Wonke umuntu uyazi nge-cerebroskude. Kepha nabathengisi kwesinye isikhathi azaziwa ngezimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu, izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, izindlela zokubeka kanye nemithetho yokusebenza.
Izinhlobo eziningi zibhala ukuthi zilunge kangakanani izinto ezibheke e-porcelain, amatshe aphakeme nakwemvelo, namathayili we-ceramic. Eziyisishiyagalombili zalezi zitatimende zizwa ukuqiniseka okuqinile ukuthi umthengi ngeke abhekane nobunzima bokuthenga nokukugcina. Kodwa-ke, ukuzijwayeza kukhombisa omunye. Umthengi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi umthengisi akaziwa izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-ceramic granite, izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zawo, ukuqokwa, izindlela zokubeka nokubeka nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ...
-Wall, ingabe unawo ama-ternales akhazimulisiwe?
-Kufunda, lapha kupolishwe! "
(Ingxoxo emakethe)
Ngeke sibuyele embuzweni wemvelaphi yesihloko kanye ne-porcelain wini, ngoba lokhu akubalulekile. Siphawula kuphela ukuthi i-tile yetshe lokufakelwa lazalwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-80 yekhulu leminyaka elidlule e-Italy. Namuhla, lokhu okuqukethwe kukhiqizwa womabili amabhizinisi akhethekile nezinkampani ezikhiqiza amathayili ajwayelekile we-Ceramic. Phakathi kwamafektri "e-Porcelain Bible" kuphela ayaziwa ngeCeasar, Casa Dolce Casa, Cerdonkosta-Parana, i-Cerdonto Italgraniti, i-Granitifiadre, i-Miisis), i-Estima (I-Russia) i-IDR. "Abalingani be-Ceramic" abashiwo ngaphambili ekubuyekezweni okunikezelwe kumathayili abhekene nabo bangemuva kwe-Gres Porcellanato, kanye nochungechunge oluhlanganisiwe, lapho behlanganisa khona ama-ceramics ezindonga nakwisiko. Sibiza amanye ala mafemu: ASCOT, Iris, Lea, Atlas Concorde, I-Marazzi, Marca Corona (Italy), Aparici, Italy, I-Tramiin ), Cerabati (France), Novagres (Portugal) IDR.
Uma unquma ngokuqinile ukubeka i-porcelain terhore phansi, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile (mayelana nazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi), nakumathayili we-Wall-Ceramic (ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kokuhlobisa nezindleko eziphansi), ungahlala wenza ukukhetha kokuhlobisa -Ukuqoqwa kweqoqo oyedwa kusuka kumenzi oyedwa, ngaphandle kokudinwa "ukuqina", okungukuthi, ukusesha okuzimele kwenhlanganisela efanelekile.
Ukuthandwa kwe-Porcellanato ye-Gres Porcellanato (igama lase-Italy lencwadi ye-porcelain) kubathengi kuhlotshaniswa nezakhiwo zalo ezincike ngqo ekwakhiweni, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza okulandelayo. Ngokusho kokwakheka, okuqukethwe yimikhiqizo ehlobene kusuka ku-porcelain, ngokusho kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ongoti bafaka phakathi kwethayela lokudubula okukodwa, nasezindaweni zokugcina nobuhle kuqhathaniswa netshe lemvelo.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yanoma iyiphi i-terhoneware ye-porcelain kufaka izinhlobo eziningana zokukhanya, okuthiwa zimhlophe, ubumba olunothile eKaolonite; isihlabathi se-quartz; I-FeldSpar; ukupenda imibala - ama-oxides wensimbi; selenium; I-Cadmium nezinye izinto. Zonke izinto zinemvelaphi yemvelo futhi, ngokungafani nezakhi zamagabhisi endalo, azisebenzi njengomthombo wemisebe enemisebe. Izakhi zokugaya zicindezelwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu (45mpa, noma i-450atm) ezitembu ezikwazi ukunikeza izindawo zamatshe, i-parquet board nezinye izinto. Amalungiselelo osayizi abahlukahlukene (1515, 20 20, 3030, 3040, 3060, 4060, 4060, 000, 660, 660, 660, 000, 660, njll. Lokhu kuthola ithayela le-porcelain elimnandi, elibonakaliswa ngombala onobunzima kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zalo. Kulula ukuhlukanisa kusuka kuthayela elijwayelekile lobugebengu obukhazimula, eline-deuteristine (umzimba) noma obomvu noma umhlophe ngombala ohlukile wendawo.
Uma umenzi efuna ukudala ukulingiswa okuphelele kwemabula, i-travertine, ngokhuni, i-ceramic tile noma umhlobiso okhanyayo, ngaphandle kokuguqukela kubiza ngokusebenzisa ama-staining, i-tile gland (encane). Ukudonsela phansi noma fafaza kuze kudubule. Umphumela uba izinhlobo ezimbili zendawo: kungaba crust eqinile yengilazi, efana ne-clize yethayela elijwayelekile, noma ungqimba lwe-matte. Okwesigaba sokuqala, i-tile ifana kakhulu ne-ceramic, ngombala wesibili ungene kumthengisi. I-Svidoy i-tile enjalo ayihlukanisi kusuka ku-homogeneous, kepha uhlangothi olubuyela emuva kolunye umbala wakhe.
