziso ezivela ngaphakathi ziqiniswa ngokuqiniswa kwensimbi. Lolu uthango aludingi ukupenda, kulula kakhulu ukugeza, akuboli hhayi ukugqwala. Abakhiqizi bakwamanye amazwe baqinisekisa ukuthi iminyaka engama-25, imikhiqizo yabo ngeke ibe mnyama futhi ngeke ibuyiselwe emuva (ngendlela, ijayi kakhulu, umkhiqizo uphikisana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet).
Kuze kube manje, ezweni lethu, uthango lwepulasitiki alukasetshenziswa kabanzi. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kungenxa yezindleko zabo eziphakeme - 70-100 / k. m, okuhambisana nezindleko zomklamo wezitini. Imikhiqizo yezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe (ngokwesibonelo, inkampani yakwa-Israyeli i-Palkar) ikhuphuka kakhulu ngentengo ngenxa yezindleko zokulethwa kwezidingo nokubhaliswa kwemibhalo yamasiko, ekhaya lomenzi ofanayo lizobiza cishe 25 / P. M. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, eMelika, lapho kunento ebiza kakhulu, kufika kuma-80% wazo zonke uthango zenziwa ngokunembile kusuka epulasitiki. Abakhiqizi bentengo bacishe babe ngamazinga okuphindwe kabili nangaphandle, kepha imikhiqizo ayinalo ikhwalithi ephezulu (ipulasitiki ehlala isikhathi eside, amaphaneli ngaphakathi komoya, ukuqina kwesakhiwo kuqinisekiswa ngobuningi be-Iron Ukuqiniswa, hhayi amandla e izinto ngokwayo). Okufanayo kwabaseRussia abaphathwe ngumuthi owedlulele nxazonke, "ukubulawa kwepulasitiki okusobala kakhulu" kuyinto ephikisayo.
Uthango lokuvikela umsindo
Zonke izindawo zokuhlala eziseduzane nemizila yezimoto noma imigqa yesitimela zibhekene nenkinga yomsindo ophakeme. Abanikazi bezindlu ezizimele bagcinwa emikhakheni yephrofayela ephezulu nazo zonke izindlela ezingenzeka. Kuvela ukuthi ukwakhiwa kocingo oluphakeme lwezithulu kuyindlela enganele yokuvikelwa kwendlu kanye nendawo, kufanele uhehe izinto ezikhethekile nezakhiwo. Enye yezinketho zokwakha uthango lokuvikela umsindo ukufakwa kwamaphaneli we-multilayer. Izindawo zazo zangaphandle ziyizigaba zensimbi zensimbi, phakathi kwalona amapuleti avela evoli noma i-foamizol (ubukhulu obuphelele - 140-190mm) atholakala. Iphaneli elinjalo libonisa kanyekanye futhi limunca umsindo, okungukuthi, lidlala indima yohlelo lokuvikelwa komsindo olugcwele. Iphaneli alithengiswa lilungile, kepha liya khona lapho ngabamele amafemu abhekelele ekwakheni uthango (ngokwesibonelo, "Extra-Tech"). Ukuphakama komklamo kubalwa ngokuya ngesikimu esithile: phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili ophahleni lophahla kanye nokuthola iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu lokuthola imishini yokuhamba emgwaqweni - kwenziwa umugqa wokucabanga, okumele uthango. Ingxenye engenhla yomklamo empeleni ifakwe ububanzi obuzwakalayo.Enye inketho ukudala itshe eliqandayo. Isisekelo socingo kuleli cala senziwa kusuka kukhonkolo we-foam, kodwa ngokukhamba ukuze sisebenzise amatshe - ngokwemvelo noma okwenziwe. Ibekwe ngokungafanele ngamabomu, ukulingisa i-shale starcates. Okungahambisani okuncane kakhulu futhi okuvame njalo kunodonga, umsindo olwengeziwe.
Ekugcineni, inketho yesithathu ukusetshenziswa kwe-monolithic (okungeyona eyemafayili!) I-Polycarbonate Sheet enobukhulu be-8mm (izindleko -5-30 / m2). Lokhu okuqukethwe kunezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuthola umsindo futhi kuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ukwakha okuthakazelisa ngokwengeziwe kusuka endaweni yokuhlobisa, i-polycarbonate ingahlanganiswa nokhuni.
Uhlobo
Isakhiwo esivalelwe, lapho kungaba khona, kufanele sivumelane nendlu kanye nezwe elikuzungezile. Kunobudlelwano obuthile phakathi kokuphakama kanye nokugcizelela kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo, indawo yendawo kanye nocingo, kumele balingane. Ngakho-ke, ingadi encane, ethatha amahektare angama-8-10, "ishintsha" uthango lwamamitha amabili futhi luzobonakala lisondele kakhulu. Futhi, uma izihlahla zabantu abadala zikhula esizeni (ngokwesibonelo, amaphayini aphezulu) futhi zakha indlu enezitezi eziningi, kuncipha kakhulu uthango luzobukeka luhlekisayo.
Izingadi ezivulekile zingcono ukuzungeza "okusobala". Cabanga nje ukuthi indawo yakho igcwele umoya, isikhala esikhulu sihlalwa yizomthetho nemibhede ephansi yezimbali, izihlahla zitshalwa ama-soolide futhi azikhi izigcawu eziqinile. I-pagboard field engadini izolingana nama-openctwork ama-lattices avuthiwe, umdwebo ozofakwa egazini elijwayelekile "izingxoxo" zamabhentshi, amalambu, amabhuloho, ukuncipha kwemizimba yamanzi. Amathafa agcwele izimila adinga uthango olukhulu kakhulu.
Indlu, uzungu kanye nobisi, kufanele zigcinwe ngesitayela esisodwa. Ingadi ebekiwe enezinto ezisiki kanye nezinye izinto zokuvama, lapho kufakwa khona izicucu kanye namafomu amancane wokwakha, lapho i-facade yendlu ihlotshiswe khona ngamakholomu, uthango olubushelelezi olubushelelezi noma lwezitini lufanele, izinsika zokusekela zazo ezifanayo amakholomu wokwakha. I-Log House ingcono ukuzungeza i-palico noma uthango lwamapulangwe oluhlaba umxhwele, eligcwele izakhiwo "zokulwa" - izakhiwo ezilula, zisho iStakenist. Imibhede yezwe kanye nemibhede yengadi engadini, ibekwe lapho namabhodwe nama-syam kanye namakhathe, indlu ngesitayela esingu-Rustic - engeza uthango lwe-wicker. Izingadi ze-bamboo zifanele. Indlu yezitini izodinga ukulingana kuye ekuphakameni nasekukhuliseni kocingo lwesitini noma itshe, kungakhuluma "nge-Brick Construction for the barbecue. Okusondelene komunye nomunye kunezindlu nocingo, okunamandla okubonwayo okubonakalayo phakathi kwabo, kunesici esicacile sokumelana nobumbano lwe-stylistic. Umbala wocingo ungaboshelwa ezindongeni, ophahleni lwesakhiwo, izindlela, amafomu amancane wokwakha.
Abahleli babonga izinkampani ze-ZSC-1, "Ezengeziwe-Tech" ukuze zisize lapho kulungiswa izinto ezibonakalayo.