Izinganekwane nama-stereotypes adukisa abathengi amathayili e-ceramic. Izindlela zekhwalithi, abakhiqizi, i-backstage, design nentengo.
Sizokhuluma ngomlando wakamuva wezinto ezindala ezingcolile, amathayili we-ceramic. Sizotshela ngabakhiqizi, izindlela zekhwalithi, ukuqinisa, ukwakheka kanye nentengo. Nginxusa izinganekwane eziningana noma, uma uthanda, ama-stereotypes anganikezeli ukuphumula kumakhasimende nabathengisi
Inganekwane yemakethe
Imakethe ye-reassamic tile yaqala ukuguquguquka ngokungaguquki ngo-1996-1997. Ngemuva kwalokho abathengi bangahlukanisa amathayili njengendawo yasekhaya, yase-Italian, iSpanishi noma iCzech, ngaphandle kokuthola imininingwane yokwakheka, ikhwalithi kanye namanani. Abathengisi bakwanele ukuletha imikhiqizo ekuphaphekeni okucocekile nge-ID eyenziwe ngesitembu sase-Italy, futhi impumelelo yokuthengisa yanikezwa. Namuhla, enye into: Umthengi uza nekhono futhi esonga.Ngokusho kwezibalo zamasiko ka-2002 kanye nezibalo zombuso zihlangana, isabelo sezitshalo ezifuywayo eMakethe ye-Russian ebhekene ne-Tile Market - 66%, i-14%, kanye nokwahlukana okusele kwama-20% ukusuka phesheya. Beka owokugcina ngokuhleleka: 29.2% wokungenisa ngaphakathi uvela eSpain, 25,4% kusuka e-Italy, 13.7% ePoland. I-China, eSlovakia, ama-Turkey abiza ama-5% futhi, ekugcineni, eLithuania, eJalimane kanye nesiCzech, ngaphansi kuka-2%. Amazwe anjengeFrance, i-Great Britain, i-Iran, njll.
I-Italy, Isishayamthetho semfashini samathayili edlule, ifakwe imishini engu-95% yabo bonke abenzi bomkhiqizo walo mkhiqizo. Indwangu engaphezu kuka-350 kanye nenqwaba yezindawo zokusebenzela ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke kule ndawo ebizwa ngokuthi iModena. Minyaka yonke ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, bancintisana embukisweni wamazwe omhlaba omkhulu wase-Italy eBologna. Izinto ezintsha ziwela ezintweni zokubala zaseRussia kanye nezitolo ngoFebhuwari-Ephreli ngonyaka olandelayo. Njengasensimini yezingubo eziqediwe, ngeke ukhumbule iJacket ethengiwe ekuthengisweni, kepha ungakhohlwa izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ekhuthaziwe, i-Pierer Loop, ne-The Umthengi, kanye ne-The Umthengi, kanye ne-Holy Humor Izintandokazi: I-Cooperativa Ceramica di iola, Marazzi, Atlas Concerye, Iris, Umpronta, I-Ariana, Marinea, Magia, Marca Corona, Coudir, njll, Campani, njll.
ISpain - Umhlaba emhlabeni ngokuya ngomkhiqizi wevolumu we-tile - waqala ukulandela iminyaka engama-50-60 edlule futhi uyibambe ngempumelelo kubuchwepheshe base-Italian nemishini. Konke kufana kakhulu: indwangu engama-350 etholakala endaweni yakwaCastellon iletha izimpumelelo zayo e-Spanish International Exhination Cevisama, ibanjelwe eValencia ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari nasekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari. Ukulahleka kwamathayili abhekene nakho kunikeza amafektri ambalwa ayishumi nambili. Phakathi kwazo, i-aparici, ama-vivis, i-metropol, i-diago, tau, iVenus, ePeronda, navarti, njll.
Umkhiqizi wasekhaya wazizwa kahle kusukela ngokuzenzakalelayo okwakuzenzakalelayo kwango-1998, lapho eya ekwehlukanisweni kwabangenisi. Kepha eminyakeni emibili edlule, kulandela ushintsho emdlwaneni wabathengi, kwadingeka ngenze umkhiqizo, ukusungula amathuluzi ase-Italiya, sebenzisa amadayi ase-Italy, i-Snap, igridi futhi adonsela ubuchwepheshe base-Italian. Isibonelo, sinikeza i- "Sokol" (K esidelovsk, esifundeni saseMoscow), "velor" (Brand "Kerama", isifunda se-Oryol), isitshalo se-ceramic ceramic), isitshalo se-ceramic se-ceramic (i-Couramics "(isifunda saseMoscow). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imigqa emithathu yase-Italy yethulwe ku-OJSC "Stroyfarfor" (G. Shechta, Rostov Region) kusuka ngo-2001. Sekusungulwe imigqa emithathu yase-Italy. Muva nje i-LLC "BASHKERAMA" (i-equanka ye-Oktyabrskaya Ceramic Tile Plant) kanye ne-OJSC "Nezrit-Ceramics" (Nabase of Teled Production No. Isitshalo se-Leningrad of Ceramic) ephetha izinkontileka zokuhlinzeka ngemigqa ebhekene nama-tile abhekene nawo. "Gcina, Comrades !!!" Kodwa-ke, akudingekile ukuthi ubukele phansi abangeleli abangeniswayo abafinyelele kumthamo wokuhlinzekwa okwesikhashana ngo-2002.
