Sebenza kulo msebenzi: Izidingo zenhlangano nezomnotho zomhlangano wosizo lwezakhiwo, ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe nezincomo zokuhlola iphrojekthi. Izibonelo ezivela empilweni.
Sisebenza kuphrojekthi
Ngakho-ke, ufuna ukwenza ifulethi lakho lihle futhi likhuluphele, futhi uma unenhlanhla njengobuciko bokwakha umhlaba. Inkinga yokuqala enkulu kule ndlela ukukhetha komakhi. U-Kei uthathe isinqumo sokuthatha okufanayo njengokukhethwa kwengxenye yawo yesibili, ngoba ingaphakathi elenziwe yimizamo ehlangene oyophila, mhlawumbe iminyaka eminingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzofanela ukuxhumana ngokwanele ukuxhumana noMkhiqizi, okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi konyaka (ukuqondiswa komlobi wephrojekthi). Ukunquma izimo zemisebenzi ehlanganyelwe ezinokuhlangana kungukuthembana nokuvumelana okungokomzwelo. Uma uthanda umsebenzi womakhi wezakhiwo, kepha ngokungazethembi awumethembi, kungcono ukusesha omunye. Akekho umuntu ovikelwe amaphutha ekukhetheni, ngakho-ke sincoma ukwenza uhlobo lwenkontileka yomshado ezokonga imali nesikhathi uma ungahambi kahle.
Ngaphezu kwemidwebo emihle yombala, iphrojekthi yokuklama okugcwele kufanele ifakwe imidwebo yezobuchwepheshe edingekayo kanye nezinhlelo.
| Uhlelo lokugezela (ukubuka okuphezulu): | Ukubuka kwegumbi lokuhlala: | |
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Ukuze ungatshali emiphefumulweni elimele yabadali abalimele ekwakhiweni kokungabaza ekuthembekeni kwakho nasekuthembeni ngabo ngemigomo enzima yenkontileka, unkosikazi, umyeni, umyeni, umamezala -Law, Bank), okukhiphe imalimboleko yokulungiswa futhi ugcizelele ohlangothini olusemthethweni lwecala. Ekupheleni kweziphetho, imibhangqwana eminingi empucuko yezwe ingena kwinkontileka yomshado futhi ayiboni muntu ocasukile. Kuyadingeka kuphela ukukhumbula ukuthi ngisho nezimo eziqinile kakhulu futhi ezinobuqili zenkontileka azakwakhiwa nguMkhiqizi Womcwaningi wokwenza ubuciko obuhle. Ngakho-ke, bheka okokuqala kwawo wonke amathalente.
Enye yezindlela ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu zokukhetha izincomo zabantu abasondele kuwe, osuvele waklama lo msunguli. Okokuqala, ungahle uphumule futhi ungakaze ubheke zonke izinzuzo nokubi komphumela wangempela womsebenzi wokwakha umdwebi, okuwubumbano olwenziwe ngezifo ezijwayelekile ze-10-20. Okwesibili, cela abangane noma abangane ngayo yonke imiqondo yokusebenza naye.
Uma ungenalo ithuba elinjalo, kulandela ukusebenza kokukhethwa kwethenda, umphumela wazo ozoba yiphrojekthi ye-sketch (i-Forprokt). Iphuzu lokubukwa, inani elifanele lababambe iqhaza kuthenda. Ngama- "abafakizicelo" ababili kunzima ukukhomba okuthandayo, futhi nenani lababambiqhaza, ukuhlaziywa okungaphezulu kokuthathu kwamaphrojekthi kuba nesidina kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, onolwazi futhi, ngokufanele, ukuba nombuthano ozinzile wamakhasimende, ama-Architect angasese noma amafemu angenakuvuma ukuhlanganyela ukuhlanganyela kulo mncintiswano mahhala. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-forecroekt manje kubiza kusuka ku- $ 500 nangaphezulu, ngakho-ke, ukufeza ithenda yokwakha kusuka kubahlanganyeli abathathu abaqeqeshiwe uzodinga okungenani ama- $ 1500. Njengomphumela womncintiswano kufanele uthole imiqondo emithathu yezakhiwo efulethini lakho, kufaka phakathi:
- imidwebo yokulinganisa;
- Isakhiwo esijwayelekile;
- Amapulani wephansi, uphahla, ukujuluka kwezindonga ezibonisa izinhlobo zezinto zokuqeda;
- Ukubekwa okuyinhloko kwemishini yamapayipi, amakhishi, ama-radiator okushisa;
- Amacebo wokuphefumula kanye nomoya womoya.