Ubuchwepheshe obufanayo busetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-satin porcelain. Ngaphambi kokulashwa kokushisa, umkhiqizo oqediwe uhlanganiswa ngamakristalu amaminerali asobala ngephuzu elihlukile lokuncibilika. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvela ukugqama kancane, njengoba kwakunjalo, indawo "ethambile".
I-porcelain eyi-homogeneous noma ekhazimulayo eyayivela esithandweni somlilo, njengomthetho, inendawo ye-matte. Ukuthola ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene, i-tile ebushelelezi ibunjiwe ebukhazikhazini, futhi "abangalingani" (njengetshe) babhalisile ukudala ukuthungwa okuthokozisayo okuhlanganisa izindawo ezicwebezelayo nezithengisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-terhoneware ye-porcelain isungulwa ngemiphetho (imiphetho) ukuthola ubukhulu obunembile futhi isuswe ama-microcol ngemuva kokupholisha. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube nokubeka njengetshe, cishe ngaphandle kwemishini.
Ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-Porcellanato ehlukahlukene ngokuhlanganiswa okuhlukahlukene ngasikhathi sinye: I-Matte, i-Powed, i-Semi-Powed, i-Satin, icwebezelwe. Futhi bahluke kokubili ukubukeka nakwezinye izakhiwo.
Enqubweni yokudubula emzimbeni ocindezelwe, amathayili anezinqubo zokwakhiwa kabusha (ukukhula kwamakristalu kusisindo esinesono). IVitoga iyiminyene kakhulu, empeleni impahla eqinile eqinile enamandla aphansi. Yithi isinqumo esinquma izinzuzo eziphambili ze-porcelain Shoneware: ukumuncwa kwamanzi okuphansi (ngaphansi kuka-0.05%), ukumelana nesithwathwa, ukumelana nemiphumela yamakhemikhali. Umkhiqizo wokugcina ubonakala ngokuqina kosayizi, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuqina, ukuqina kokuqina kanye nokulondolozwa kombala ngaphansi kwesenzo semisebe ye-ultraviolet. Zonke izakhiwo zilinganiselwa kumazinga aphesheya futhi zikhonjiswe kumakhathalogi womkhiqizo nokupakishwa.
I-Sorm Din 51130.
| Okokumboza kwaphansi ezindaweni zomsebenzi ezinezindawo ezishelelayo | ||
| Isixhobo | I-angle evuthayo, | Scope of isicelo |
|---|---|---|
| R 9. | Ngaphansi kuka-10. | Amakamelo okugqoka, izindawo zokudlula kwabantu abangenalutho, njll. |
| R 10. | Kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-19 | Izindlu zangasese, amakhoseji, amakhishi, njll. |
| R 11. | Kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-27 | Ukuhlanza, vula ama-verandas, amathala, njll. |
| R 12. | Kusuka kuma-28 kuye ku-35 | Izitshalo ezicubungula inyama, amakhishi wezimboni, amafektri kashukela, njll. |
| R 13. | Ngaphezulu kwama-35. | Izindawo ezikhethekile zamabhizinisi wezimboni. |
Evamile i-DIN 51097.
| Okokumboza kwaphansi ezindaweni ezimanzi lapho kuhamba khona imilenze yama-bosy | ||
| Iqembu Lokuhlola | I-angle evuthayo, | Scope of isicelo |
|---|---|---|
| A. | Bangaphezu kuka-12. | Amakamelo okugqoka, izindawo zokudlula kwabantu abangenalutho, njll. |
| B. | Bangaphezu kuka-18. | Amakamelo okugeza, uhlangothi lwamachibi, njll. |
| C. | Bangaphezu kuka-24. | Uhlangothi lwamachibi anomthambeka, izitebhisi ezingaphansi kwamanzi, njll. |
Izakhiwo nendawo oya kuyo
Ukumuncwa kwamanzi (En 99) futhi Ukumelana Nesithwathwa (En 202). I-Porcelain Shoneware, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, inomunyu wamanzi aphansi kakhulu (kusuka ku-0.01 kuya ku-0.05%) phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ze-ceramic (kuphela ingilazi kuphela engangeni umswakama ngokomthetho). Ukuqhathanisa: Inani elincane lama-ceramic tile yi-1%, ye-granite 0.46%, yeMarble - 0.11%. Ithayi le-TIL yetshe lokufakelwa lingabekwa noma kuphi: Emgwaqweni, endlini, emagcekeni amanzi futhi usebenzise idivaysi yepallet yokugeza ngaphandle kwesaba noma umphefumulo, ngokulandelana. Kepha akusho ngakho konke ukuthi kufanelekile ukuswela isitsha se-pool noma ophahleni lwe-cottage. Ubuzelani. Ngoba ngenkathi abakhiqizi bengazenzi amaqoqo e-Stoneware amhlophe noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuzovela kubiza kakhulu (kushibhile ukuthenga ingxube ye-mosaic), kanye nethayela lohlobo "Usawoti-pepper" noma ngaphansi kwetshe lemvelo elinemichilo lizobheka ubukhulu bamanzi angcolile. Ngokufanayo, ama-Porcellalato e-gres awakwazi ukufaka amathayili ophahleni olushayekile, kepha ngokubhekana ne-veranda efulethini noma epulatifomu ophahleni. Vele, kuyadingeka ukunikeza umthungo we-exvalval njalo ngo-2-3MM, uhlelo lokugeleza kwamanzi (olunomthambeka omncane 2), okuvuselelwa kwamanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye ne-grout ephelele.Ukufakwa kwamanzi okuphansi kubonakaliswa ekumelaneni nesithwathwa. Njengoba umswakama awungenanga ngaphakathi kokuqukethwe, lapho izinga lokushisa lincipha kumanani angemuhle, amakristalu entengo yeqhwa awaphuli i-tile. Noma iyiphi i-terhoneware ye-porcelain (ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa okujwayelekile) futhi ikwazi ukumelana nemijikelezo engaphezulu kweminyaka engu-50.