Umqhudelani ophambili kwi-niche yemikhiqizo yamabhizinisi aseRussia abuyekeziwe avela eMpumalanga Yurophu, ePoland naseCzech Republic. Izigxobo eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule zidlule ngempumelelo esigabeni sokwakhiwa kwesimanjemanje futhi manje thengisa ngentshiseko amathayili emakethe yethu ezindaweni ezithengiswayo ngaphansi kwe-Central European ($ 10-15 yamathayili angemuva we-1m2). Ama-US adume amafektri amahlanu wasePoland: Opoczno neTubedzin, elandelwa yi-Cerama-Konsie, Paylidz kanye nePolcolorit.
Izithiyo eziphambili ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi eRussia eRussia (i-Villeroyboch, e-Hoba Steel, i-Steleroyboch, njll.) Futhi ama-English Tiles (cishe angama- $ 35 we-1M2) kanye nama-stereotypes abahlinzeki nabathengi. I-French Tile ebusweni befektri ye-cerabati, eyingxenye ye-gruppo marazzi (sennaya inzuzo ngonyaka ka-2002, i-760mlnere), yaqala ukuthengiswa kwayo eRussia kuphela ngo-202-25 nge-1m2. Naphezu kwekhwalithi enhle, umklamo omuhle, ukuthandwa okuhehayo kwamathayili aseTurkey eJalimane, ngenxa yesimo sokucwasa abathengi baseRussia ezimpahleni zaseTurkey, lo mkhiqizo awukaze usabalele kithi. Empumalanga yeRussia, iTile yaseChina ivele kudala, manje ingena kancane kancane entshonalanga. Lo mkhiqizo ubonakala ngekhwalithi ephezulu (yezobuchwepheshe), intengo ephansi (ngisho nezindleko eziphezulu zokuhamba ibiza cishe ama- $ 10 nge-1M2 "yasemuva" kanye nemiklamo ehlukahlukene eqoqweni. Akukatholakali engxenyeni ye-veserine yayo, kepha kukhona ukuthambekela kokukhulisa ukudiliva ngenxa yemfashini yawo wonke ama-Eastern.
Tale ngekhwalithi
Okokuqala, ama-ceramic abhekene nezindonga zangaphakathi angeke aqhathaniswe nethayela eliphansi kanye ne-porcelain ethe xaxa. Ngokusho kwe-European Eniso ne-Gost 27180-2001 amazinga "I-Ceramic Tile. Izindlela zokuhlola", ziqokonyiswa ekilasini elikhethekile, ngaphezu kwalokho, muva nje, muva nje, iRussia Gost yaqondaniswa namazinga aseYurophu. Ngokwezidingo ze-Gost kanye ne-ceramic ebhekene nethayili ezindongeni, ukuhlolwa kokunemba kwamapharamitha ejometri, ukumuncwa kwamanzi nokuqina kwe-glaze ukuklwebhula, kepha akuhloli ukugqokwa kanye nokuphikiswa kwangaphandle kanye nomgwaqo " ).
Izidingo en ISO kwizici zobuchwepheshe zama-ceramic abhekene namathayili
| Ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe | Cen ejwayelekile ne-gost | Ukuphambuka okuvumelekile |
|---|---|---|
| Ubude nobubanzi | En98. | Ubukhulu0.8% |
| Ukujiya | En 98. | Ubukhulu 8% |
| Ukuqonda Ngokuqondile | En 98. | Ubukhulu 0.8% |
| Indawo | En 98. | Ubukhulu 0.6%(Gost ayichazi) |
| Ukumuncwa kwamanzi | En 99. | Ngaphansi kuka-16% (ngaphansi kuka-APRORE% we-carbonate mass kanye ne-polymineral Clay) |
| Amandla aguqukayo | En 100. | Ngaphezulu 15mpa |
| Ukumelana ne-abrasion | En 101. | Ama-6balls amaningi esikalini se-MOOS |
Ihlola ikhwalithi yama-ceramic tile abhekene nezenzelwa ngesisekelo senqwaba yamapharamitha. Ukuphambuka ngobude nobubanzi abungeqi ku-0.5% kuhambelana ne-tile ephezulu yeklasi. Ameva asho ukuphambuka kwama-engeli kusuka ku-Direct Nore ukwedlula u-0.3%. Ubukhulu obuqondile banesibopho sokunemba kwama-masonry, ukuqonda kanye nobunye bokulingana kokuqina kwama-seams we-intercutric. Ifulethi lomhlaba elimbozwe ngamathayili lingenxa yekhwalithi yento ngayinye. Imikhiqizo enokubumbana okungasho lutho kwengxenye ye-Median noma imiphetho yakha indiza ecwebezelayo. Ngaphezu kwezinkomba eziqondile, ukuqina kwayo kwe-physico-Chemical kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi yethayela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuqukethwe kungahle kuchithwe, okubonisa ikhwalithi yayo ephansi. Elinye i-ceramics yempahla engafuneki yikhono lokuthola amanzi. I-tile evame kakhulu isetshenziswa emakamelweni amamanzi, futhi lowo odonswe ngenkani umswakama, angashintsha ubukhulu bawo aqondile, abhubhise izinto ezibophayo, bese uwa ngaphandle. Izinga lidinga ukuthi ukukhuphuka kobukhulu besampula yokuhlola ngesikhathi sokugcwaliswa komswakama akudlulanga i-0.1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-tile ihlolwe ukuvezwa okushisayo kanye nokumelana noketshezi olunolaka, njenge-hydrochloric acid, ama-alkali e-aldwali, amakhemikhali asendlini.
