Uphahla lwe-Scope lungasebenzi kuphela okuvikelayo, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wokuhlobisa. Mayelana nezinhlobo zophahla, izinto zokwenziwa, amanani entengo yethu.
Isithombe ngu-E. Lucia, V. Nekrasova
Unguphahla njengento ehlanganisiwe yokubukeka kwezakhiwo ihlinzeka umklami ngamathuba amakhulu okudala ukubukeka okusha, kwanamuhla ngisho nasekuqaleni kwendlu yendlu yezwe
Photo K. Manko.
Photo K. Manko.
Ukuqinisa ama-rafsting ama-rafting amabele abonakala engaphakathi. Kuzwakala kusathusa. Kepha ngaphakathi kwezingane - le nto ayinakuphikwa
Uphahla lophahla lwezindlu ngaphansi kwethayili elithambile le-butuminous lisebenza njengendawo eqinile yamabhodi, ama-chipbood we-plywood noma athambekele
2- Maueerlat;
3- ukufakwa komswakama;
4- Mahodo;
5- Twist
kusuka ku-wire ukuqinisa unyawo lwe-rafter kuya odongeni lwezitini;
I-6-crutch noma into ebanjiswayo
Ukwandisa amandla nobulukhuni be-rafter design, izinto ezilayishwe kakhulu ziya ngokuya zenziwa ngensimbi. Izikhala phakathi kwezingxenye zensimbi zigcwele izinto zokhuni
Photo M. Stanova
Umehluko ongaphakathi weRafter uyindlela elula yokuphatha ukuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene kanye nokwakheka kwe-varnish noma kwe-biolalct
Shisisa uphahla kungaba bobabili ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa kwaso nangemva kwegumbi le-attic
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ophahleni ekugcineni lwaqala ukubonwa njengento enjalo yokubukeka kwalo lonke isakhiwo. Futhi namhlanje ngokwesilinganiso somnikazi we-cottage, efuna ukunikela indlu hlobo nezinhlobo zezilwane, kodwa futhi nokuzwakalayo, ubunye, ngasikhathi sinye kufanele kunqume kuphela amandla, umane Ukukhuluma, umoya kanye nokungena kwamanzi), kepha futhi nomklamo wokwenziwa kophahla.
Uphahla luyicaba futhi luncane. Izakhiwo zithathwa ukuzolandisa izakhiwo ezine-angle yokuthambekela kophahla olusuka ku-1 kuye ku-2,5, kanye nasekupheleni - nge-angle enkulu. Kufanele sixwayise ngokushesha ukuthi kulokhu kubuyekezwa sizoxoxa ngophahla olumisiwe kuphela, ngoba ngaphandle kokuvikela (ngenxa yomthambeka ezibhakabhakeni, izulu abuqoqiwe) enza umsebenzi wokuhlobisa. Ngikhonjiswe ngolimi lochwepheshe, bangokwakhiwa okwengeziwe futhi bezwakala, ngakho-ke behlula ukwakhiwa kwekotishi. Inani, ubukhulu kanye nokwakheka kwezinduku kuncike ku- (akesabi i-paphos) yomqambi kanye nezintshisakalo zomuntu siqu zabaphathi, kanye nezimo zezulu.
Izinhlobo zophahla oluncane
Uphahla luyathathwa ukuze luhlukanise nge-One-Side, luphindwe kabili, oluyize, itende, umugqa ohlukahlukene, lezi zimo zophahla zivame kakhulu (zibona ophahleni lwezindlu esithombeni). Mancane amathuba okuhlangana ahlangane, udoyi nophahla olune-conical. Ngokwemvelo, kube lula uhlobo lokwakheka, okulula ukulukwakha. Ngenkimbinkimbi (ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo lwe-multi-), uphahla lwenzeka ama-rosters amaningi ezinduku akha ama-engeli angaphakathi. Lezi yizidumo ezibizwa ngokuthi yindawo enokwethenjelwa yophahla. Iqiniso ngukuthi imithambeka yezimali ayiphansi kakhulu kwemithambeka yezinduku. Kodwa-ke, ugeleza amanzi amancane kakhulu, yingakho i-materproof yalezi zindawo idinga ukunakwa okusondele kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Snow iqongelela ama-Enders, andisa umthwalo ophahleni. Futhi wakhe uphahla olunjalo, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuyibuka. Azikho amangcweti amadala athi: "Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi indlu yophahla lwejalo eliyinkimbinkimbi yayine-attic ebandayo enomoya. Ngemuva kwalokho uphahla luzohlala isikhathi eside ngoba kulula ukulilandela. "Ngefomu layo elihlanzekile, zonke izinhlobo ezingenhla (ezilula) zophahla zisebenza ikakhulukazi ezindlini ezincane zasehlobo, amakhethini. Amakhaya aseSzoorodal, ahloselwe ukuhlala unomphela, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
Izindlu Zanamuhla
Namuhla, lapho izindlu zezwe seziye zaba indawo yokuhlala unomphela kwabanikazi bazo, zikhule kakhulu ngosayizi. Kunezizathu eziningana lapha. Ukukhathala kokuqala nokuyisisekelo komnikazi kusuka ezimonzweni eziminyene ezivela efulethini lasemadolobheni. Okwesibili, ukwakha ikotishi elingaphansi kwama-250m2 kungabekezelelwa yizomnotho: inani elincishisiwe le-1m2 liphezulu kakhulu. The Floors Morest, the lawetha leli nani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnikazi wanamuhla we-cottage akasafuni ukwakha elula, kodwa indlu enkulu ngaphansi kophahla oluboshwe kabili. Izindlu ezifanayo - izilo, ezakhiwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye zekhulu lamashumi amabili, zingatholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo yezwe. Babukeka behlatshwe. Ama-ametugaders asaphelelwanga - Amabutho awazange abe nezimali eyanele esikalini esinjalo. Akunakwenzeka futhi ukuwathengisa, akekho othathayo.
Isifiso semvelo somninikhaya wesikhathi esisha sakhiwe indlu ethokozisayo, uma ufuna, ukwakhiwa okukhangayo. Kepha ukubonakala kwesakhiwo akuyona kuphela i-facade, kodwa futhi nophahla, okuthi, kanye ne-facade, wenza umsebenzi wobuciko nobuhle. Abaklami bethu bathi ukuvela kwendlu yanamuhla kuze kube sezingeni eliphakeme kuncike ophahleni, okufanele luqede ngesakhiwo ngokuvumelanayo, ukuba nesakhiwo esifanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-silhouette nombala wophahla kufanele kuhlazwe ngesimo esiseduze. Futhi baphendula ngophahla akusikho ngenye indlela njengenye i-facade yendlu.
Kukhona ngisho nemfashini ophahleni, olushintsha cishe njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Isibonelo, uma eminyakeni eyi-10-12 edlule, ikhasimende cishe lifuna ama-turrets nezinye "ukwanda", manje (mhlawumbe (mhlawumbe, ukubheka izindlu phesheya noma ukwazisa bonke ubunzima obunjalo ekudaleni nasekusebenzeni okunjalo "), wakhuluma izicelo zakhe. Kepha ekhaya elitholwe ngobuhle. Uhlobo lwe-classic lube luphathwe ophahleni olude nolwejwayelekile lwephrofayili eyinkimbinkimbi. Lo mklamo uhambelana ikakhulukazi uma ushumeke endaweni ye-attic yezindawo ezingeziwe zasendlini. Ngaphandle kwazo, cishe ayikho indlu yesimanjemanje ayidluleli. Ngisho nasezakhiweni ezinkulu kakhulu, lapho kunendawo eyanele ngaphakathi ezindongeni zezimali, i-cinema yasekhaya, amakamelo lezivakashi, amakamelo okulala, njll azokwenqaba amanye amamitha okuhlala, futhi ashibhile kunaleyo esendaweni amakamelo amakhulu amakhulu?