Uma ikhasimende lingakulungeli ukuchitha inani elithile kwithenda futhi likholelwa ekutheni libe nentukuthelo yakhe engenakuphikiswa, khona-ke ngokuvakashela ama-5-7 workronust workshop kanye nokufunda imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo (hhayi ephepheni, kodwa nasezintweni zangempela), Uzokwazi ukuxazulula umbuzo wokuzikhethela. Ukusuka ekutholeni okunjalo, ungahambi kulabo abafuna ukuhlela umncintiswano, umphumela nje wokuhlaziywa kuzoba ukukhetha kwabafakizicelo abaningana.
Ungakhipha u-dequist ngokushicilela isimemezelo sethenda kwelinye lamaphephabhuku aholayo. Ngemuva kwalokho ochwepheshe bazokuthola ngokwakho, inqobo nje uma isimemezelo asisincane kakhulu (siqala ngekhasi elingu-1/8) futhi kuzokhonjiswa ukuthi umgqugquzeli womncintiswano ikhasimende langasese. Iningi labaklami lilinganiswa ngokuhlangenwe nakho okubabayo kumathenda ezinkampani ezinkulu nasemathendeni kahulumeni, okuthi, njengomthetho, angumlingiswa osemthethweni, ophumelele adume ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Izindleko zokukhangisa izikhangiso zefomethi edingekayo ku "Glolorty" Omagazini ziqhathaniswa nezindleko zomncintiswano. Kepha ukonga kulolu daba akunakukuhlekala, ngoba izikhangiso ezincane noma izikhangiso kumaphephandaba okukhangisa kungenzeka ukuthi zidluliselwe phansi. Ngakho-ke, uma kungenzeki ukunikeza isimemezelo esigcwele, kungcono ukutadisha abaklami abashicilelwe kumamagazini afanayo futhi bavakashele ama-workshop workshop uqobo.
Lapho ukhetha abahlanganyeli bethenda, ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe esimweni esiningi senhlangano nezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe.
A. Izidingo zenhlangano nezomnotho zomhlangano wezakhiwo
Ifisa into yakho kufanele impela umakhi osebenza kuyo oyithandayo lapho ubukwa. Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi lo mklami usuvele uyeke noma umatasa kwenye iphrojekthi, futhi ukuphathwa kwenkampani kunikeza omunye umsebenzi wakhe ongakaze awubone.
Thola ukwakheka kwephrojekthi yokugcina nenani layo lenkampani ngayinye ukuze uyiqhathanise phakathi kwazo. Kubalulekile ukuthi ingxenye yobunjiniyela ingena lapho, noma lokhu kuyiphrojekthi yokwakha kuphela; yiziphi izigaba ezitholakala engxenyeni yobunjiniyela; Ngabe inkampani yenza ukuxhumana kabusha kokuvuselelwa kabusha ngezimvume. I-Sape 2002. Isimo sentengo esilandelayo sisungule emakethe yezinsizakalo zephrojekthi yokwakhiwa kabusha kwamafulethi (ngaphakathi kufaka phakathi ukukhethwa kwefenisha + "Ubunjiniyela" ngabakwaFeferic, ama-Plumbing, Ukufakwa Kwemvula, umoya omncane):
- Abakhi bezakhiwo ezizimele (izimoto ezingenalayisense, ngoba ziyabiza kakhulu ngabo) - $ 20-30 nge-1m2;
- Amafemu wezakhiwo (amalayisense omsebenzi wokuqamba) - $ 40-100 nge-1M2;
- Ama-Architects adumile "adumile (ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwamalayisense, ngoba awakubheki njengokudingekile ukubavulela, ukuba nerekhodi elihlaba umxhwele) - kusuka ku- $ 100 nge-1m2.