Isendlalelo se-glaze ethafeni lihlolwe ukuthi ukumelana nokuqhekeka kwezinduku kusuka kumaminerali, ubulukhuni obuziwayo. Ikhwalithi inqunywa ngokuya ngesilinganiso se-MOOS (kufaka phakathi amakhono ayi-10-Ottilka eDayimane). Izidingo eziphansi zokuqina komhlaba kwethayili elikhanyisiwe - i-mohs6, ehambelana ne-fieldspap.
Okwesibili, inganekwane ebangeni lesibili nelesithathu ithwalwa kithi kusuka phesheya, ukuncishwa ngokuphelele izizathu. Imikhiqizo inqunywa yinqubo enhle nesebenzayo. Ngokusho kwezinhloso zobuhle, ngokuya nge-EN98 standard, ingaphezulu lethayili kufanele libukeke liqinile. Kubanga lokuqala, ukuba khona kwama-5% amathayili anezinkinga ezisephathini zivunyelwe. Ngokwenqubo esebenzayo, ukunemba kokuzamazama, ukumelana nokuvezwa kwamakhemikhali, i-abrasion, njll., - Amapharamitha achazwe kwiZinga kuleli tuli kufanele abe ngaphakathi kwethebula elingezansi. Ibanga lesibili livumela ukuphambuka okuncane kwamapharamitha asebenzayo wethayela kusuka kumanani avumelekile engxenyeni yesine ye-batch. Ngaphansi kwebanga lesithathu, baqonda yonke i-tile, engangeni ebangeni lokuqala nelesibili.
Umenzi ngamunye ngokwawo uqobo unquma izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yazo. Abahlinzeki abakhulu ababhekene nomqondo wobungako, ngoba ngohlu lwamanani entengo akhombisa imikhiqizo yebanga lokuqala kuphela. Ngokungeziwe kulo mkhiqizo, ibanga lesibili liphuma, njengomthetho, akukho ngaphezu kwe-10%. Akunakwenzeka ukubikezela izinhlobo zamaqembu ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngoba umshado ungahleliwe. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo azikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba khona okuqhubekayo kwethayela lesesibili, elingasoze lahlelela umphakeli ongathi sína. Ibanga lesibili lisokwakhiwa kwezinto ezinkulu, izinhlaka zikahulumeni, iziteshi zezitimela lapho usonkontileka ethatha khona ukubhekana nezinkinga ezihambisana nobukhulu bokuhlakazeka. Kwesinye isikhathi amabhethri amancane amancane wesibili asawa ngamafemu amancane athengiswa ngamavolumu amancane. Kodwa-ke, intengo yokuthengisa yesitshalo ethafeni lebanga lesibili ayisikhulu kangako uma kuqhathaniswa nobunzima obungenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwalo mkhiqizo. I-Vitoga Inani lokuthengisa lemikhiqizo yebanga lesibili liphansi kunezindleko zenani lokuqala ngo-5-10%. Ukumaka, ukupakisha kanye nokuvela kwethayela lezinhlobonhlobo zesibili kuhluke kumapharamitha afanayo wethayela lokuqala, futhi uchwepheshe uyohlala enquma izinhlobo. Kodwa-ke, ingabe kukhona uchwepheshe ofanayo phakathi kwabangane bakho, ozoncica umthengisi ngokungafanele futhi abuyise ubulungiswa? ..
Okwesithathu, eYurophu sekuyisikhathi eside kuxazululwe inkinga yekhwalithi ye-tile kanjalo. Ukuthola izinsiza zezezimali, vele uthenge umugqa wase-Italy kanye nokudla, ukuqasha ubuchwepheshe. Inkinga yekhwalithi iyaxazululwa kancane kancane, njengoba imishini ibhekene nemishini yokuqala yegagasi ethengiwe ku-GDR (le yimikhakha enezingcindezi nemigqa ekhazimulayo). Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ithatha indawo entsha (yize kungenzeka, futhi ayikho okusha - kukhona imakethe yesibili) imishini yase-Italy. Amaphoyinti asemqoka ekukhiqizweni kwamathayili phambi komugqa wanamuhla ahambisana nezobuchwepheshe kuzo zonke izigaba kanye nohlelo lokulawula ikhwalithi. Ngakho-ke, ekukhiqizweni kwesitshalo se-ceramic, esisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe base-Italy nakulapho uhlelo lokulawula luqinisekiswe ngokuya ngamazinga wamazwe aphesheya i-ISO9001 noma i-ISO9002, awukwazi ukungabaza. Kepha konke lokhu kuyabiza, kanti yize kungekho nto eyodwa eRussia, yize kukhona amanye amaqembu e-technology avela e-Italy namuhla (nge-Primemmer, sibiza ifektri "ama-ceramics"). Masithembe ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ongoti "baseRussia" abadlulisela i-internship eqinile phesheya.