Kumele kushiwo ukuthi ophahleni manje olusatshalaliswa ezweni lethu luhluke kwabekwe, ngokwesibonelo, emazweni aseningizimu. Uma kwenye indawo eSpain noma iGrisi, ama-Architects ahamba kalula ekwakhiweni kwefomu lokuwina kwezakhiwo, abaqambi bethu ngeke benze ngaphandle kwesidingo. Isizathu sezulu esilula. Lapha kanye nokuqinisa imvula, kanye neqhwa lilele ophahleni cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha. Kungakho abakhi abanolwazi abaklama ikusasa ekhaya bazoqala ... yebo, kuvela ophahleni. Ngokwemvelo, okokuqala banikeza umbono wokwakha, bahlakulele uhlelo ekhaya, banqume inani labaphansi. Kepha bese uqala ngokushesha ukusebenza ukuthi yibaphi abathwali (hhayi kuphela abangaphandle, kodwa futhi bangaphakathi) kufanele basuswe ngaphansi kophahla ukuze luvulwe ngokwakha kophahla. Kuvela futhi ngeke: Ukuqina kwama-spans akwenzeki okungenamkhawulo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, umakhi wezakhiwo uhlala ufuna ukuyekethisa phakathi komqondo wokwakha kanye nendlela yophahla, kwakha imithambeka edingekayo yokudonsa amanzi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iqhwa lizobuthana. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwenziwa ophahleni njengoba bekuvela ezingxenyeni ezithile eziyisisekelo, lapho kwakhiwa khona imidwebo emibili kakhulu, i-hip, amatende kanye nemiklamo efana nale. I-Fragment ngayinye ithembela ezindongeni ezithwala (zalokhu zisuswa ngaphansi kophahla), zibaxhumanise zibe yinombolo yezakhiwo. Okunye noma okunye okuphahleni ophahleni (ezinhlakeni ze-scanty kusukela ku-10 kuye ku-70) kunamathiselwe hhayi ngokuya ngokucatshangelwa (okunembile, kungokwakheka). Isibonelo, ngaphansi kobuningi bokushiswa kwemvula kwa-Atmospheric, ukuthi ababandlululayo bahlala banda, kepha ngemikhawulo efanelekile, ngoba izinto eziningi zisesophahleni olupholile.
Ngokwemvelo, okulula uhlelo kanye nomqondo wokwakha wendlu, uphahla olunzima olunzima. Futhi kusho okuthembekile. Konke njengakwizinhlaka eziphindwe ngenhla "ezilula kakhulu". Ithonya layo ebunkinkuluni ophahleni (njengoba sizobona ngokuzayo) nangokusebenza okusebenzayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuya ekwakhiweni komakhi, zama kuqala ukunquma ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinto ezibonakalayo zophahla lwendlu yakho yesikhathi esizayo esizokwenziwa.
Ukusongoza icebo
Uma ibhokisi lendlu yezwe eliphakeme lakhiwe kusuka ezintweni zendabuko (izingodo, izingodo noma izitini) futhi kubalwa kusuka endaweni yokubuka izidingo zokonga ukushisa, amandla okuphatha ezindonga azoqinisekiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Futhi 200-250%, okungukuthi, nge-margin enkulu.Ngomklamo wophahla, konke kwehlukile. Kumele uqiniseke ukubala. Umbono wokuthi kwanele ukuncika kokuhlangenwe nakho komakhelwane noma i-brigade yabakhi abaye bakhiphe ophahleni olulodwa, kuvame ukuba sengibe sempandeni yephutha. Le ndlela idlula ngandlela thile idlula ngendlu ka-66 m ngosayizi, lapho yenziwa khona ama-rafter ngesikhathi sayo ngo-1 m, cishe noma yiliphi ibhodi elinqunyiwe lifanelekile, olitholayo emakethe ). Kepha uma unendlu ka-250m2 nokuningi, ngendlela evelele ngale ndlela enjalo, isiphambeko ngokuqinisekile sizovela. Amaphutha lapho ngokusebenza kuzophenduka izinkinga. Isinqumo se-AIH singadinga izindleko ezibalulekile zezimali. Ngokuvamile, "uMsizi uyakhokha kabili."
Umklamo wophahla olumisiwe uqala ngokubalwa kwezinyawo ze-rafter. Isigaba sabo sinqunywe ngokusekelwe emithanjeni ekhona (ubukhali bedizayini uqobo, uphahla "uphaya", iqhwa kanye nomthwalo womoya othambekele kophahla, kanye nomugqa wokuphepha (okungenani 1.4). Isibalo futhi sinquma ibanga phakathi kwama-rafter (igxathu). Kepha lokhu akusekho umklami, kepha umklami-ongumklami. Ibala i-spans, ithuthukise ipulazi, uma kunesidingo, ibheka ikhono elisekelayo lezisekeli kanye nesisekelo esihambisanayo ngaphansi kwazo. Inquma, emadolobheni asebenzisa ama-rafters noma alenga. Inquma ukuthi kunesidingo sezinto eziphakathi: Ukudalulwa okuvumela ukulayisha ama-rafters, noma ukuqinisa okwenzelwe ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe- "uhambo". Kungenzeka ukubikezela kusengaphambili ukuthi yini ukwakheka kwe-rafter kuzoba kuphela uma kubuya "ngebhokisi" le-66 m. Ngalo hlobo lwezakhiwo, amaphutha ekwakhiweni, kusukela ku Indlu incane, izolungiswa kalula.
Izingxenye zesiphambano se-rafter zichazwa kakhulu yimakethe enikela ngamapulangwe ebekwe ngosayizi othile. Uma ubukhulu obujwayelekile ungagculisi umthuthukisi, bese uphendukela kuma-shunts angeziwe. Isibonelo, imilenze iyanda (lapho kungekho bude obunele) noma ukushayela imishayo ukuze ubathuthukise. Kukhona inketho yokusebenzisa imilenze evamile (egcotshwe) imilenze yokuqamba engaba isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi inamandla kunokujwayelekile.
Umqambi unquma izindlela nokufakwa okwengeziwe komswakama, okudingekayo, ngokwesibonelo, engela lokuthambekela kophahla kungaphansi kokuncoma impahla ethile yophahla. Ngakho-ke, kuma-tile wemvelo, i-angle ethambekile ephansi yophahla yiminyaka engama-22. Ophahleni ngethambeka kusuka ku-16 kuye ku-22, kunconywa ukubeka ungqimba owengeziwe wokufakelwa komswakama ngaphansi kwethayili. Ngokubandlulula kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-16, lapho kungenzeka ukuba namagazi ngaphansi kwethayi lemvula, kufakwa ikhreji eliqinile lamapulangwe ngaphansi kwezinto zophahla, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-boofing Isisekelo sakhena ukhaphethi oqinile) athethwe. Amanzi awela ngaphansi kwethayela, avele agibele lolu phahla olwengeziwe. Le ndlela nayo ingasetshenziswa ephahleni kusuka ku-Metal Tile noma "Erector".