Kwinkontileka enomdwebi wezakhiwo, kuyadingeka ukufaka umshwana wombhali wombhali. Kunezizathu okungenani ezimbili zokuthi kungani ukubhekwa kombhali kudingekile. Umsunguli wokuqala woMnyango Wezokubhekelwa ngumbhali ongaziwa ukuthi ikhasimende lizolunga kuphrojekthi amaphutha avunyelwe. Umakhi wesibili uzokwenqaba ngenkuthalo iphrojekthi kubakhi, futhi imizamo yokwenza lula kuzokwenziwa okwenziwe kwakamuva ukuze kube lula ukuzungeza ikusasa labo. Izindleko zokuqashwa kombhali ziqala ngo- $ 150 ngenyanga lapho zivakashela umakhi wezakhiwo 1 imbewu ngesonto.
Uma inkampani yenza kuphela ingxenye yezakhiwo, kumele ikhunjulwe ukuthi "izingcezu" zomuntu ngamunye wephrojekthi wefulethi eliphakathi ku-100m2 zizobiza:
- Ugesi- $ 300-700;
- Amanethiwekhi aphansi akhona- $ 100-200;
- Amapayipi (ukuhambisa amanzi + ukuhambisa indle) - $ 100-300;
- Ukushisa kwama-loggias, ama-balconies- $ 100-300;
- Umoya omncane kanye nomoya womoya- $ 200-400.
Ukuvunywa kwe-MVK (Ikhomishini Yezikhathi Zasesifundani Yakho) yokwakhiwa kabusha okungathi sína (ngokwesibonelo, ukuvuleka ezindongeni ezithwala, ngaphezulu, njll.), Ochwepheshe kule nkampani kuzokwenza isamba esivela ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kwezintathu (ngaphezulu ama-barkers ashibhile). Ukuvunywa kwesikhathi eside kangaka kuhlangene neqiniso lokuthi imihlangano ye-MVK idlula izikhathi ezi-1 ngenyanga, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuqala kusenesikhathi. Isabelo sebhubesi izindleko zokuvunyelwa yizindleko zephrojekthi yokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi. Iqiniso ngukuthi kuphela ababhali bephrojekthi ejwayelekile yendlu enelungelo lokungenelela ezinhlakeni ezisekelayo, lapho unabo injabulo ukuze uphile, noma izikhungo ezi-1-2 ezindala eMoscow (uma indlu idala futhi ithola umbhali yephrojekthi yakhe akunakwenzeka). Okungukuthi, kukhona ubukhosi nayo yonke imiphumela yemiphumela yezezimali. Ngokwayo, iphrojekthi yokuqinisa iyinto encane impela. Kepha uma uzama "ukujabulela" ngaye ngokwabo futhi ngokusemthethweni, kungenzeka ukuthi uvele uvinjelwe ukwenza ukwakhiwa kabusha ngaphansi kokubaluleka kwesakhiwo.
Ngokuvamile, inkinga yokuphazanyiswa kwezinhlaka ezisekelayo zeNdlu inezimvume ezi-3. Okokuqala, kanye noMkhiqizi, thola inketho, ukuhambisa izifiso zakho, kepha ukuvumela ukuthi uyeke ukuqeda izakhiwo ezisekelayo ("eshibhile futhi uthukuthele"). Okwesibili, thintana nenkampani ekhethekile yenani elingenhla ("ebizayo, yebo cute"). Okwesithathu unjiniyela ofanelekile ozofakazela ochwepheshe be-Instituple ukuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha akusongeli isakhiwo (abafuna i-adventure). Singaqagela nje intengo ngentengo yenkinga kanye nesikhathi sokuqalisa kwayo. Yize kungekho okukodwa kwinkumbulo yethu lapho inkampani ekhethekile ingakwazi ukuxhumanisa ukwakhiwa kabusha okuyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba abaklami bezikhungo bebengafuni ukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo futhi balimaze izimpilo zabo ngezibalo ezibucayi. Into emkhakheni wokubuka kwekhasimende wawa wedwa wavele wakhululwa ngokuzumayo emisebenzini yakhe maqondana nokwakhiwa kabusha kokhetho lwesayensi, konke okucatshangelwe futhi kwavunywa eMonopolist Institute. Kubiza ikhasimende izikhathi ezi-3 ezishibhile kunokuba isisulu esiqinile ziceliwe. Kepha icala lalokhu ukukhishwa okungajwayelekile okuvela kumthetho ojwayelekile futhi manje akunakwenzeka, ngoba abavotelwane besayensi bafunwa futhi bazihlole ngokwanele. Kodwa-ke, uma wena uqobo ube nemfundo yobunjiniyela ...