I-Tale of Design
Amapharamitha wezobuchwepheshe wethayili ayalinganiswa futhi anqume ingxenye yezindleko zawo kuphela. Isigamu sesibili yikhwalithi yokwakheka - ipharamitha iyabonakala. Kodwa-ke, nguyena owakha impumelelo yokuthengisa iqoqo (uchungechunge), ngoba ngenxa yalokho, i-tile ikhethwe ngokususelwa kumilutha ngazinye. Lo mkhiqizo uthengiwe futhi uthenge lo mkhiqizo ngamaqoqo (uchungechunge), olunquma ingaphakathi lekamelo elihlanganisiwe (i-Neo-Free Sanfeayans). Ukulangazelela iqoqo ngalinye kufaka phakathi ithayela langemuva elimboza ama-80% ezindonga zezindonga, nezinto zokuhlobisa. Ngaphakathi, zonke izinhlobo zobuciko obuhle zihlanganisiwe: Ihluzo, ukupenda, isithombe esibaziweyo, ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe.
Kunamaqoqo wakudala futhi anamuhla amathayili e-ceramic ezindonga zasendlini.
Zakudala zomlando. Ukuqoqwa kwakudala kwakhiwa bonke abakhiqizi ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kuvame ukuthi amathani amabili angemuva amathayili angemuva ane-streaks (ukulingiswa kwetshe elithile). Qaphela ukuthi ithoni emnyama, njengomthetho, itholakala ngaphansi kodonga, ukukhanya okwengeziwe ngaphezulu. Futhi, ukufakwa okuhlotshisiwe ngesimo samathayili ngephethini, ukuhlukanisa umngcele nomhlobiso kanye nemichilo ehlukahlukene emincane, ama-friezes, ama-plinths. Idizayini isuselwa kwizici zikazwelonke zomkhiqizi wobuciko.
Emaqoqweni lase-Italy ngesimo esisodwa noma elinye kukhona i-antiquity theme (imiphumela ye-rustic, indawo yemabula, umhlobiso wezimbali ngobuningi be-curb). Imibala yemibala nombala omuhle. Ama-whibitalia eRussia abusa i-beige, brownish, ekhanyayo ithatha, ithoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-classic isenkingeni yalabo bonke abakhiqizi base-Italy. Ukukhetha okubanzi kakhulu kunikezwa ngu-Ariana, Marazzi, Tagina, Marca Corona, eRIS, i-Gardia Orshidea uma uthola amaqoqo ngeTagina Handmade Décor, noma kumcabangi, uma ukhetha ithayela Kusuka ochungechungeni lweFilosofi kusuka ku-Garden Orshidea. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuzodinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okubucayi - kusuka ku- $ 1,000 kuya ku- $ 5,000 ukuze kufakwe usayizi wendlu yokugezela 20M2. Ukuhunyushwa okungaphansi kokucophelela kuhlongozwa eqoqweni le-Domus kusuka e-Ariana ($ 22 ngemuva le-1m2 ""). Lapha i-tile ayilingisanga itshe lemvelo, futhi izindleko zalo zikuvumela ukuthi ugcine imali kumapayipi. Ngokuvamile, ukukhetha kwamaqoqo wakudala kubanzi kakhulu (kwavela konke nokubukeka). Okufanayo, i-Italian yase-Italy yase-Italy iyimpahla esebenza kakhulu, ngakho-ke yenza konke kungavilapha kakhulu, kufaka phakathi eSpain, ePoland naseRussia.
AmaSpaniard anamathayili acwebezelayo asebenzisa amadayi akhanyayo, igolide, i-metallization. Umngcele wemikhawulo, ukugcwala kwamathayela angemuva amaqoqo ama-mayanavas avela e-Aparici ($ 24), i-jazz ne-ENEA avela e-Diago ($ 20), amakoloni kusuka kuma-vives ($ 20), asuse ngesikhathi sokunqoba kwamakoloni. Umhlobiso wangezikhathi zakudala uphethwe ku-Tau Factory Paloma Series, futhi ama-motifs aseMedithera azofundwa ekuqoqweni kweToscana evela ePeronda. Ezwini, emugqeni wokuhlobisa i-tile, ungakwazi ukulandelela lonke ukuvela kobuciko beSpain Classical.
Kuchungechunge lwe-Menthon Hollins oluvela kuJohnson (United Kingdom) lunikele ngesitayela seVictorian. IBrithani ngeke ligcinwe kumapende agcwele kanye nokwakhiwa okuhle. Kukhona emakethe yethu nakumathayili anomhlobiso wasendulo waseRussia. Isibonelo, ngokususelwa ku-Russian temple Architecture wadala iqoqo "indandatho yegolide" yomkhiqizo "Karama". Nawa amaphethini ezindonga zemibala yamakhulu eminyaka ama-XVI-XVII ahlotshiswe.
Esikhathini esingokomlando esingokomlando esibiza ngaphezu kwe- $ 15 yama-tile angemuva we-1m2 abusa ukulingiswa kokwenziwa kwezinto zemvelo, ikakhulukazi itshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafektri amaningi "athuthukile" ahlinzeka ngama-shcherbat tile ngamabomu anemiphetho engalingani kanye ne-chamfer eyenziwe ukuze kuthi lapho umthungo ehlikihla umthungo ungalingani kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, uhlangothi olubi luhle ngekhwalithi, umphumela wenziwa kuphela ngenxa yengxenye ebonakalayo. Lokhu kwemvelo okungaphansi kwenkathi yasendulo ekuncomeni komkhiqizi kuqiniswa ngama-seams aminyene (kuze kube yi-100cm) kanye nokungalingani. Yikuphi okungaphezulu kwe-inhomogeneous, curvilinear nethayili, ukusondela kuseduze (itshe), kubiza kakhulu. Okufanayo ngamaqoqo, eduze ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuPhimba uMnumzane ngomdwebo wayo omuhle wezindawo zokuhlala (njengasemarmidi kusuka e-Impronta, eSpain). Kubiza i-1M2 yalokho okushiwoyo mayelana nama- $ 35.