Amandla aguqukayo (En 100). Ngokusho kwale nkomba, i-terhoneware ye-porcelain ingamatshe wemvelo aqinile amahlandla ama-3, izikhathi ezi-2 nasezikhathini ze-1,5-Floor-Floor-Floor. Ngokusho kwemininingwane enikezwe kuzinhlu zezakhi zezakhi, inani lenani kusuka ku-35 kuya ku-63N / MM2Y, lingama-50 n / mm2, elidlula kakhulu isethi elivumelekile elivumelekile - 27 N / MM2. Isimo sobuso, umbala kanye nokuthungwa kuthinta kancane amandla wokugoba. Uma umthwalo wezinto ezibonakalayo kulindeleke ukuthi ube mkhulu, zithatha i-tile enkulu (10-12mm) zincane kuhlombe lokugoba ukuba lincane.
Izinkomba zama-Shoneware ze-Portoleware eziphezulu akufanele zibe yisizathu sokubeka amathayili ezindaweni ezilungiselelwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kudingeka kuqondaniswe kahle (ngaphansi kwemiphetho yethayili akufanele kube yize) kanye nesizinda esiqinile ngokwanele, futhi ukwakheka okunamathelayo kufanele kubekwe ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kwamaqoqo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngokucindezela kuthayela, ugibela umphetho wakhe. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka ezitebhisini, lapho izinyathelo ezingalingani ezingalingani zibhekene nazo.
Ngeshwa, amathayili we-ceramic, kufaka phakathi i-porcelain Shoneware, ungazizwa emandleni anomthelela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunezinto ezinhle kakhulu eziqinile nezintekenteke ezidinga izidakamizwa ezidinga ubumnene ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokubekwa. Amabhayisekili ajwayelekile ukuthi i-terhoneware ye-porcelain imelana nokuvutha kwensimbi futhi ngeke ihlupheke. Lokhu akunjalo. Naphezu kwamandla amakhulu kunethayili le-ceramic, elizophenduka lisuka ekushayweni okunjalo libe yi-crumb, itshe lokufakelwa lilimele. Akuvamile ukuhlangana nezinto ezibaluleke kangaka, ngakho-ke ungakhathazeki ngokuphepha kokuhlanganiswa, uma kufakwa kahle (bheka ngezansi).
Ukumelana ne-abrasion kungenzeka ukuthi impahla ebaluleke kunazo zonke yezinto ezibhekene nephansi, kanti ochwepheshe bahlala benaka. Ukulalela ithayela elikhanyisiwe, noma ngabe kuma-ceramics alula noma ama-ternaliareware alula, kukhona ukujwayelekile kwe-European of En 154. Umgomo wokuhlolwa kuleli Zinga i-Abrase roller kusuka ezintweni ezinamabala aphezulu - iCorrundum. Uma, ngemuva kokuvukelwa ngo-150 ngaphezulu kokukhanya kwesibani esikhethekile, akukho lutho olutholwe, i-tile inikezwa isigaba se-Pei, ngemuva kokujika kuka-600, i-PEI III, PEI III. Amanani we-Pei IV afanelwe impahla engalimazi ngaphezu kwemijikelezo engaphezu kwe-1,500. Futhi ekugcineni, ukulinganiselwa okuphezulu yi-Pei Vavi v- Nikeza tile etholele ama-roller angaphezu kwe-12000. Njengoba ubona, umehluko phakathi kwamakilasi we-IV ne-V mkhulu. Abanye abakhiqizi bakhombisa ijubane elinembe kakhudlwana lezinguquko lapho tile yesine-class (3000, 6000 noma i-9000) ibalwa, kodwa kungcono kakhulu kuMthetho. Okwabathengi, indawo yokusetshenziswa kwamathayili akhazimulayo anqunyelwe ngokuya ngeqembu lokumelana nokugqoka:
Iqembu 1 (Pei I) - Ezakhiweni, lapho ukunyakaza okuncane kuthathwa khona, futhi ngisho nalapho-ke ku-slipper (ngokwesibonelo, ezindlini zokugezela, amakamelo okulala).
Iqembu 2 (pei II) - Into efanayo, kepha okungcono. I-Tile ayinakubekwa ekhishini nasemakhishini, ezitebhisini nasemakhaleni.
Iqembu 3 (pei III) - Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kulungele lonke ifulethi, i-cottage, amahhovisi amancane, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinenhlangano enkulu, etholakala kuphela egumbini lokuphumula lamahhotela, ezitebhisini ezakhiweni ezifulethini, njll.