Kuhlala kunconyelwa uku-oda i-Archity Intelitural and technical yephrojekthi endaweni efanayo. Uma intandokazi yomakhi noma i-firm ye-Architect ayizenzi ingxenye yezobuchwepheshe, kufanele ikhunjulwe ukuthi izindleko ze- "Engineering" zingama-20% wezindleko zengxenye yezakhiwo. Futhi, uzodonswa ema-squabbles phakathi kwezinhlangano ezimbili ezimele - umbhali wephrojekthi yokwakha kanye nomlobi weNjwayela Ingxenye kuyo. Iqembu ngalinye lizofakazela ukulunga kwalo, ngenxa yokuthi ungalahlekelwa yisikhathi esiningi nezinzwa, futhi umbono wokwakha wokuqala uzoshintsha ngaphezu kokuqashelwa ngenxa yokubekwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemikhawulo yezobuchwepheshe.
Ukuze lokhu kungenzeki
Umsebenzi wokukhokha kufanele uhlukaniswe ngezinyathelo:
Kusengaphambili (mhlawumbe ama-25%, yize ama-Architect ajwayele ukubuza ama-50% aphelele);
I-50% yesamba esiphelele ngemuva kokuthi iphrojekthi igcwalisiwe kanye nengxenye yobunjiniyela (akunandaba ukuthi le ngxenye yabasebenzi balowo msebenzi ofanayo noma yini izofezeka) kanye nokuvunywa okusemthethweni kwazo zonke izipesheli ze Izimo ezifanele (noma ngabe umhlangano wokusebenzela uzobandakanyeka kulokhu noma kuzodingeka asebenzise izinsizakalo zabanye abantu); Lesi sigaba singahlukaniswa ngababili abalinganayo unyawo (Po25%): Okokuqala, ngemuva kokuphela kwengxenye yezakhiwo, owesibili - ngemuva kokuthi "Ubunjiniyela" kanye nokuxhumana;
I-25% yesamba esiphelele ngemuva kokwamukelwa kwephrojekthi ukwenza inhlangano yokwakha inkontileka nenkomba efanelekile kwinkontileka, okufanele ibuke okuthile okunje:
"Le projekthi ingayenziwa ngokugcwele ngohlaka lwefulethi olutholakala e- ____________. Izindleko eziphelele zokwakha nokuqeda imisebenzi (zibonisa ukuthi yiziphi izinto) kuzoba yimali Ungabi izinguquko kuphrojekthi zenziwe. Kusebenza yenza ukufeza izinyanga ezi -_____ ngemuva kokuthola i-Advance. Zonke izixazululo zokwakha zephrojekthi zibhekwa ngenani elingenhla. Kubonisa ukuvela kobunzima obungavikelekile ekusetshenzisweni kwalo ekusetshenzisweni kwalo ekusetshenzisweni kwenziwe kanye nomakhi wezakhiwo abangakhuphula izindleko kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza. "
Kuyiqiniso, abakhi bezakhiwo nabakhi ngeke bajabule ngamagama anjalo, kepha uma bengabangoti abaphethe futhi abafanelekayo, abanalutho okufanele balwesabe. Izikhulumi zingcono kunebhizinisi nhlobo, ngeke zikwazi ukuchitha imali nesikhathi futhi konke kuzofanela ukukubuyisele. Ukuze uthole ukuqiniseka okukhudlwana ekuqinisekeni kwakho esinkontekweni naye kungaba kuhle ukucacisa umnqamulajuqu wokuthuthukiswa kwengxenye yebhizinisi, ukuxhumana nezimvume kanye nokukhethwa kwenhlangano yokwakha. E "Ubunjiniyela" befulethi lobulukhuni obuphakathi kuthatha amasonto ama-4-6, ekuxhumaneni nokuvuleka ezindongeni ezivunayo futhi bancibilike - ukukhethwa kwenhlangano yokwakha - amasonto ama-2-4. Ngakho-ke, ukunquma umnqamulajuqu ukuxhumanisa kwi-MVK. Kepha kusindisa lokho okungenziwa cishe ngasikhathi sinye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ngoba umqondo wokuqamba wefulethi uvame ukuvuthwa emavikini amabili okuqala. Ngemuva kwalokho, kungakuhle ukuthi kuqhutshwe ngokushesha ezimweni zohlelo lokuvuselelwa kabusha ethembeni lokuthola zonke izimvume ngasikhathi sinye ngokulungela kokugcina kwephrojekthi.