Izingxenye eziphambili zokwakhiwa kwe-rafter
Uphahla lugcinwa yi-design ekhethekile equkethe i-crate, ngqo ophahleni lomthwali, kanye nama-raff (amapulazi ama-rafting) adlulisa umthwalo kusuka kunesisindo sawo sophahla, iqhwa, umoya odongeni kanye nokusekelwa kwangaphakathi. Umklamo we-rafter uncike esimweni sophahla, ubukhona kanye nohlelo lokuxhaswa kwangaphakathi, inani le-span, kanye nemithwalo ekhona.
Isibalo esikhulu kumklamo we-rafter - unxantathu. Unonya kakhulu. Into esemqoka yanoma yiziphi izinyawo ezinamapayipi ezihlanganiswe eduze kwesilinganiso futhi isekela ikhreyithi.
Ukulengiswa Rafal Thembela ezisekelweni ezimbili ezedlulele (ngokwesibonelo, kuphela ezindongeni zesakhiwo ngaphandle kokusekelwa okuphakathi). Imilenze yabo ye-rafting isebenza ekucindezelweni nasekugobeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo wakha amandla aphezulu okubuyisa avundlile adluliswa ezindongeni. Yehlisa lo mzamo usiza ukuqina (ngokhuni noma ngensimbi), ukuxhuma imilenze ye-rafting. Ingatholakala njengesisekelo esakhiwe (futhi kuleli cala kusebenza ugongolo lokugqwala, yiyona ngqo le ndlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kophahla lwe-attic) nangaphezulu. Okuphakeme, okunamandla kakhulu kufanele kube yikho. Futhi okuthembekile ngokwengeziwe kufanele kube ukuxhumana kwayo nama-rafters.
Slopils Faka emakhaya ngodonga lomthwali ophakathi nendawo noma ama-Columnar Intermediate Supports. Iziphetho zabo zincike ezindongeni zangaphandle zendlu, futhi ingxenye ephakathi yodonga olungaphakathi noma lokusekelwa. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto zabo zisebenza njengemishayo kuphela ukuze bagobe. Ngobubanzi obufanayo bendlu, uphahla olunama-sputum rafters kulula kunanoma iyiphi enye (kudinga amapulangwe amancane futhi, ngokufanele, izindleko zemali). Lapho ufaka izikhala eziningi zokwakhiwa okukodwa kophahla, ukugoqa kanye nokulengiswa kwamapulazi okuphanga angashintsha. Lapho kungekho okusekelwa okuphakathi nendawo, kufakwa izimbambo eziphangayo, lapho kukhona, ukhula.
Maurerlalat. Imilenze ye-stropile ayisekelwe ezindongeni ngokwazo, kodwa ekwenziweni kokusekelwa. Ukwakhiwa okucindezelekile okwenziwa nguMauerlat ngumqhele ongenhla wesonto (log, izingodo). Ngezindonga zezitini, kuyinto efakwe ngokukhethekile i-flush engaphakathi yodonga lwezihlahla (ukusuka ngaphandle, kufanele ivikelwe ngumbukiso we-brickwork). Phakathi kwe-mauerlat kanye nezitini, kukhona ungqimba lwe-umswayi lokufaka umswakama (ngokwesibonelo, izingqimba ezimbili ze-rubberoid).
Imikhawulo ephezulu yemilenze ye-rafting, uma kunesidingo, ingagcinwa ngohlelo lwama-racks nama-squeaks. Ukusebenza, alayishe imilenze ye-rafter ngokudlula umthwalo ezindongeni zangaphakathi noma izinsika zokusekela, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukwakheka kokuqina.
Uma kungekho odongeni, isithende sezinyawo ze-rafter singathembela emishameni enamandla emibi, ubude bawo bunqunyelwe emthwalweni osebenza kubo.
Ski run. Lesi sakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwe-rafter sanoma yimuphi uphahla sithwala, ukuxhuma i-rafyed (ipulazi) phakathi kwalo. Kukuwo lapho isembozo se-lip sizohlelwa ngokuzayo.
Kanye nemininingwane emibili yokuzimele. Uma ukuqina kuhlinzekwe endizeni yemilenze ye-rafter, kuhlinzekwa ngamapulazi asheshayo ngokwawo, khona-ke ukuxabana nemithwalo yomoya esebenza, ngokwesibonelo, kusuka ohlangothini lwe-nipper (ngaphambili), okudingekayo Inani lama-diagonal ties asethiwe. Bangasebenza njengobukhulu bama-30-40 mm, abethelwe esisekelweni sonyawo lwe-rafter ngokweqile nakumakhelwane (noma ngaphezulu).
Ukuze uphahla lungadilikihlisi umoya, imilenze ye-wafter kanye ne-mauerlat kumele igcwale izindonga. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izikopelo zensimbi (izinqama) zivaliwe kuma-maroonry ngaphansi konyawo lwe-rafter noma kusengaphambili izinto ezibanjiswayo lapho unyawo lwe-rafter lukhangwa khona ngentambo yensimbi enobubanzi be-6mm. Kwabakiweyo, le ndlela ibhekwe ngokuzithandela: umqhele ophezulu odongeni lonke uhlala uxhumekile ngokuphephile.
Izinhlobo zophahla olumisiwe
2-Haul;
3-Cone;
4- ophahleni lwe-dricaping olunezinwele ezinamakhanda; 5-Fetch;
6- Kome;
7- pyramidal Ophahleni olulodwa Indiza ethambekele ehleliwe ezindongeni zokuphakama okuhlukile. Skat, njengomthetho, kubhekiswe ohlangothini lwamanzi.
Amabili-uthayi, noma amandla, ophahleni Liqukethe imithambeka emibili ehlose izinhlangothi eziphambene. Izindonga zokuphela ezi-Triangar ezakhiwe ngomklamo onjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-forceps negama lophahla uqobo. Le nketho kulula ukuyikhiqiza, ethembekile ekusebenzeni. Enye yezinhlobonhlobo zokwakhiwa okwenziwe ngamabomu amabili yi- "Intelgent" Roof. Siqukethe imithambeka emibili emnene evaliwe phezulu, neziketi ezimbili ezixegayo, eziqhubeka nazo. Leli fomu likuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ngokuphelele isikhala se-attic, kepha nzima ekwenziweni.
Uphahla olunamasheya amane. Zonke izikebhe zakhe zinombono woxantathu abathintekayo ngokulinganayo bahlaselwa ama-vertices ngasikhathi sinye. Uphahla olune-ezine elukhuni lwezakhiwo, isikwele ngokwemibandela, sabizwa ngamatende.
I-Walm Roof Kungukuhlukahluka kophahla olune-ezine yesakhiwo esingunxande. Ithole igama layo emithambekeni, izithambisi ezivuthayo ngokuphelele. Ingaphezulu lenza i-skate emibili ye-trapezoidal emaceleni amade kanye nezinhlanga ezimbili - zifushane. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwedlule, ifomu elinjalo aligcizeleli kuphela umsebenzi wokuvikela ophahleni, kepha futhi unikeza nokwakhiwa ukubukeka okumele. Ofanayo Uphahla oludongeni olubi . Iziketi eziseceleni zisika kuphela ingxenye yamandla (ukusuka lapha kanye negama-half-haul), futhi linobude obuncane kakhulu emgqeni wethambeka kuneziketi ezinkulu. Ihafu-haul ingatholakala phezulu (unxantathu) noma ngaphansi (Trapezium).
Uphahla olunhlobonhlobo Isetshenziselwa izindlu zokucushwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo, kwakhiwa esakhiweni esiyisikwele ngenxa yokuhlangana kophahla olubopha ngama-engela amathathu. Kungenzeka ukudala uphahla futhi ngenani elikhulu lamandla. Ukubukeka okuhle nokugqashuka kwamakamelo amaningana ngophahla olungaphakathi. Ukungathandeki kokusebenza.