Iqembu 4 (Pei IV) - Kunconywa ukusebenzisa ngaphakathi endlini ngokuqina kokunyakaza kusuka kwesilinganiso kuya phezulu. Lawa acishe abe phansi ezakhiweni zokuhlala, amahhotela, amahhovisi, kubandakanya izitebhisi namahholo, amathala kanye nama-balconies.
Iqembu 5 (Pei V) - I-ISO 10545- I-Tile yaleli klasi ingahle isetshenziswe noma kuphi, ezindaweni ezinamandla okunyakaza, ngisho nezinguquko eziteshini zesitimela. Impahla yeqembu lesihlanu, ayigqoke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-pei iv. Abathengisi abaningi bakhangisa ngamatshe e-porcelain ama-porcelain abucayi, basibala kuPei V. Lesi yingxenye yendoda. Ku-tile ngaphandle kwezikhaziphelo, izivivinyo ezinjalo azenziwa, kepha esikalini sesicelo ezihambelana ngokuphelele nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu.
Gqoka ukumelana Ama-cerambulanits alinganiselwa kumibandela emithathu: Hardeness (EN 101), Ukuvikelwa Kwezingubo Zaphezulu (en 154) nokumelana okujulile (en 102). Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-porcelain anokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu kokugqoka, njengoba abakhiqizi nabathengisi bamemezela.
Lapha, empeleni kukhona inqubo eyodwa, ngaphandle kokuthi "inkimba engaphezulu" (inkomba, ngokungajwayelekile, ubulukhuni abubonisi). Kunezigaba zokuvikeleka kwe-Pei Pover ye-Pei ngokuya nge-154, ekhonjiswa kuphela i-tile ekhazimulayo, nezinkomba zokugqoka okujulile ngo-102 ngamatshe e-porcelain angajabulisi. Lokhu kwenza i-buybotion ekhanda yabathengi (nabathengisi), bakholelwa ukuthi noma iyiphi i-gres porcellanato ingesigaba esiphakeme kakhulu sePei v (ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, okungelona iqiniso.
Chaza ngokuhleleka. Isikhombisi sobulukhuni sendawo ekhombisa ukumelana nokwakhiwa kokuklanywa nokusikeka. Ngokuhlolwa akunandaba, kukhona noma cha. Ngokusho kwe-Norm En 101, isigaba sobulukhuni sabelwe esikalini se-mohs esingu-1 kuye ku-10 (1- talc ... 5- I-APATTZ, i-7- postaz, i-9- CORUNUM, 10- idayimane) ngemuva kokushaya lezo noma ezinye izimbiwa. I-Tile ebhekene kumele ihambisane nesigaba 5 nangaphezulu. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi esitezi esimboza isihlabathi esikhulu siyisihlabathi, esihlanganisa i-quartz. Ngakho-ke, kungcono uma uthayela wephansi uzoba nobulukhuni bangaphezu kuka-7 ngama-mohs. "Itshe" le-matte linobulukhuni lwe-8-9, lukhazimula-5-7, lube puleziwe - 5-6. Ngamazwi, isitatimende esingekho iphalishi esaba ukuklwebheka, akukho emthethweni. Isibonelo, uma ungasuli ukungcola ehholo ephaseji, lapho izitezi zifakwa khona ngalolu hlobo lwethayela, iminonjana ingahlala. Ngeke kwenzeke ukwenqaba bona ngemuva kwalokho. Qaphela ukuthi emafulethini lapho isihlabathi, i-Street "usawoti", njengomthetho, hlala usemakethe yokungena noma ekuthandeni, i-porcelain evulekile ayonakalisiwe.
Ukumelana nemiphumela ebabazekayo kunquma amandla we-koqweqwe linye ukubekezelela ukugqokwa okubucayi kwemijikelezo ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kweziphambeko ezibonakalayo. I-Glazed Porcelain Shoneware ivame ukwabelwa ikilasi kusuka ku-PEI III ku-Pei V. Kaningi ungahlangana nethayela lesine, eliyamukelekayo ngokubeka ezindaweni eziphakeme zethrafikhi. Kepha ungakhohlwa ukuthi igebe phakathi kwethayela lePei IV kanye nePei v Amakilasi abalulekile.
Kumakhathalogi we-terhonaware ye-porcelain engajabuli, inani lokumelana nokugqokwa okujulile kokugqokwa okujulile, okuvezwa ngevolumu yezinto ezibonakalayo, kusulwe ku-tile ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlola. Inkomba ingahluka ngamaqoqo ahlukene kusuka ku-110 kuya ku-140mm3, okuphansi kakhulu kune-Standard evunyelwe evunyelwe ye-102 imikhawulo yamathayili aphansi (250mm3). Iphansi inani lale pharamitha, elingcono.
Izincomo ezijwayelekile zochwepheshe abasebenza naye zincishiswa kokulandelayo:
I-terhonaware ye-matte homogeneous i-terhoberware ingabekwa noma kuphi, inikezwe ukumelana kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu nokuzithoba.
Lapho ukhetha uhlobo olukhazimulayo lwetshe lokufakelwa, kufanele unake isigaba se-Pei. Uma kungaphansi kwe-IV, i-tile akufanele ibekwe emakamelweni anamandla amakhulu (njengehholo lokungena, izitebhisi). Uma i-pei ilingana ne-IV noma i-V, bese kuthi izimo zangaphakathi ezizimele (futhi iningi lomphakathi) akufanele likhathazeke ngokuqina kokuqukethwe, yize singancomi ukuyibeka egalaji noma egumbini lobuchwepheshe, lapho noma ubani akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukwazisa idatha enhle yangaphandle. Kulula ukuthatha i-homelogeneous encane ye-homogeneous yohlobo "usawoti-pepper".