Vele, izinyathelo ezibalwe ngenhla ngeke zikusindise kumaphutha womakhi, kepha zizosiza ekuboneni la maphutha ngaphambi kwemizamo yezezimali ukuze uyisebenzise futhi ilondoloze imali yakho nezinzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzothola imininingwane ephelele mayelana nezindleko kanye nesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwemicabango yomakhi wezakhiwo futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukwazi ukwenza lula iphrojekthi.
Kufanele kuxwayiswe uma inhlangano yokwakha ngaphandle kokutadisha okuningiliziwe kwephrojekthi iyavuma ukusayina isivumelwano nezakhi ezicacisiwe. Kungenzeka ukuthi usebenzelana nobuningi obungenzi-nzuzo abangakuqondi ukuthi bahlanganyelani. Kukusongela okungenani, ukulahlekelwa yisikhathi ngomsebenzi wokulungela, phakathi namaphutha womakhi azokwembulwa (bheka - ebheke ngezansi). Kepha ngesikhathi sokucaciswa kwalesi simo, uzokhokha umsebenzi ofanele nezinto zokwakha futhi ngokuzenzakalelayo kuzodonswa noma ngokuzenzakalelayo kuzodonswa noma kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokubuyisa imali, noma inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuqeda ukushiyeka kwemizamo ehlangene ye umakhi wezakhiwo nabakhi ngaphandle kwezindleko. Uma izindleko zokushintsha zibalulekile, khona-ke inqubo ebabazekayo kungenzeka kuphela ngokweqiniso. I-Apretetic - Inkampani yokwakha ingavala, abantu bayo abanomthwalo wemfanelo nokwamabhizinisi banyamalala emkhakheni wakho wokubuka nakho konke ukulahleka okuvela lapha. Izenzo ezikhethekile ezivame ukwenza abakhi abaqeqeshiwe abaphethe ngaphambi kokwamukela iphrojekthi futhi basayine inkontileka nekhasimende bazocatshangelwa ngokuningiliziwe kulezi zihloko ezilandelayo, futhi manje bazobuyela kubakhi bezakhiwo.
Isivumelwano esinamandla kufanele sichazwe nomuntu ngamunye obambe iqhaza emqhudelwaneni wokwakha uma kwenzeka ukunqoba kwawo ngethenda, futhi futhi ahlu khona izingxenye zephrojekthi. Ukukhokhwa kwethenda yokuwina kufakiwe kwizindleko eziphelele zokwakheka.
B. Izinhloli zobuchwepheshe zephrojekthi nezincomo zokuhlola kwalo
Ake siqale ngamathuluzi wokulinganisa. Ngasizathu simbe, kukholakala ukuthi uma ukwakheka kungubukhulu bohlobo "4721mm", umakhi onguchwepheshe ungumuntu ofanelekile ofanele futhi onobuhlakani obuthi "bonke babala millimeter." Ungamangali lapho-ke ukuthi iphrojekthi enjalo kungenzeka ukuthi isetshenziswe ngefomu le-pristine. Abakhi beqiniso abaqeqeshiwe ngeke banakekele ukusebenza komsebenzi wokuvuthwa "kokuvuthwa kwesibalo", ngaphandle kokuletha amazinga obuchwepheshe akhona, ngemuva kwalokho ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kungashintsha kakhulu.