Ophahleni oluhlangene lungakwazi Iba nezindlela eziyindilinga noma ze-parabolic (ezindlini ezizimele azivamile).
Dome nophahla olune-conical Faka isicelo ekuqothulweni kwesakhiwo (noma izingxenye zalo), enezimpawu eziyindilinga ngokuya. Ingafana ne-dome eyindilinga, isigaxa esithambile noma esibukhali.
Izinto zokwakha zezakhiwo zeRafal
Izinto eziphambili zokwenziwa kwezakhiwo ezihlaselayo ekwakhiweni kwe-cottage ngamunye kusekhona isihlahla sisasele. Ngakho-ke, sekuzohlinzekwa esigabeni sokuklama (futhi phakathi kokusebenza okugcinwe ngokuqinile) izindlela ezakhayo nezivikelayo ezinweba impilo yezinkuni. Imisebenzi yeKontsstutive ifaka: Idivaysi yama-gaskets ezintweni ezingenamanzi ezindaweni zokuxhumana ngesitini, ukuvimbela nokugcina ukuphepha komswakama (kusuka ohlangothini lwamaphahla) kanye ne-vapor. Kwezendlalelo, kanye nemishini yezikhala ezinomoya evuthayo ezinikezela ukususwa komoya okususwayo ngokusakazwa komoya okuphakamisayo kulezi zikhala. Izinyathelo ezinamasu zifaka ukucutshungulwa kwezinkuni ngama-antiseptics noma izidakamizwa ezivikelwe amalangabi.Imithwalo kuRafyla
Ama-roaft abona imithwalo engapheli neyesikhashana. Imithwalo yokusika ifaka phakathi isisindo sophahla, amakhreyithi, ama-run kanye nama-rafters. Isithwathwa se-Krofennoe, umoya, kanye nokulayishwa okukhokhelwayo (uma kunjalo). Inani elibaliwe lomthwalo weqhwa lingama-180kg / m2 ku-evelivel ophahleni lokuphikiswa. Isikhwama seqhwa esiphumela singandisa le nkomba ku-400-500kg / m2. Ngokukhetha ophahleni ngaphezu kwama-60, umthwalo weqhwa awemukelwa. Inani lokuklama lomthwalo womoya lingama-35kg / m2 (izinkambiso zeqhwa kanye nemithwalo yomoya zinikezwa i-Middle Band, okubandakanya isifunda saseMoscow, ku-SNIP 2.01.07-85 * "Ukulayisha nokuvezwa"). Ukuchitshiyelwa komoya kunomthelela ekubaleni kuphela lapho uphahla lubandlululwa ngaphezulu kwama-30. Amanani wemithwalo efakwe kuhlu angashintshwa ngokwazisa ama-coefficients okulungiswa anaka izimo zezulu zasendaweni. Isisindo sakho sophahla futhi idizayini edwetshwe inqunywa ngokuya ngezinto ezisetshenzisiwe nosayizi wesakhiwo sonke. Umthwalo wokusetshenziswa ku-rafter uyabhekelwa, esimweni sokusebenzisa ukwamiswa kwemisiwe (emapulazini ama-rafter), noma amathangi amanzi afakiwe kuwo, amakamelo okufaka umoya, njll.
Umqambi wenza izibalo ezimbili. Owokuqala unamandla (lapho kuqinisekiswa khona ukuthi unyawo lwe-rafter ngeke luphule), okwesibili - ekuguqukeni (lapho kuvela khona ukuthi ugongolo olunjalo lungadliwa). Ngakho-ke, ngesakhiwo se-attic, ubukhulu bokuphambuka kwe-rafter akufanele ngedlule ku-1/250 kusukela kubude bendawo. Isibonelo, ngobude be-6m, ukuvela kwe-deflection kungafinyelela ku-2 cm. Kubukeka kancane, kepha uma weqa leli nani, ukuguquguquka kuzobonakala ngeso elinqunu. Ama-afrifiketis ophahla olukhulu lwephahla angaqala ukukhumbuza i-Chinese Pagoda.
Ngezikhathi ezedlule, ilogi noma i-semi-crust yasetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezakhi. Kuze kube manje, abaqambi abaningi kanye nabakhi bancamela ukusebenzisa ibha elingunxantathu elenziwe ngesigaba, elihambisana nemithwalo yokuhlala, noma isigaba esingu-50150 (50200) mm, uma kunesidingo. Umnyango ikakhulukazi izinkuni zamadwala ama-coniferous (uPine, iSpruce, i-larch) ngaphandle kwemikhuba, nomswakama ungabi ngaphezu kwe-18-22%.
Ukuze wandise ukuqina nokungaguquki kwejometri yezakhiwo ze-rafter kwezinye izigaba, kwenziwa izinto zensimbi, ngokwesibonelo, njengokusekelwa kwe-skate elayishwa kakhulu. Izikhala phakathi kwezingxenye zensimbi zigcwele izinto zokhuni. Idizayini enjalo yokuhlanganisa ayinamandla kuphela kunamapulangwe, kepha futhi ivumela ama-rouft wokhuni ukuthi asebenze ngohlelo olufiphele-sleeve.
Ikhasimende, njengomthetho, alisho ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi (indoda yaseRussia ithanda ukuba yinkomba). Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ubunzima obuthile buhlotshaniswa nokusebenza komklamo ohlanganisiwe. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngenxa yomehluko wokushisa wansuku zonke ongaphezulu kwensimbi, kungakhiwa, okuholela ekuqinisweni kwezinto zokhuni eziseduze. Futhi nakhu kuzokonga kuphela ukwelashwa kokhuni okufakwe izingoma zokufaka umswakama kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingangenisi manzi, insimbi efaka insimbi evela esihlahleni. Kepha kulokhu, ngesimo sezinkundla zokhuni, kuyadingeka ukubheka njalo ukuthi kungenzeka kuphela uma kukhona i-attic.
Ezakhiweni zeMansard ezinensimbi, ubunzima babo, ngoba kungumqhubi onamakhaza abahle kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, indlela ejwayelekile yokufakelwa (lapho ukufakwa okushisayo kufakwa phakathi kwama-rafter) kungenzeka kungaqhamuki. Ukufakwa kufanele kubekwe ukuze izingxenye zensimbi zingaphandle kwezendlalelo zalo, noma ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwekamelo (nazo zonke izingxenye zophahla "- umoya, ukushisa komswakama, ukuthunga kwangaphakathi kungaphandle). Zombili izindlela zinazo izithiyo zazo. Phambili, icala lilahlekelwe yivolumu ebaluleke kakhulu yegumbi (abalwa ngalo i-rafter yesibili kuyadingeka ngokuhlobisa ngandlela thile (ama-clapboard, amashidi ama-gypsum, amaphaneli wokuhlobisa, njll.).