Kunengqondo ukuthi kunqunywe ngokushesha ukuthi ingaba yini, ifakwe umugqa ngamatshe e-porcelain porcelay, ukuthola isihlabathi esingalimaza (kwenye indawo ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu). Amathuluzi okuthola kabusha emakethe awekho! Futhi ngenye indlela sebenzisa nalolu hlobo lokuhlanganisa noma yiziphi izindawo, lapho ngeke zidalulwe khona ku-sand-Natural abrasives.
Umbala nobumsulwa . I-Porcelain Shoneware ngeke ivumelane nezimo ngaphansi kwelanga, ama-acid amaningi amakhemikhali ne-alkali akwesabi. Lokhu kufakazela izivivinyo ezenziwa ngokuya ngamazinga we-DIN 51094 no-En 106 (noma 122), ngokulandelana. Ngokusho kwe-Norm En 122, ngemuva kokuhlolwa, i-tile inikezwa isigaba sokumelana nemidiya enolaka, ngokuya ngesimo somonakalo:
I-Class AA: Akukho ukubukeka okuguqukayo.
Class A: Izinguquko ezincane ngokubukeka.
Class B: Isilinganiso Sokushintsha Ukubukeka.
Class C: Ukulahleka okuyingxenye kohlobo lokuqala.
Class D: Ukulahleka okugcwele kohlobo lokuqala.
Kuya ngohlobo, i-Curamic Granite ingahlobana namakilasi a noma aa. Ngakho-ke yisebenzise ngesibindi emgwaqweni, ekhishini, egalaji noma egumbini lokugcina. Iningi lezimali zasekhaya ngeke limthinte.
Uhlobo oluthile nje lokukhangisa. Omunye ngeke ufunde ezincwadini: Kuhlala kukhona udayi onjalo ongaphanga ukuhlanganiswa, noma ngabe kumelana kangakanani. Ochwepheshe abaningi basicele ukuba silethe imininingwane yakho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukushiya izinsalela zemisipha isikhathi eside ngaphezulu kwe-terhoneware ye-porcelain. Ngemuva kwesonto kunzima kakhulu ukuyihlanza, noma usebenzisa imali ekhethekile enamathiselwe yifektri. Futhi indawo yendwangu eyengeziwe, isimo sibi kakhulu. Kungcono ukuphoqa abasebenzi ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeka umquba we-porcelain wini.
Musa ukuzama amamaki ukuthola ikhwalithi yalokho okuqukethwe, njengoba izinhlelo eziningi ziluleke. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uzophanga uthayela, akwenzekanga lutho. Omunye umthengisi wasitshela udaba oluthinta inhliziyo ngokuthi umthengi, ukuthola iziphambeko ezithile ebusweni be-porcelain ezinezingcezu zemabula ezivaliwe, kubeka nenkinga yezindawo ezinotshwala obujwayelekile, ngemuva kwalokho i-tile ayinakuculwa, futhi Kwakufanele kukhishwe ngaphandle. Ungaphindi isipiliyoni esidabukisayo!
Ukubaluleka . Impahla evame ukungabukelwa phansi lapho kukhethwa phansi phansi. Kukhona inganekwane ngalesi sihloko. Isitsha senziwe ukulungiswa. I-Hostess ihamba ngesibindi senja esisanda kugezwa, khona-ke yenzeka futhi ishiye, iyamemeza: "Konke! Thengisa! Kubuzwa: "Yini inkinga?" "Yebo, ama-Musi ahamba nge-Musi ahambahamba kulo phasi," kulandela impendulo.
Okungokwakho kwe-porcelain okubunjiwe kubhekwa njengokushelelayo kakhulu. Akunconywa ukuthi kubekwe ezindaweni, lapho amanzi angawa phezu kobuso, ngokwesibonelo emphemeni noma ku-shuffle pallet. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amathuba okushona phansi ayanda.
Okwamathayili phansi, kwenziwa izivivinyo ezikhethekile, ngokusho ukuthi isigaba sokupela sinqunywa ezicathulweni (DIN 51130 Ejwayelekile), kanye ne-Private Hill Arepoot (Din 51097). Ngokusho kokuqala okujwayelekile, i-porcelain, njengomthetho, yabela ukukhishwa okuvela ku-lise-R9 kuya ku-High-R12, kepha kuvame ukusetshenziswa okungu-R10-11, okuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo zonke izakhiwo. Ukuqedwa kwezindawo ezingaphandle kwezakhiwo (izinyathelo zompheme, indawo yokudlala phambi komnyango, i-ramp emnyango, njll.) Cishe bonke abakhiqizi bakhiqiza olunye uhlobo lwethayi le-ceramic gramic anti-slip tile ye-12- Ukuhudula kwe-13 ngendawo ebekiwe evinjelwe okuvimbela ukuslayida noma ngabe isimo sezulu esingesihle.
Ngokusho kwe- "Areture" ejwayelekile, i-tile yeqembu a. ilungele izakhiwo ezomile. Kepha ukuze ungasheleli ohlangothini lwechibi noma eshawini, sikucebisa ukuthi uthenge amakilasi e-class b, futhi angcono s .