Amaqoqo anamuhla. Ukubukeka kwabo kutholwe ngokuphelele kumcabango womklami, futhi akukho mkhawulo we-fantasy. Izinhlobonhlobo zemihlobiso ziqhathaniswa, ngaphandle kwenombolo yemidwebo egalari ye-Tretakov noma i-hermitage. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe besimanje bukuvumela ukuthi uthole izithombe zekhwalithi yezithombe.
I-NeocLassic yakhiwe kwizinono ezifanayo ezinama-classics angokomlando: i-tile efanayo yangemuva, imingcele efanayo. Kepha izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zibonakaliswa kakhulu, njengoba ukupenda kokuqala kwe-Xxvek kusuka ku-frescoes yasendulo. Umhlobiso wezimbali uguqulwa abe yimifanekiso emihle yemibala (i-mirado evela ku-cerabati, eFrance ($ 22); I-Moram Couramics "($ 10)," Eldorado "esuka ku-" Carama "($ 10), konke - Russia). Umhlobiso we-Stingy Medieval uphenduka amaphethini wejometri, kunalokho afana nama-sinusoids, ama-histograms (matisse avela ku-tau- $ 20), amaxande anemibala (i-riflingli sul mare kusuka ku-fap- $ 35 nge-1m2 ngayinye). Lapho kusetshenziswa i-tile enjalo, kuzosetshenziswa ngokuphelele amasu amahle aphezulu, kuvame ukwenziwa ngezinto eziwubumbanayo. Kungalingisa i-ripple ekhanyayo emanzini (Graghic kusuka ku-Atlas Concorde- $ 29), ukuqina (Habana kusuka ku-Aparici- $ 21) noma bushelelezi ekuthinteni kwesihlahla (iKora kusuka kuTubedZin- $ 15 ) noma "Pupadzin" (Sity-Kubik kusuka Peronda- $ 22).
Isitayela se-High Tech sibonisa indlela minimalist kanye ne-postmodern indlela ye-tile design, evezwa ngamathoni angemuva amsulwa kanye ne-abstract, laconic, imvamisa i-monochrome ohlobisayo. Izimbali "zeNordic" ezinesizotha kanye notshani okhala ku-Tile Lilly German Design kusuka kuSteler. Emaqoqweni amaningi, kuvela umngcele oqonde mpo, unamandla okutholakele ekuphakameni kwaleli gumbi (ngokwesibonelo, eqoqweni le-griffe Pergamo kusuka eSant'Agistino- $ 35 nge-1M2 ngayinye). I-Metallization isetshenziswa kabanzi. Kaningi kunange-neoclassic, kunamathiselwe ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene komhlaba. Qaphela ukuthi uma kungekho imihlobiso yombala ekhanyayo, ukuthungwa kanye nevolumu kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu (i-Bravo kusuka kuma-vives- $ 22, Cuir Tabaco kusuka eDiago- $ 22).
Ukusetshenziswa kwamathayili e-multi-format monophonic (i-marocco kusuka eBardelli) kusiza ukukhulisa isithombe. Ngenhloso efanayo, ungasebenzisa le-tile ebizwa nge-archita (design) yezakhiwo. Le yithayela elingemuva elula yemibala nosayizi ahlukahlukene (1010, 1515, 2020cm). Ivumela umklami wangaphakathi ukuthi abeke noma iyiphi imihlobiso eyandisiwe.
Isitayela sobuzwe sithola amandla embukisweni ngamunye omusha. Isihloko sase-Afrika sibukeka ngendlela entsha kumongo we-super-sanamuhla weqoqo le-Iris Transparenze. Izici zokuhlobisa zochungechunge lwe-katanga zisuka eSteler ($ 22) zenziwa ngokususelwa kumaski we-totem nemihlobiso yendabuko yezizwe zase-Afrika. Amajamo alula wejometri kanye nemibala ecacile yombala inika umuzwa we-rhythm namandla angavikelekile ezilwane zasendle.
Igama le-Savanna Collection (Cerabati) lizisho ngokwalo. Njengokungathi imihlambi yezindlulamithi emincane, phakathi kwethayela lokuhlobisa, ancike ekunciphiseni futhi ashiye umdwebo obonile obonile kwezikhumba. I-AVOT ngaphansi kophawu lwendawo yonke "Yin-Yan" Kwakukhona ukungqubuzana nokuchazwa kwezizwe zaseJapan kanye nase-Afrika (i-Yin-yang uchungechunge oluvela eMarazzi).
Amathrendi nemikhiqizo emisha. Namuhla, amafomethi amakhulu aya ngokuya ethandwa: 3040, 3060cm. Umthengi ubonakala sengathi uyazama ukukhohlwa ukuthi eminyakeni engu-15 ukuya kwengama-20 eyedlule, yonke tile yayinobukhulu be-1010 no-1515 cm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso zilwela isilinganiso sobude ububanzi 3: 1.