Kwezinye izimo, ukwakhiwa okuqinile kwenziwa ngokuphelele ngensimbi. Inketho enjalo iyasebenza: akukho ukunakekela ngesihlahla sensimbi. Ubuchwepheshe bokufakelwa buyafana nakwicala eledlule.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwezakhiwo ZaseRafal
Njengoba sekushiwo, izinhlaka ze-rafter zingaba ngokhuni, insimbi futhi zihlangene. Ake siqale ngokhuni. Izindlela ezingenzeka zokutholwa kwazo zimbili: Ukuqala kokuhleleka kwamapulazi we-rafter endaweni yokusebenzela noma efektri, ngendlela yesibili ukubenza bangenele.Amapulazi okhuni asezimo zefekthri akhiqizwa ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa amapuleti ensimbi (isipikili). Banikezwa emakethe yethu ye-MITEK Finland (Finland), uhlelo lweWolf (Austria), "i-RevyIa) (iRussia) kanye nezinye. Amapuleti ngokwawo. Amapuleti ngokwawo. Izakhi ze-stropile ezisebenzisa amapuleti afanayo zenziwa ekufakweni nasezintweni zokusebenza zokucindezela. Amapuleti afakwa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zokuxhumeka. Ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bukwenza kube nzima ukwenza amapulazi e-rafal ophahla cishe kunoma yikuphi ukuxaka. Kungenziwa zombili amapulazi azonke nezakhi zazo ezihlukene ezihlukanisiwe ezifakwe esizeni sokwakha.
Indlela yesibili inezixazululo ezimbili. Esokuqala ukukhiqizwa kwendlela ye-rafter ngendlela ethi "Groove-Spike" noma ngokusetshenziswa kwezipikili, kubakaki, ukugcotshwa kanye nokuxhumeka okufanayo, kanye nokuxhumeka. Ukuqothuka okuvame kakhulu, ngokuqinisekile okugcwele izipikili namabakaki (kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi njengoba izinkuni zizomisa, lokhu kuxhumana kulahlekelwa okuncane ngamandla nangokuthembela). Ama-Bolts avumela lobu bunzima ukugwema (noma kunjalo, izimbobo ezibikwe ngaphansi kwazo, zinwele kancane izingodo). Isixazululo sesibili yi-fasteners yezinto zokhuni ezisebenzisa izingxenye ezibunjiwe zensimbi nezikulufa. I-Vagerika ubuchwepheshe obunjalo baziwa isikhathi eside, kithi njengamanje kuyinto entsha. Isibonelo, inkampani ye-WKret-Met (Poland) inikeza iqoqo lezingxenye ezikhuphukayo zenhloso ehlukene, ngakho-ke ifomu elihlukile, ezivela ezintweni zendawo yonke (amapuleti, amakona) ukuze akhetheke ngokuphelele (ngakho-ke, kufaka phakathi ukuqiniswa). Ububanzi besicelo sabo bunqunywa umbuthano wezinkinga zobuchwepheshe kanye ne-Creative Fantasy ye-Wizard. Umsebenzi wokudala isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokhuni ngasikhathi sinye uncishiswe ezingeni lomklami wezingane: isikhathi esifunekayo nesigaba esifunekayo kanye nobude obudingekayo be-fasteners kanye nezikulufo ezidingekayo, bese kuba khona Ithi, Winni empilweni.
I-Steel Rafting Izakhiwo zenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Indlela yokuqala - ukukhiqizwa ezimweni zefekthri. Sekuvele kukhona amafemu amaningi emakethe emakethe, kulokhu okukhethekile. Isibonelo, amapulazi we-rafter aya ngokuya ethandwa kakhulu (ngokunembile, amasistimu we-rafter) aqhamuka ku-Z- noma C-Shaped Section (ubukhulu bezinto ezibonakalayo, ubude bephrofayili- 2, 4 no-6 m). Amaphrofayli anikezwa ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya naphesheya kwezilwandle. Banesisindo ngokuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo evamile emnyama incane kakhulu, ebavumela ukuba ibakhwehle ngemishini ekhanyayo futhi ngaphandle kwawo. Ukuqoqwa kwezinto zesakhiwo kwenziwa ngaphandle kokufaka ukusebenzisa izinkinga ze-walding-self ngensimbi enamandla. Ngenye indlela, ukwenziwa kwamapulazi ensimbi ezimweni zefekthri kungayalwa, bese kubakhulisa ngosizo lwe-crane nokufakwa kokugcina ukukhiqiza endaweni.
Indlela yesibili ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi ngqo esizeni sokwakha. Sithenga insimbi 2, iziteshi namakhona esigaba esihambisanayo, aqashe isikulufu nesikejana (mhlawumbe i-brigade yama-welders) nomsebenzi (noma kunjalo, kukhona amanye amaqhinga, kepha ngandlela thile). By the way, yile ndlela esetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezakhiwo eziningi eziphathwa ngensimbi.
Ukufakwa kwamakhreyithi
Ama-rafters asekela i-crate, idivaysi yayo incike ngohlobo lwezinto zophahla. Kepha ngaphambi kokuthi iqale ukuyifaka, ungqimba olungaphansi kwamanzi luhlanganiswe ngqo kwi-rafter, elungiswe yi-counterclaim (izingodo zethu zibethelwe eceleni kwesigaxa). Umsebenzi wesibili walokhu kusebenza ukwakha imvume enomoya oqinisekisiwe, ozosusa amabhangqa womswakama kusuka ekufakweni. Imfuneko ye-Brusev, ebekwe ezinyaweni ze-rafter ezinamathele ku-contreclaim. Ukuqokwa kwayo ukuwubona ngokuqondile umthwalo ophahleni bese udlulisela kuma-rafters (nalabo abadlulisela umthwalo ezindongeni).
Uma ama-rafter abonakala ngaphakathi kwamakamelo
Isimo esinjalo sibonisa izinhlaka eziphindwe kabili nezasolwandle. Ama-Wayfish Wooden Roughters kufanele anqotshwe kahle ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi axazululwe. Uma zitholakala ziphezulu ngokwanele phansi, indlela elula yokwelashwa nge-veneer ne-varnish noma ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwebhayoni. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthungwa kwesihlahla kugcizelelwa futhi kunamathiselwe kunoma yimuphi umbala ofiselekayo. Ngakho-ke, izindonga ezisetshenzwe zizoletha ukushisa nobungqabavu ngaphakathi kunoma yisiphi isitayela - i-Classic ne-Ampir, yanamuhla ne-High-Tech. Kepha uma lokhu kungeyona ikhambi lakho, okuphumayo kungukuphela kokufihla ophahleni lokusika. Kulokhu, emaphethelweni abo aphansi, noma yiliphi ishidi noma impahla exakile (i-drywall, chipboard, i-lining, wonke amaphaneli okungenzeka, njll.) Ayathathwa.Uhlobo lwe-crate kungenxa yohlobo lokuphahla. Isibonelo, amathayili wemvelo, amathayili ensimbi kanye nezinto ezikhanyayo ze-wavy ("i-erector"), zibekwe kusuka kumabha ama-3050 (4050, 5050, 6060, 60, njll.) MM, okubhalwe phansi yemigoqo kanye nebanga phakathi kwazo kuboniswa emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe yezinto zophahla). Amathayili athambile athambile, akuseyona i-doomer, kepha aqhakazile kusuka emabhodini apholile futhi athambekele engxenyeni yesiphambano esingu-25100 noma i-25150mm (izikhala eziphakathi kwamabhodi akufanele adlule noma ama-plywood (OSB -3). Uma umsebenzi wenziwa ebusika, lapho usebenzisa i-plywood eqinile floolering noma amapuleti e-OSB-3 phakathi kwamashidi, kuyadingeka ukushiya igebe le-3mm ukunxephezela ukunwetshwa okufudumele ngesikhathi esifudumele.