Amakhalobi
Ngemuva kokudubula, amathayili e-porcelain angahluka ngosayizi. Ngakho-ke, kulinganiselwe, okungukuthi, ukubeka amaqembu asayizi, ukusakazeka ngaphakathi okungabi ngaphezu kwe-1mm. Ukuhlabelela ifektri ethile kukhona uhlelo lwe-calibers, oluhluke kwabanye. Isibonelo, ama-zero caliber - 299.5-300.5mm- acishe ahambelana nosayizi omenyezelwe we-300300mm, okokuqala- 300.5-301.5- selihlukile ku-301.5-302.5- Iyokwehluka kakhulu. Njengomthetho, ama-calibers aseduze angahlanganiswa, umehluko phakathi kwezinto uzobe ungafinyeleleki.
Ukulungiswa kwehlisa ukubekezelelana, okungukuthi, kwandisa ukunemba kwe-caliber. I-Delta incipha kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-0.5mm. Kwenza lula ukubekwa kwethayela lamafomethi ahlukile. Kulula futhi ukuhlanganisa u-Matte nochungechunge lwe-Porcelal Shoneware ePorcelal olunama-seams amancane, olumane lwenzeke ezintweni ezingachazwanga. Ukucutshungulwa kwemigwaqo kungakhethwa nge-3 yezinto ezi-1M2.
Intengo Yobuhle
Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu futhi mhlawumbe ezihlukile kakhulu i-porcelain wini le-porcelay (ngenye indlela ekhuluma, iklwebe ngokuphelele "ku-mass", tutta Massa, njengoba amaNtaliyane athi). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abakhiqizi ekuqaleni babegxile ekufuneni kwamabhizinisi ezimboni, izikhungo zezindiza, iziteshi zezitimela, amahhovisi, izitolo ezinkulu, lapho kwatholakala khona izitolo ezinkulu ezivinjelwe ngempilo ende yenkonzo. Kuze kube manje, kunamaqoqo we-terhoneware ye-porcelain elula kunazo zonke "umbala we-SALT-Pepper", ogama lakhe liqanjwe ngokufana kwalo kwangaphandle ngaleli ngxube yengxube endimeni. Ikhiqiza abakhiqizi abaningi abavela e-Italian CasalGranda- Padana eya eRussia Estima. Ngezinhlobonhlobo ze- "usawoti we-pepper" zithathwe ngemithunzi ehlukene, kusuka ku-light green kuya emnyama. Izindleko ze-Matte Tile zisuka ku-12 (Calabria, 3030cm, zisuka eCersan, ePoland) ziye ku-26 (i-coral granit, 3030cm, kusuka kuMirage)."Okuthuthukile" kubhekwa njenge-porcelain ye-monotonic, okubizwa ngokuthi "monocolor" (tinte unvete-.). Kubiza cishe isikhathi esisodwa nesigamu ngaphezu kwe- "usawoti-pepper", kusetshenziswa amadayi abizayo angenakukhanya emkhiqizweni wawo, futhi kunzima ubuchwepheshe ukuthola ithoni ehlanzekile. Kepha ukwakheka okufanayo kufanelekile ukuqeda indawo enkulu ephakeme, njengegumbi lokuphumula eliphansi endlini ekotishini, lapho ungahlanganisa khona amathayili abunjiwe nge-matte. Ngemuva kwalokho uzobukeka ewina. I-Tile eluhlaza eshibhile, ebizayo ebizayo. Isibonelo, uchungechunge lwe-aquamarina, 3030cm, ukusuka e-Italgraniti kubiza 23, futhi blu- 27 nge-1m2.
Isikhala esiphezulu sokuqaliswa kokuqedwa okungajwayelekile kunoma yiliphi igumbi linikeza i-porcelain wini ngokulingisa kwephethini ye-Natural Stone. Lolu luhlobo olubiza kakhulu lweHomogeneous Porcellalanato, ngoba lusetshenziswa amadayi amaningana kanye nenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxuba okuvumela ukuthi uthole isehlukaniso esijabulisayo "ngokuhlukaniswa kombala" okungaphindwayo ". Ithoni elijwayelekile kufanele ihlale isitebelelo, ngaphandle kwalokho phansi kuzobukeka njengomhlane wegceke. Amafektri aveza kabusha ukufana cishe kwanoma yiliphi itshe lemvelo - kusuka emamabula nasemagrengeni kuya ku-jasper eyigugu. Futhi ukufana okwengeziwe, ukukhuphuka kwethayi kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi intengo isondela kokuqala (ngokwemvelo) - kusuka ku-35 nge-1M2. Ngakho-ke, ngokumangazayo ngokumangazayo uGranite uMattie Tile Graniti MultiColor Red kusuka Marmi e Graniti usayizi 3060cm izindleko ezingama-56 nge-1M2 ukuthengisa.