"Ukuvuselelwa okuvumelekile kobude bangempela" kuma-Roulettes ajwayelekile (isigaba sesithathu sokunemba) ngosayizi 4721mm ngu-1.2mm (Gost 7502-98). I-ITO "ekushiseni okukhona kwe-20C kanye nokungezwani kwetheyipu yokulinganisa ngamandla okusebenza kwe-101n" (isilinganiso kusuka ku-gost efanayo). Lokho wukuthi, noma ngabe uhambisana nazo zonke lezi zimo ezifanele, usayizi we- "4721mm" lapho ukukala i-roulette eyodwa kungalingana no-4719.2mm, kanti omunye - 4722.2mm. I-Drawstrumental kufanele yengeze i-Intrect (1mm) nephutha elingahleliwe elibangelwa izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulinganisa (izinga le-roulette livame ukungafakwanga, i-angle eqondile futhi inqunywa yi- "shortham" kanye nokushisa okunengxabano akukalinganiswa). Umphumela uyatholakala ukuthi ukudlulisela ukuhlela okuvela emdwebeni kuya entweni ngosizo lwe-Roulettes evamile ngaphansi kwezimo zokwakha ngokunemba, kungaphezulu kwe-5mm, akunakwenzeka. I-ITO ifakazela iziqu eziphansi zabakhi, kepha mayelana neqiniso elinzima, umakhi kufanele acabangele. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuze uthole ukwakhiwa okuhle kakhulu, akudingekile ukukhohlisa ikhanda kubakhi abanamamilimitha. Uma uhlobo oluthile lokunquma usayizi kufanele lususwe ngokunemba kwamamilimitha, iphrojekthi idinga ukugxila kulokhu. Ukuze osonkontileka ekulinganisweni kokulebula spacecraft kanye nemishini, futhi ikhasimende lifunde kusengaphambili mayelana nezindleko ezizayo (zesikhala). Ngakho-ke, lapho ubheka iphrojekthi kuwusizo ukugcina engqondweni:
Rule inombolo 1.
Ngokufanele, uma ubukhulu bokuhlela (banikezwa ngama-millimeters) buphela ku- "0" noma "5".
Manje mayelana nokubekezelelana. Ukugcinwa kwendlu okunetha noma kwephaneli, ukubekezelelana okulawulayo kwezilinganiso zejometri ngaphakathi kwefulethi le-100m2 ngamasentimitha (abanentshisekelo ngemininingwane, angavula ama-slips ahambisanayo). Ukusekela izimfanelo eziphansi zabasebenzi "bakwamanye amazwe" abashibhile, lokhu kuphambuka kungakhuphuka kumashumi amasentimitha. Isibonelo, umehluko wesentimitha engu-10-15 kuma-diagonals webhokisi le-stater elingunxande "- hhayi ukwanda okunjalo. Ukuphambuka okungamasentimitha angama-3-5 ukusuka mpo kwezindonga kanye namapuleti avundlile wokugqagqana kungatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amafulethi.
Lesi simo salesi sizathu esithile sinikeza ukunakwa kwabakhi bezakhiwo. Imvamisa baya ezilinganisweni kuphela ngesilinganiso setheyipu. Izilinganiso zenziwa kuphela ngamaphuzu amabili noma amathathu ezinhlamvu ezifakiwe futhi ziboshelwe ngokuphelele odongeni noma ophahleni lwepuleti (Fig. 1, 2). Njengomthetho, abaklami abanaso isifiso (ukukalwa okuthembekile kuzodinga izinsuku ezingama-2-3), noma amapayipi, izinga lamanzi, izinga lamanzi, izinga lamanzi eline- "njll.) Ukufeza" yento. Igama elithi "ukuba" lisho ukubheka ukugcwala kwezindonga, amakholomu, njll., "Izinga lokubhoboza" ukubheka ipuleti elivundlile lokugcwala, imishayo, njll. Ukuqonda ubulukhuni kanye nokwakheka komsebenzi wento, abanye abaklami basebenzisa izinsizakalo zezinkampani ezikhethekile ezinesethi ephelele yamathuluzi walokhu. Isibhedlela, le ndlela futhi ayinikezi isiqinisekiso esiphelele emaphutheni. Yebo, uma ochwepheshe benkampani belungele izilinganiso ngokuzibophezela, kepha kaningi azikho izinsiza nezikhathi ezithile. Vumela umsebenzi owenziwe kungenzeka kuphela kwinqubo yokwakha lapho amaphutha avela. Imali yenkampani ngalesi sikhathi isivele ikhokhwe futhi kuyo "ukufumbathisa okubushelelezi".
Ukuqeda ithonya "elimazayo" kuphrojekthi yezilinganiso eziyiphutha ngezindlela ezimbili:
- Imizamo yokulinganisa okukhohlisayo futhi okunembile. .