Ngo-2001, embukisweni wase-Italiya uCersarie, amanye amafektri amemezela amaqoqo e-pseudo-carcier. Kwakuyithayi le-ceramic le-2020cm elinamamodeli we-pseudo-amamodeli ezigcawu ngohlangothi lwe-1 noma 2 cm. Ukuthuthukisa ukulingiswa kweMosaic, into ngayinye yenziwa ngandlela thile kwabanye ngombala. Ngo-Okthoba 2002, cishe wonke amafemu aqala ukukhiqiza ama-pseudomomosis njengemuva noma umhlobiso. Kuchazwa kalula: Namuhla uMose uthandwa kakhulu, okuthi, empeleni, ongakwazanga ukusebenzisa abakhiqizi bama-tile yendabuko. Ngokungeziwe kumathayili angemuva aphansi, kukhona nezakhiwo zamakholomu mpo ku-substrate eguquguqukayo ukuze kubhekwe izindawo ezicijile. Ukubhoboza izakhiwo ezigcwele (okubizwa ngokuthi yi-gamut ye-comut ebekwe yi-tatuic yangempela) Sine-star light kusuka ku-tagina- $ 22 (Italy), njll. Abanye abakhiqizi banikela ngomhlobiso kaMose (ngokwesibonelo, iqoqo le-renovana kusuka ku-FAP).
Ngo-2002, ochungechungeni lweSoleado olusuka e-Impona (Italy), Pheely kusuka e-Ariana (Spain), i-Ceramica Bardelli (Italy) namanye amafektri amaningi ane-tile, ekhazinyulisiwe kahle. Izithombe ezithathwa njengezithombe zemibala ngisho nokuzalwa kwemidwebo zisetshenziswa ngendlela yayo yokuhlola isikrini. Ake sithi impumelelo izothuthukiswa futhi ngonyaka ka-2003 kumaqoqo abo bonke abakhiqizi izovela izithombe zabantu noma ukukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi yobuciko ku-tile.
Inyanga nje nengxenye edlule, ngoJanuwari 2003, kwavezwa amaqoqo amabili embukisweni eMunich, ehlanganisa izinkomba ezimbili zokuthuthukiswa kwe-Tile Design. Inkomba yokuqala isivele ifakwe kumaqoqo athile, lawa ama-slots noma ukusikeka okukhiqizwa ngokusika kwe-hydrophic. Isibonelo se-embodiment yale ndlela kungaba yi-metropol fektri tile (Spain), lapho kukhona ukuvuleka ku-tile yangemuva, lapho ungafaka khona izinto ezahlukahlukene zokuhlobisa. Izimpiko nokugeleza okuvela emvilophini we-steel kuyinto ukusikeka okungahlukaniswanga kwe-wavy ezungeze imiphetho yethayela langemuva. Ukuhoxisa onqenqemeni, ungakha i-Sinusoidal Seam, ehluke kakhulu kugridi yendabuko yendabuko. Inkomba yesibili isetshenziswa emngceleni okhanyayo okhanyayo, iphindaphinda i-contour of slots kuthayela. I-backlight yenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-LEDs ashumeke ngokukhululwa kwezinto ezisobala. Amamitha amane axhumeke ngokungaguquki kwezakhi zomngcele ezixhumene ne-adaptha eyodwa yenethiwekhi.
Idizayini yezezimboni yaseRussia iseseyinsimini yayo. Uma iqoqo lokungenisa elijwayelekile lifaka ukukhetha kwemibala emibala emi-4-5, abakhiqizi basekhaya bakhulu kakhulu. Umsebenzi ophambili we "PliteProm" wasekhaya namuhla ukuthuthukiswa komklamo onekhono okuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule amanani, futhi ngemuva kwalokhu, finyelela inzuzo yokukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthuka okwengeziwe embonini. Ukukhishwa kungatholakala ekuzameni ukukhulisa abaklami bakho, njengoba benza ku "chokol", noma ukuheha ochwepheshe base-Italian, njengoba befaka i- "velor teramics" (bramic "karama"). I-ITO kanti enye isivele iletha izithelo zayo, ukuze umthengi akufanele alinde amashumi eminyaka.
Tale of Price
Okokuqala, ukwethulwa kwabathengi ukuthi izindleko zokufukula zizotholwa ngenxa yokuphindaphinda okulula kwentengo ye-tile yangemuva ezindongeni zezindonga, akulungile. AKAK Izindleko ezifanayo zokuhlobisa, ngaphandle kwayo indlu yakho yokugezela ebukeka njengendlu yangasese yomphakathi? Ukusekela umhlobiso Intengo yemitha yesikwele izonyuka okungenani ngama-30% esimweni sokusetshenziswa kwamathayili aseRussia, futhi kabili njengoba kungeniswa. Lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi i-tile yokuhlobisa ezimweni eziningi ibiza izikhathi eziyi-10 ngaphezulu kwesizinda lapho kubalwa i-1m2. Isibonelo, into ehlobisa ukukhiqizwa kweRussia ngosayizi wentengo engu-620cm yama- $ 1.2 lapho kubalwa i-1m2. Ito ngentengo ye- "Background" $ 8. Ngamaqoqo angaphandle, ungakha uchungechunge olunjalo lobudlelwano bezintengo eziphakathi nendawo "Background" (1M2) / Bordur (1pc.): $ 11/3 3.5; $ 15/5; $ 20/8; $ 35/13. Kuyiqiniso, indawo enkulu yokuhlobisa, yehlisa inani layo endaweni ngayinye nangaphezulu kwentengo yalo.Uthi ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwentengo yezakhi ngazinye kanye nezindleko zokugcina zokulethwa akuyona. Ake sinikeze isibonelo: 2M2 MAHHALA TILES 2020cm abiza ama- $ 20 nge-1m2 ehlukaniswe yi-curb yamathayili amahlanu ngosayizi 520cm, ngentengo engu- $ 8. Ngemuva kokwenza izibalo ezilula, sithola ukwanda okuphindwe kabili kwezindleko zokulethwa zizonke.