Ukulingisa kokuthungwa (ukwakheka) kwanoma yimuphi umkhawulo wemvelo, noma ngabe yitshe, isihlahla noma isikhumba, senza ama-grani ahlukahlukene ahlukahluka ekubukeni kobuhle ngezinto ezibonakalayo ngezinto ezibonakalayo. UReserin Saicis, ePeronda, eMarazzi, amaVives namanye amafektri anamaqoqo, aphindaphindekeke ngokubonakala kwebhodi lemishini evela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile zokhuni. Ukwakheka kwezinkuni kudluliswa ngokunembile, amafindo - konke, kuze kufike ekuhambeni kwesihlahla se-bugs. "I-Parquet" kusuka e-Porcelain Shoneware ayidingi ukunakekelwa futhi, ngokungafani nemvelo, ngeke ikukhonze hhayi eminyakeni eyishumi ekhishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzokufudumeza, uma ufaka kuqala izitezi ezifudumele kagesi.
Ukubhekana "Nendle", itshe elihlanganisiwe elinamanzi amakhulu lichazwe ama-aesthetics aseMedithera, asuselwa emasikweni kadokotela aneminyaka emikhulu. Noma ingaphakathi efulethini, ungaphinde uphinde uphinde uphinde umkhathi wegceke lamaRoma, uma sibeka phansi ngokubona izitofu zama-porbatic amahle kakhulu, okufana ne-sandstone noma i-trathertine. Amaqoqo e-Coorse Stone ane-Improonta, Chesar, Casa Dolce Casa namanye amafektri. Ngeqiniso noma njengokuhlobisa inkampani Saicis, i-Atlas Concorde, njll. Zilethwa ku-homelogeneous of moral yemvelo yemabula ne-smali, igobolondo elincane. Qaphela ukuthi izinto ezishumekiwe zamandla nokuphikiswa kokugqoka ziphansi futhi zingakhethwa ngaphansi kwethonya elishaqisayo noma ukugqokwa. Ngakho-ke, akufanele ubeke i-tile enjalo, ngokwesibonelo, ehholo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-tercelain tercelain yefektri ingcoliswe ngokushesha kunokwejwayelekile.
I-spectrum ye-porcelain terhoneware ehlelekile ayikhawulwanga ekukopisheni itshe noma ngokhuni. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezindawo eziphansi - kusuka ku-notch ye-ban anti-slip onti-slip (kufaka phakathi eziteshini) kuya kubunjwa ngendlela yenkanyezi noma iqabunga le-maple kanye nezingoma eziphelele.
I-Glazed Gres Porcellanato ingaba nombala kanye nokuthungwa. Ukucabanga kwabaculi akupheli umkhawulo. Ngisho umdwebo ngesimo somhlobiso wemifino noma wejometri usetshenziswa ebusweni. Ingxenye yemakethe yemakethe ye-porcelain tensile iqhudelana nama-ceramics wendabuko ngenxa yokutholwa kwamanzi okuphansi kanye nokuphikiswa okuphezulu kwesithwathwa. Intengo ephansi kakhulu (15-35 nge-1M2) kanye nedizayini ethokozisayo yenza itshe lokufakelwa libe ngumphikisi onzima.
Njengoba sesikhulumile, ngokuqeda umphumela we-homogeneineous and glazed wini Shoneware Polish. Umphumela uba i-tile ithola umbala ocebile ngokwengeziwe, iguqula iphethini, okusanhlamvu kuba nzima futhi kugqame, kwezinye izimo isehlukaniso kuvela, ezazingabonakali kunguqulo ye-matte. I-coatiant coatiant coatiable ibukeka kahle futhi ibiza izikhathi eziyi-1.5-2 ngaphezu kwe-matte. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibopho ezikhanyayo zokumelana nengaphakathi lonke ngesitayela esisodwa. Ama-tile ashubile futhi anama-satin awamuhle kangako, kepha abe ne-charm ethile, ehlukanisa umuntu ohlakaniphile onobuhlakani obuvela ku-aristocrat enhle. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubukhazikhazi be- "Mirror" buhambisana nokuncipha kokumelana nokufakwa okuncane kokutholwa kwamanzi, ngoba ukukhishwa okuhlale kususa ungqimba oluhlala isikhathi eside futhi obukhulu futhi luphazamisa ubuqotho be-micropores. Ngakho-ke, njengetshe lemvelo elibunjiwe, i-porcelaich terhore ngokushesha imbozwe ngokwakheka okukhethekile, ngaphezu kwalokho ukuvikela ubuso kusuka ekungcoleni nasekuhlanjweni. Ukuhlangana kosuku ntambama kuzodinga ukunakekelwa, ukuhlanza ngezindlela ezikhethekile, ikakhulukazi okokuqala ngqa ngemuva kokulala.
I-Tile ebekiwe ingahlanganiswa ne-matte, uma ukhetha kahle osayizi. Umehluko ungaba ngaphansi kwe-1mm. Ubukhulu bukhonjiswa kwizikhombisi, noma ngqo kwiphakheji. Indlela elula yokuhlanganisa i-matte tile enokulungiswa okulungisiwe, njengoba i-caliber yabo izohambisana. Ubukhulu be-terhoneware ye-porcelain ebunjiwe buncane kancane, kepha kulula ukulungisa ngokungeza ukwakheka okuncane okunamathela.
Izinto zokuhlobisa . Ukusatshalaliswa kwamathayela angemuva Abakhiqizi abaningi bakhiqiza izinto ezihlobisa nezisebenzayo. Zonke izimboni zinezinyathelo, izingxenye ze-angular nezona zangaphambili zezitebhisi, iziqongo zetafula, njll.