Umoya omncane wophahla
Ukuthi ungahlela kanjani ophahleni oluvutha umoya ezinhlakeni ze-Mansard, umagazini wethu usuvele utshelile ngokuningiliziwe ku-N 6 ngo-2003, ngakho-ke ngeke siphinde. Ngizofaka amagama ambalwa kuphela ngokungena komoya wezakhiwo ze-attic.
Ebusika, i-attic ihlala ibanda, kepha izitezi ze-attic, kunjalo, kufanele zifakwe kahle. Ukungena komoya okwanele kuqinisekiswa ukugcwala komoya endaweni yama-eaves noma ngewindows elizwakalayo kanye ne-extractor yalo endaweni ye-skate. Ama-chimneys namapayipi ohlelo lokufudumeza kufanele afakwe okuthe xaxa. Umehluko phakathi kokushisa e-attic futhi umgwaqo kufanele ube mncane. Ivikela ngokuthembekile ophahleni lwakho ekwakhekeni kwe-icocles kanye neqhwa elinjenge-avalanche elinjengeqhwa kulo.
Inani Lophahla
Izindleko zokwakhiwa kophahla zenziwe ngezindleko zesakhiwo senkampani yenethiwekhi, izinto zophahla kanye nezinto zokwakha "ikhekhe" ngaphansi kwe-undercoal "futhi, izindleko zomsebenzi odingekayo.Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi inani lamapulangwe athengiwe (futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izindleko zemali) zizoncika ngqo kuhlobo lophahla. Akusekho umbono wokuthi umuthi omkhulu usekwenziweni kwezakhiwo ze-truss ngaphansi kwe-tile yemvelo (Mass-Mayelana ne-45KG / M2). Ngophahla olumnene, ibha lincane kakhulu. Futhi thina, ngokweqiniso, sase sikulungele ukwamukela lesi sitatimende se-axiom. Kodwa-ke, lapho isibuyekezo sethu silungiselela, ochwepheshe be-BRAAS bafakazela lokho kuvunywa. Uma ubala umthwalo ophelele othangweni lweRabiwoown lomlenze ngokushesha, khona-ke ku-tile yemvelo kuzoba yi-15-20% kuphela. Futhi imvamisa lo mthwalo ubekezelela ngokuphelele unyawo lwe-rafter ngesigaba esingu-50-150mm. Yebo Yebo. Le yimigoqo esetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenziweni kwama-rafter ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinto zophahla zophahla. Yize, kungenzeka ukuthi ithayela lemvelo lizodinga isinyathelo esincane sama-rafters futhi siqinise izindawo okungenzeka ukuthi zizokwakhiwa kwezikhwama zeqhwa. Kepha akusekho. Uhlangothi oluqinile, ukwakhiwa ngaphansi kwethayela elithambile le-butuminous lihambisana ne-trint eqinile yama-rafter. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunzima ukusho ukuthi yisiphi isigaba esinye sizohamba.
Amathiphu we-Private Fround
Nasi isiyalo esisitholile kochwepheshe abavela ku-Ana: Iphutha elijwayelekile Ingabe umzamo wokunwebeka ngezilinganiso zesakhiwo esakhiwa lapho kuqhathaniswa nomklamo nangokulingana nalokhu kwandise izinto zokwakhiwa kophahla. Ungabeki engcupheni. Kuphephile ukubhekisa kumklami kabusha ophahleni futhi uzokwenza ushintsho oludingekayo kwimidwebo ongayifaka ngokuphephile kwangempela.
Uma kunokungabaza. Kunezinkampani eziningi lapho ungashayela khona ukukubuza ukuthi uhlole amadokhumenti wephrojekthi elinikezwe wena noma ukuphinda usebenzise umklamo onawo okwamanje. Isibonelo, ngendlu engu-1010 m, isheke lephrojekthi lizobiza cishe ama- $ 100. Ukubuya kabusha komklamo, ngokwemvelo, kubiza kakhulu, njengoba kufanele ukhokhele ngokusuka kochwepheshe endaweni lapho kuzokwenza khona izilinganiso ezidingekayo, bese zibuya, zizokwenza ukubala okudingekayo. Kumafemu afanayo unga:
- Oda iphrojekthi yophahla endaweni esele yakhiwe;
- Qasha uchwepheshe ukwenza ukulawulwa kobuchwepheshe ekwakhiweni kophahla futhi, uma kunesidingo, bakhombise abakhi, yini futhi bengamelana kanjani (ukuqondisa kombhali).
Ungazithola kanjani izimpikiswano engxabanweni nabekhi? Isisho esithi "Nginawo ma-rafters abonakala emajika!" Kwabakhi akuyona impikiswano. Kungcono ukuthenga i-snip 3.03.01-87 "Ukunikeza kanye nokwakhiwa kocingo", lapho engxenyeni "yemithetho yokukhiqiza nokwamukelwa komsebenzi" Imininingwane yokuphambuka kwezakhiwo zokwakha kuchaziwe. Lapho-ke ukuphambuka kutholakele, kuvezwe ngamanani (ama-degree, amasentimitha, njll.), Kuzoba yingxabano efanelekile hhayi kuphela kubakhi, kodwa nasenkantolo.
Uma kunezikhalazo Ku-Firm ebesebenza njengokwakhiwa ngaphansi kwenkontileka, izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ezimbili. Ungaya enkantolo, futhi uzobeka ukuhlolwa okuzimele. Ungaxhumana ngokushesha nochwepheshe. Ochwepheshe abanjalo bavame ukuba amafemu aziwa kahle anegunya elikhulu ekwakhiweni kokhuni. Isibonelo, izakhamizi zesifunda zaseMoscow zingaxhumana noMnyango Wezakhiwo Zokhuni Mgsu noma elabhorethri yemiklamo yokhuni ye-TSNII.
Lapho ungathola khona incwadi yokwakhiwa kwendlu yokhuni. Kunezincwadi eziningi zanamuhla ngalesi sihloko. Ochwepheshe abanolwazi bakhetha ukujabulela incwadi ethi "Idizayini Yezakhiwo Zabakhiwayo Yomphakathi" Yezemfundo Yezemfundo Yezakhiwo ze-USSR, 1947.
Manje mayelana nobunzima bophahla. Kuyacaca ukuthi lesi sici sithinta ngqo izindleko zezinto zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ngabe izindleko zezinto zokwenziwa "pie" zithinta kancane, khona-ke ukuhamba kwezinkuni nokuphahla kwezinto kukhuphuka ngezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibonakalayo kakhulu. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi ngezinto zophahla. Ochwepheshe ngezwi elilodwa bathi, ngokwesibonelo, i-metal tile ophahleni lobunzima obukhethekile isetshenziswa ayinanjongo ngokuphelele, kuze kube yi-60% ihamba nje ibe yimfucuza. Kepha izinto ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo, njengethayili lemvelo nelibandayo. Imfucuza inikeza okuncane kakhulu. Kuliqiniso, uphahla oluyinkimbinkimbi oluvela kunoma yikuphi okubonakalayo kudinga okuningi kwezinselelo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izindleko ezinkulu zemali. Ngokuvamile, ubuhle budinga izisulu ezithile.