Qaphela ukuthi izindleko eziphakeme eziphakeme zilele kumaqoqo zakudala nama-neoclassical (amasethi wemingcele, ukufakwa kokuhlobisa).
Okwesibili, kunombono oqhubekayo wokuthi iqoqo elihle kakhulu le-classical elikhiqizwa ebhizinisini elincane lihlala libiza kakhulu kunamaqoqo amaningi. Kwesinye isikhathi akunjalo. Abakhiqizi bamanye amazwe abakhulu ikakhulukazi benza "isizinda", futhi zonke izinto zokuhlobisa ziyalelwa kubahlinzeki ngokubambisana, ngakho-ke intengo yalezi zinto ikhuphuka ngokushesha. Ama-aschen kanye namafektri amancane agcina intengo yomhlobiso ephezulu ukukhulisa inzuzo. Ngakho-ke, akunakuba khona ukuqhathanisa okulula. Ukuze uthuthukise ukukhetha, cabanga ngesilinganiso ngokuvamile. Isibonelo, ngesendlalelo "esiphansi" ngemuva "eMarazzi Factory Declor kungabiza kakhulu kunokuhlobisa okwenziwe ngezandla eTagina.
Isakhiwo samanani wamanani wama-cellamic angenisiwe
| Ingxenye ngesakhiwo sentengo | Yabelana,% |
|---|---|
| Intengo Yenkontileka Yesifundo | 100 |
| Umsebenzi Wezifiso | ishumi nanhlanu |
| Inani elingeziwe lentela (kuya kwisamba 100 + 15 = 115%) | amashumi amabili |
| Inqubekela phambili | 10-15 |
| Inani lentengo, kuthathwa izindleko zokuhamba kanye nezinkokhelo zamasiko | 148-153 |
| Ukumaka okuthe xaxa | 25-35 |
| Intengo ephelele | 175-188. |
| Ukukhokhiswa Kwentengiso | 10-25 |
| Imali ethengiswa ngayo | Ngo-185-213 |
Tale mayelana ne-Material
Abathengisi abaningi, bedumisa imikhiqizo yabo, basho ubumba olumhlophe, ukudubula kabili, ukulinganisa lezi zinto kwikhwalithi yemikhiqizo enikelwe. Ake sizame ukucacisa lokho abakubi.I-Tile yenziwa kusuka ku-Red Mass kanye ne-White Mass ikakhulukazi ngokucindezela. Isisindo sesisindo sifaka ubumba olubomvu noma olumhlophe, ngokulandelana, isihlabathi se-quartz kanye ne-aluminicates ye-calcium kanye ne-magnesium (ama-carbonates) kanye / noma amakhabhonati. Ngegama lezinqwaba liyacaca ukuthi umehluko omkhulu kufanele ube ngombala wamathayili omzimba we-cempic. Phambili, kuvela okubomvu-brownish, ku-beige-emhlophe yesibili noma ekhanyayo. Ipharamitha eyinhloko yesakhiwo se-Ceramic Utility iyi-porolity, okuvela kusengaphambili amandla okusebenza namanzi amuncu. Lapho likhuphuka kakhulu, likhule kakhulu ukufakwa kwamanzi namandla amancane. Izinga lezinto zethayela lingaqhathaniswa nokuhlola ukumuncwa kwamanzi.
Amathayili okudubula avela emazingeni okushisa angama-900-1250c imizuzu engama-40-70. Kusuka ekushiseni nasekushisweni kokugazingi kuncike ekuzuzeni kwe-tile scrap, hhayi kusuka kusisindo sokuqala noma inani lokugazinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisindo sesona ngasikhathi sinye nge-icing (njengokudubula okukodwa) noma ngokwehlukana (njengasekuqaleni) - akunandaba. Le yindaba yokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlukile ukufeza umphumela owodwa. Intengo kuphela ekhula: Ukuthosa okuningi kungugesi omningi - ngaphezu kwethayela.
Ngakho-ke, amathayili wokulwa kwangaphakathi kwezindonga ezisuselwa kubuncane obubomvu noma obumhlophe akhiqizwa esebenzisa ukudumba okukodwa noma okubili, ngaphandle kokuthi kufakwe umbala kanye namanani, futhi kufakiwe eqenjini elifanayo le-biii ekubekezeleni . Kodwa-ke, ubumba olumhlophe (kaolin) lupulasitiki ngokwengeziwe futhi luvumela ukuthola ukunemba okukhulu kosayizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo, lapho usebenzisa ama-glazes asobala noma amathayili angekho emthethweni, umbala wesisekelo ubalulekile. I-KAOLINA IDADIDITS itholakala eFrance, iBrithani enkulu naseJalimane, ngakho-ke kulapho ubumba obumhlophe luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amathayili obukhali.