Amabhizinisi we-Universal echitha zonke izinhlobo zokuhlelwa kwama-cerafics, engeza imingcele ehlukahlukene, i-tile yokudweba, ukufakwa komhlobiso kwamaqoqo okwenziwe ngomoya wakudala. Ukuqondiswa kokusikwa kwe-laser okutholwe kukhula ngokushesha, lapho kudalwa khona imihlobiso, esetshenziswe ngaphambili etsheni. Izinto ezidumile ze-mosaic, ama-rose, amaphaneli aqhamuka e-wini le-porcelain. Ngokuningiliziwe, sabhala ngakho konke lokhu ngo-July Magazine walo magazini ngo-2003. Izindleko zokuhlobisa ziphakeme kakhulu kunethayela langemuva. Isibonelo, iphaneli yaphansi ye-800800mm kusuka kuMirage izobiza ama-400-600, nomngcele ongu-1 wenkampani efanayo - ngo-160-200.
Ukulele
Lapho kusetshenziswa i-porcelain tile, kuhlanganiswa ama-glue. Inikeza i-clutch enhle ngesisekelo. Ochwepheshe abancomi ubuchwepheshe bendabuko ngodaka kasimende nge-porcelain Shoneware, ngoba ine-rowelity ephansi futhi kuleli cala ngeke nje inamathele.
Isisekelo. Ukulungiselela isisekelo sokubeka amathayili usebenzisa ukuxutshwa okunama-adhesive - hhayi ukusebenza okulula. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuqina, njengompheme ontekenteke. Yebo, kungathathwa ngqo ku-slab ukunqwabelana, kepha hhayi ngaphambi kwezinyanga eziyi-6 ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwendlu, okuzodingeka ukuze kufakwe i-shrinkage yemvelo.
Ukuze ulinganise isisekelo, kufanele udale isikebhe noma isibopho ngophahla lukakhokho. Isisekelo esintantayo kufanele sibe nobukhulu okungenani ngo-5-10 cm, ngokuya ngomthwalo. Uma ngaphezu kwalokho ubekwe ekushiseni noma ekufakweni komsindo, okuphakanyiswa kalula, i-screed izodinga ukuqiniswa. Futhi lapha, kufanele, kufanele kuqhubeke okungenani izinsuku ezingama-28 (ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinhle) kuze kube sezingeni elibizwa ngokuthi ukuvuthwa kwesixazululo, ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe i-terhonareware ye-porcelain.
I-Screed Bonded enesisekelo ithululelwa phezu kobuso, ilungiselelwe ilungiswe ngezindlela ezikhethekile zokwandisa ukunamathela, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nodonga. I-tile nayo ingabekwa kuphela ngemuva kwesikhathi se-shrinkage ngesilinganiso seviki elilodwa ngesentimitha elilodwa lokukhuluphala kwesikrini. Isikhathi sokulinda singancishiswa ngokuyisisekelo uma ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo ezinzima ezinzima ezinzima. Kepha lo mbuzo uyimfihlo futhi udinga izisebenzi ezifanelekile.
Ukufakwa. Lezi nezinye izindawo ezinokunyakaza okujulile zingcono ukusetshenziswa kwezingxube eziqinile ezibophayo, njenge-glue enamakhambi amabili ngesisekelo sosimende ngokufakwa kwe-latex kanye ne-epoxy resins. Emakhishini, egumbini lokugezela, eshaweni, emgwaqweni nakwezinye izindawo lapho uketshezi olushisayo luwela phezu kobuso noma umehluko wokushisa obukhali ungafakwa ngaphandle, izinhlobo zezinhlu eziningi eziphakeme kakhulu kufanele zisetshenzisiwe. Okufanayo lapho ubeka ama-slabs ekhonkolo aqinisiwe, ngokuya ngokudlidliza kanye nama-shrinkages. Ungqimba lwe-glue kumele lwenziwe okungenani i-3-5mm futhi usebenzele esisekelweni nakwithayela njengomfaniswano.
Imivimbo. I-Porcelain Shoneware ehlanganiswe ngegebe le-0-12mm ukuze inxephezele ukukhubazeka kwezinga lokushisa. Amathayili alungisiwe angenziwa ngomugqa omncane (cishe u-1 mm), kodwa kuphela egumbini lokushisa elijikelezayo. Ama-seams agcwele ama-grouts asuselwa kumasimende noma e-epoxy ahlanganisiwe kanye nezingoma ezisekelwe ezi-polyurane. Izinketho zokuqala nezesibili zilungele ukuthola phansi izitezi ezihlanzekile ikakhulukazi, okwesithathu - zeZindawo ezinamandla amakhulu omgwaqo. Ama-grouts anamuhla ngesisekelo sosimende, ngokungafani ne-polyurethane, ungapheli amandla. U-Adalsha, njengoba uTiler athi, uma konke kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, ku-tile ongayigibela ethangini!
Ze
Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi i-terhoneware ye-porcelain iyinto enhle, enobungane, imelana nanoma yimuphi umphumela, ukuthi, ukuzisola. Izinto ezintsha ezivela kumbukiso we-Cersaie'2003 zizovela maduze, zizokubulala.
Ibhodi lokuhlela libonga ngosizo lokulungiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zenkampani "Jiel", "iseva", "i-Mirage", "IBTM", "i-Granitographe".