Ngezindleko zomsebenzi isithombe sicishe sifane. Umbono owandayo wokuthi ukukhokhwa kwenkokhelo yamakhosi kumayelana nokulingana nenani lezinto ezisetshenzisiwe, kuvela ngokuthembekile hhayi njalo. Umsebenzi ungaba nzima futhi obiza kakhulu, nezinto zokwakha, ngokuhlukile, zishibhile. Noma okuphambene nalokho. Lokho wukuthi, amanani okwenza umsebenzi ancike ngqo ebukilini ophahleni (futhi ophahleni oluyinkimbinkimbi badinga izimfanelo ezifanele zamakhosi), kanye nokukhokhwa kwezabasebenzi kungashintshana ngo- $ 9-2 nge-1m2 nge-1m2. Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi izindleko zomsebenzi enkampanini eqinile yokwakha, njengomthetho, zedlula amanani entengo ye- "Shabashnikov" Brigade izikhathi izikhathi ezingama-2-3 (intela, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, okuqukethwe kwehhovisi, ukukhangisa, njll.). Kepha inkampani ilungile ngoba iyinkampani eqinile. Kunomuntu ozokwethula izikhalazo, ngoba lokho kuzovela. Abasebenzi abaqashiwe kuleli cala bavele basuswe futhi bahambe. Futhi ngisho nokumangalela ngeke kube nobani.
Ukukhetha izinto zophahla
Enye yezinto ezibiza kakhulu zokwakhiwa zinguphahleni. Ukushiswa kuyizidingo eziphakeme kakhulu. Ungayikhetha kanjani ophahleni olufanele wonke amapharamitha ekhaya lakho? Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukukhetha phakathi kwezinto ezisindayo nezikhanyayo zophahla. Ngaphansi kwesindayo, sisho ukuthi, izinto ezinjengesihlabathi sesihlabathi kanye ne-ceramic tile, futhi wonke umuntu ungokwalula. Futhi lokhu kukhethwa kufanele ukwenze ngisho nangaphambi kokuqalwa kwedizayini. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisindayo kunomthelela kulungiswa kwalo kokwakheka ophahleni, futhi mhlawumbe ekhaya kusonke (ngokwesibonelo, kuzofanela ukukhulisa amandla okuphamba kwezindonga zezinhlaka zozimele). Usengakulahla uphahla olusindayo olulandele olulula kakhulu, kepha okuphambene nakho akunakwenzeka.Uma uyeka ukukhetha ezintweni ezingasindi, khona-ke usazothola ithuba lokufaka okunye esikhundleni senye. Kuliqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi esikhundleni esinjalo uzokwakhiwa kalula, - I-workethi ngayinye ifaka izici zayo ekwakhiweni kwe-crate nophahla "Pie", ngakho-ke ukufakwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo "ekuhambeni" kungafaka izindleko ezingezekile.
Ngokuvamile, kungcono ngaso sonke isikhathi ukukhetha impahla yophahla ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi unaka lolu lukhetho lapho uklama. Ukukhetha impahla yophahla, kubalulekile ukucabanga ngokucacile ukuthi, ngasiphi isikhathi isakhiwo sakhelwe ngasiphi isikhathi ukuthi kube yinkonzo uqobo futhi ahlukane nophahla, kanye nokucushwa kophahla. Imibandela yokukhetha impahla ethile yile:
- Ukuqokwa kwesakhiwo (noma kwakhiwa, indlu yezwe yasehlobo, i-cottage yokuhlala unomphela, isandiso, njll.);
- ukuvumelana kwezinto zokucushwa kanye nezici ezakhayo, ubunzima obulukhuni;
- izimo zezulu zasendaweni;
- Ukuqina kwezinto ezibonakalayo nokuhambisana kwayo kokuqina kophahla nesakhiwo sonke;
- Izidingo zobuhle kanye nokuthandwa ngumuntu kanjiniyela;
- ukuhambisana nokuqukethwe kumathuba ezomnotho kanjiniyela; Lapha inani lezinto ezibonakalayo lilinganiselwa, ubunzima bokubekwa kwalo, inani lokungcola kokuphahla oluyinkimbinkimbi;
- Umsindo wokufaka insulating kanye nokusindisa ukushisa;
- ubunzima bokunakekelwa (ukulungiswa) nomsebenzi wokulungisa;
- Ukuziphatha kwezinto ezibonakalayo maqondana nesembozo seqhwa: ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iqhwa ophahleni alikhethiwe; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze kungabi ne-avalanche efana nami, ngoba kungadala ukwehla kwama-gutters ama-drain bese kukhipha amapayipi, njll.
Yini ngempela ukukhetha okungakhokhelwa. Azikho izinto ezifanele noma zendawo yonke, kanye nenqubo enqumayo yokukhetha eyabo. Kumuntu oyedwa, yonke into ixazulula intengo, ihambisa okusele ingemuva. Kokunye, into esemqoka ukuthola yonke iphakheji yezimpawu ezinhle zabathengi, futhi intengo inentshisekelo kuyo ngoba. Okwesithathu ukhetha uphahla ngokwesimiso: Uma kuphela njengabakhelwane. Okwesine, kunalokho, sibona lokho kuphela okwakungavumelanise nomakhelwane ngakwesokunene nangomakhelwane ngakwesobunxele.
Uhlu lwethu
Endovma - Ukuwela iziketi kwakha ama-engeli angaphakathi.
Uhlobo - Upper operal onqenqemeni, okuwukuhlangana kwezinduku ezinde.
Uphahla - I-Upper Explosing Design yokwakha, ukuqonda imiphumela yangaphandle, kanye nokwenza abathwali, ukunika amandla, nangezinhlaka ezingavunyelwe (ze-attic )- nemisebenzi ekuvikele.
Uphahla - Into ephezulu yophahla. I-coating (ungqimba olulodwa noma i-multilayer), isakhiwo sokuvimbela kusuka kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamathonya asemkhathini.
I-Stropyl Farm - Idizayini ye-Flat Lattice, isebenza ngokubheja amakamelo amakhulu. Kuwuhlelo olungaguquki kwejometri olungasebenzi kahle endizeni eyodwa futhi uxhumeke emaphethelweni. Izinduku zepulazi ezibekwe ku-contour engenhla zibizwa ngebhande eliphezulu, eceleni kwe-contour engezansi yebhande elingaphansi. Izinduku zangaphakathi ezimile zibizwa ngokuthi ama-racks, ukudalulwa okuthambekele.
Izimbambo - Ukuwela izinduku zophahla ezakha ama-engeli aphumayo.
Emthambekeni emthambekeni Ngokuya ngezinto zophahla zophahla ezisetshenzisiwe, izindlela zokubekwa kwazo kanye nezimo zesimo sezulu sendawo lapho kwakhiwa khona isakhiwo. Ama-short: 1) ngamadigri; 2) I-angle ethambekile yokuthambekela, okungukuthi, isilinganiso sesibhamu sophahla (h) ukuphakamisa ubude bokuqagela kwayo okuvundlile (okuvezwe izingxenyana ezilula noma zedesimali, ophahleni nge-bias encane, ngamaphesenti).
Ukubuyekezwa kwezinto zophahla ezinikezwa yimakethe ebhalwe yijenali yethu kushicilelwa muva nje (esihlokweni esithi "Uphahla, Ukuphapha, Ukuphaphama" I-PIE "). Ngokungaphenduli Ihlanganiswe ngokuya nge-eKobusinessTroy ne-Unicam. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sesivele siveze izinto zophahla zophahla lwendabuko, futhi saphinde sabala izici zazo zobuchwepheshe, ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo.
Yenza ukufundwa kufundwe, kukhiqize inqubomgomo yakho noma inhlanganisela yenqubo, isisindo konke okuphikisana nangokuphikisana nangokuthi kuphela ngemuva kokuya eMklami noma kutholakale izinto zophahla.