Okwesithathu, inkolelo enomqondo omuhle kangangokuba iTile yaseSpain ishibhile yase-Italian kungenxa yokuthi iningi lamathayili eSpain anikelwe emakethe yaseRussia yimikhiqizo ye-Mid-Level ne-Classical Design. Ekukhiqizweni kwayo, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlobisa obungadingi izindleko ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswayo. Kodwa-ke, uma uqhathanisa ukwakheka kanye nezinga lezimpahla, zizoba nenani elilinganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuya ngeKomidi Lamasiko, njalo ngonyaka igebe phakathi kwamanani entengo yesilinganiso lincishisiwe. Ngokwemiphumela ka-2002, kungu-3.5%, ngakho-ke akufanele kukhulume ngomehluko omkhulu wentengo.
Okwesine, ezimakethe zokwakha, i-tile ayihlali ishibhile kunasesitolo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela ngemikhiqizo yasekhaya engathengwa okuncane futhi ngqo. Njengomthetho, abathengisi abancane bathatha amathayili angenisiwe kusuka kubahlinzeki abakhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke akukwazi ukushaya intengo ezitolo zabasabalalisi uqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emakethe, kaningi ungahlangabezana nesimo lapho ungakwazi ukukhetha amathayili ngaphezu kokulahleka noma okuphukile.
Masibe nethemba lokuthi le ndaba yethu emfushane izokusiza uzulazule ngokushesha emakethe ye-ceramic tile futhi ungangeni emakhabethe, ubekwe ngekhono emendweni womthengi.
Uhlu lwabakhiqizi baseRussia abaholayo be-Ceramic Tile
| Igama lefektri | Indawo | Ukukhiqizwa okuhlobene,% |
|---|---|---|
| I-CJSC "VELOR" | Isifunda se-Oryol | 17.7 |
| I-OJSC Volgograd Curamic Plant | Isifunda seVolgograd | isishiyagalolunye |
| I-CJSC PKF "Voronezh Curamic Plant" | Isifunda saseVoronezh | 7.6 |
| I-OJSC OSCCO Electromometallical Combine | Esifundeni saseBelgorod | 6.6. |
| Doao "isitshalo se-ceramic ceramic" | Isifunda saseMoscow | 6.8. |
| I-OJSC "INephrit-Ceramics" | Isifunda saseLeningrad | 6,1 |
| I-OJSC "IMITHETHO YEMIBHALO YAMAKHAYA" | Isifunda saseSverdlovsk | 6,1 |
| I-Aoot "Falcon" | Isifunda saseMoscow | I-5,7 |
| I-OJSC "Stroyfarfor" | Indawo yeRostov | 6.9 |
| Llc "Kuchinsky Ceramico-tile isitshalo" | Isifunda saseMoscow | 4.8. |
| CJSC "Thintana" | Isifunda saseLeningrad | 4,2 |
| I-CJSC "Quartz" | Isifunda saseLeningrad | I-2.6 |
| CJSC PSKOVKOOUPOR | Indawo ye-PSKOV | 2,1 |
| I-CJSC "CHEBOKSKARKAYA CERAMICS" | Chuvash Republic | 1,2 |
| CJSC Glebichevsky isitshalo se-ceramic | Isifunda saseLeningrad | 1.5 |
| I-LLC "Production Main" | Isifunda saseMoscow | 1,6 |
| I-OJSC yokukhiqizwa kwezinto zokwakha "Nestsovo" | Isifunda seSmolensk | 1.5 |
| I-CJSC PIASTRLA | Isifunda saseSverdlovsk | 1,7 |
| I-OJSC "Isitshalo seBunkovsky semikhiqizo ye-Ceramic" | Isifunda saseMoscow | 2,3. |
| I-CJSC "ANGARSK Ceramic Plant" | Isifunda sase-Irkutsk | 0.9 |
| Osoo "taz-ceramics" | Isifunda saseSamara | 0.9 |
| U-Okthoba Tramic Tile kanye ne-Porcelain Factory | Republic of Bashkortostan | I-0,6 |
| I-OJSC TTERTERKLO | Isifunda se-Tver | 0.8. |
| I-CJSC "I-TomSK Plant of Ceramic Izinto Zezinto Zokusebenza Nemikhiqizo" | I-TomSk Oblast | 0,3. |
| I-CJSC "Kirov Stroyfarfor" | Isifunda saseKaluga | 0.4. |
| I-Lipetsk Factory | Isifunda saseLipetsk. | 0 |
| I-LLC op "Krasnoyarsktroymaterial" | Isifunda saseKrasnoyarsk | 0.1. |
| LLC "Makhalinskoe" | Indawo ye-penza | 0.1. |
| I-OJSC "BeZ" | Isifunda saseMoscow | 0.1. |
| -Nke | 100 |
Ngiyabonga ngosizo lwakho lapho kulungiswa okuqukethwe yinkampani "Indoda Endala Hottabych", "Lira Ceramics", "Priegeer Keramik", "Chintorg", "I-TD" GIEL "," iseva " . Lapho kulungiswa izinto ezibonakalayo, idatha yokuhlaziya yesikhungo socwaningo lwezigaba nokuxhumeka kweMakethe Yendlela "I-ITCOR".