Zingaki izinto zophahla okufanele zithole? Ungahlupheki! Thatha iphrojekthi ezandleni bese uya kumthengisi "obaluleke kakhulu", ochwepheshe bazokubala nonke. Awukho umsebenzi? Sizofika endaweni futhi silinganise izinduku zophahla futhi sizokhiqiza ukubala okudingekayo (noma kunjalo, kuzodingeka ukhokhele endaweni endaweni). Ungakuhlukanisa kanjani "okubucayi" komthengisi kusuka "okungathí sina"? Yebo, kulula kakhulu! "Ngokungathi sína" umthengisi unikeza zonke izinsizakalo ezibalwe ngenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvame ukuba nesitoko hhayi okukodwa okuphahlayo, kepha konke, kepha bakhona emakethe. Futhi kuhlongoza isethi ephelele, kusuka ekuhlanganiseni ophahleni ophahleni uqobo (ngokwemvelo, ngezinto ezidingekayo ezidingekayo) zilungele kakhulu kulo, ekuziqhenyaneni nokuzikhandla kuya ku-fluger. Ochwepheshe bakhe akudingeki bazi konke ngezinto zophahla othanda ukungena kuzo, kodwa futhi ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza nayo. Futhi-ke, phatha ngokucophelela ikhasimende, ungakhohlwa ukuyinikeza ngokudingekile futhi ungabeki kakhulu.
| Uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo | I-TILE yemvelo (isilonda se-ceramic kanye nesimende) | Amashidi wensimbi anenzuzo (ithayela lensimbi) | Ithayela elithambile le-butuminous | I-Bitumen ekhanyayo ye-ratumen ("euroshor") |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abakhiqizayo | I-BRAAS, Bramac, Tegal, Coppo, Baltic Tile, Ormax, Beterita, i-Viptate Tegel, TONACH, I-NELPP KERAMIK, RUPP KERAMIK, ROBEN, njll. | URannila, uLindab, Weckman, i-Gaslell Profil, iphrofayili yensimbi, njll. | ICopal, Katepal, Tegola, Pikipoika, Bardoline, Iko, IKO, i-Ilco, i-Ilco, Klewa, eTheknonikol, njll. | Okwezikrini, turewell, Ondura, Aqualin, njll. |
| IMisa: Izinto ezibonakalayo / Ukunaka isisindo se-crate, kg / m2 | (45-50) / (55-70) | 5/10 | Cishe 8 / 20-25 | Cishe 3/10 |
| Umkhiqizo futhi | Kudinga ukufakwa ngokucophelela nangokuqondile kwekhreyithi. Imfucuza ephansi kunoma yiziphi izinhlobo zophahla. Amadiski edayimane. Inyuse umthwalo we-10-15% kuma-rafters. Ngaphansi kwezikhala ezincane, kudingeka imali eyengeziwe angavimba amanzi ukuvikela umswakama ukuvikela umswakama ezindlini eziphansi | Ukubekwa ngokushesha kwamashidi ophahleni olujwayelekile. Amathuba wokukha kabusha ophahleni lwakudala ngaphandle kokukhulisa ukwakheka kwe-rafter. Umsebenzi ushaye umkhumbi ophakeme wamashidi. Imfucumfucu eningi ekuphahleni okuyinkimbinkimbi (kuze kufike ku-60%) | Kusebenza ophahleni kwanoma yikuphi ukuxaka - inani lemfucuza alidluli ama-3-5%. Ukufaka ekushiseni okungaphansi kwe-FE +6 C. Ukulala emvuleni akunakwenzeka. Idinga ikhreyithi eqinile (i-plywoof engenamanzi noma ibhodi elimile). Sidinga ukhaphethi lokufaka. Kudinga ukufakwa ngokucophelela, ngaphandle kwalokho ukuguqulwa kwe- "petals" yomuntu ngamunye kungenzeka. | Ukufakwa okulula. Elula yokwakhiwa kabusha. Amashidi kulula ukuphuza i-hacksaw yesihlahla esijwayelekile |
| I-angle encane yokuthambekela | Okuqophele imali | 12-14 | ishumi nanye | isihlanu |
| Insizakalo nokulungiswa | Empeleni akudingi ukunakekelwa. Ukunyakaza okuthembekile ophahleni. Ukulungiswa kwenziwa kalula ngokubuyisela noma yiziphi izakhi. | Ukunyakaza ophahleni, kudingeka izitebhisi. Idinga isakramente eliphelele lokusikeka kanye nokusikeka komhlangano. Mhlawumbe ukuphelelwa kancane kancane kwe-polymer coating. Amashidi amakhulu asayizi (kuze kube ngu-8m2) ngenxa yokwandiswa kwezinga lokushisa kwenza buthaka izikulufo zokuzibopha okuthe xaxa - i-broach yonyaka iyadingeka. Ukuqongelelwa kukagesi kagesi | Imivimbo ngaphansi kwesenzo selanga sona ngokwayo, ukuhlinzeka ngamaphesenti okugcwala ngokuphelele. Ukunyakaza okuthembekile ophahleni. Ukulungisa okulula. Mhlawumbe emnyama kancane kancane kombala ngenxa yokuncibilika kwebitume kufafaza lwangaphandle | Ungahamba ophahleni kuphela ngezicupho noma ngezitebhisi. Ukulungisa okulula. Mhlawumbe uphela kancane kancane |
| Ukuphepha ngomlilo, ukufakwa komsindo | Impahla engavutha. Ukufakwa okuhle okuzwakalayo | Impahla engavutha. Ukufakwa komsindo okuphansi (ngisho nokuhlanganiswa nokufakelwa) | Izinto zikaphethiloli. Ukuvunwa kuhlinzekwa ngokufafaza kwamaminerali. Ukufakwa okuhle komsindo | Izinto zikaphethiloli. Ukufakwa okuhle komsindo |
| IMfundo yeClendense | I-Thermostat enhle: Ehlobo ngaphansi kwalo okupholile, ubusika bufudumele. Ukwakheka okuncane kokuvuselelwa | Ukwakheka okukhulu kwe-condensate ngaphakathi kwezinto ezibonakalayo (Isiqondisi esingeziwe sokungenisa amanzi siyadingeka) | Ukwakheka okuncane kokuvuselelwa | Ukwakheka okuncane kokuvuselelwa |
| Isithwathwa seqhwa | Ukuqeda ingozi yeqhwa elifana ne-avalanche | Ukubuthwa kweqhwa okufana neqhwa kungenzeka, ngenxa yalokho okubangele ukulimala kwezinhlelo zokudonsa nokulimala kwabantu | Ukuqeda ingozi yeqhwa elifana ne-avalanche | Ubulukhuni bendawo bukwenza kube nzima ukwenziwa kwe-avalanche |
| Ukuqina: isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni / impilo yangempela yenkonzo, iminyaka | 30 / kuya ku-100 | 15 / kuya ku-50 | 10-25 / kuya ku-40 | Kufika ku-15 / kuya ku-20 |
| Intengo Yezinto Ezibonakalayo / Ukufakwa / Uphahla kabusha I-All All (kufaka phakathi izinto ezilungile nohlelo lokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi, $ / M2 | "BRAAS" (5.9-11.9) / AMA-9 / 56-70 Turamic Tile (17-37) / (9-11) / (75-120) | (4.3-12) / Cishe 7 / (18-30) | (7-10) / Cishe i-8 / cishe 30 | (6-7) / cishe 7 / cishe ama-20 |
Abahleli babonga i-Firm "Center Center eqinile," u-Anna "," eKaas DSC-1, "i-unicam", "i-anicam", kanye nobani maSheleEV v. G. Usizo ekulungiseleleni impahla.