- Ukuhambisana nomklamo womthethonqubo no-2.
Rule inombolo 2.
Noma yiluphi usayizi olulodwa ngokuqaliswa kwalo kufanele lube "ne-backlash" yezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwamasentimitha ambalwa (imvamisa i-backlash ibekwe ngobukhulu bodaka, oswele, plywood nezinye izisekelo zokuqeda). Noma yiluphi usayizi wosayizi kufanele okungenani ube nosayizi olulodwa "lwamahhala" (noma "ngosayizi nge-asterisk"), elingenabuhlungu kwephrojekthi lingashintshwa ngaphakathi kwe-5-10 cm.
Ukuhambisana kwenkinga echazwe ngenhla kuqinisekiswa ukuthi iminyaka engama-20 yomsebenzi emkhakheni wokulungiswa okuphezulu, umbhali wale midwebo azange ahlangabezane nokulinganisa okungenasici nemidwebo ehleliwe ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sokwakha. Esikhungweni ngasinye, amabhomu okuhamba kancane aqhuma, abekwa ngumakhi ngaphansi kwezilinganiso kanye nezixazululo zezobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, sinikeza amacala amabili okusebenza.
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| Fig. okukodwa Izinyathelo ezinenkomba (a) zenziwa nguMkhiqizi, ubukhulu benkomba (p) bangokoqobo. C, Izindonga zeMonolithic Darriric ezitholakala e-angle ezingaphezu kwama-90 | Fig.2 A- ekhona ekhona ethwele ukudlulisa ama-monolithic, i-DR ngokusebenzisa amabhokisi we-ventilation, enzele ukwahlukanisa, c, b, m- monolithic izindonga |
Ezithombeni 1, 2, ubukhulu bokuklama kwasekuqaleni nokuhambelana okubekwe ngumakhi kumakwe ngohlamvu "A", ubukhulu bangempela be- "P". Kukhona futhi indawo yezilinganiso. Umdwebo1 ukhombisa indawo ebonisa ama-schematic yefulethi lokuhlela lamahhala endlini entsha. Ngakwesokudla, emnyango, ibhokisi eline-niche for healing kagesi kanye nezintambo kuzobekwa, ngemuva kwekhabethe le-nymque le-Outerwear, elenziwe nge-oda e-Italy. Umakhi wenziwe ngemali engu-3-e-Belivent (izindawo zikhonjiswa esilinganisweni) odongeni lomnyango wangaphambili, ohlukile ngo-5mm kuphela, kwabancane kakhulu abopha ngalo izinga elihlanzekile. Izindonga ezikhona ze-monolithic kanye nophahla zinqume ukungazinzi, kepha zilonda kuphela, njengoba zazibukeka zibushelelezi kahle. I-Gearbox yenzelwe kusuka e-Drywall. Ngokusho kwe-contour phakathi kwezindonga, ophahleni nekhabethe, igebe elishisiwe le-5mm lahlelwa.
Abakhi bawenza umsebenzi odingekayo, baphinde babambe ubukhulu bokwakheka, umakhi wezakhiwo ubahlolile futhi wamukele. Ikhabethe eliphephile "lafika" livela e-Italy. Kepha lapho beqala ukwakha, kwavela ukuthi enkabeni akudluli ngama-Height, ngoba uphahla luphahla lukhona "lusindisa" kuya ku-13mm maqondana nendawo yokulinganisa. Bekumele ngihlangane neKhabhinethi futhi, ngifunele ngokuphuthumayo umhlangano wokujoyina, ongeyesabi ukuthi "ukugqwala" umgoqo wayo ophansi ku-13mm, ngaphandle kokuwohloka umkhiqizo. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngemuva kokungenelela okunjalo kwamakhosi asekhaya, ukwakheka kweKhabhinethi yase-Italy akulungile. Ikhasimende selitholile ngekusasa lakhe futhi libuke kuphela, njengasefulethini "elikhohlisiwe" lahlanzwa futhi, liqondaniswe futhi lipendiwe ophahleni. Iklayenti liqhume kuphela lapho yonke into isekulungele "okufiselekayo" okulandelayo, aon futhi "eduzane" nayo eduzane "- manje ngobubanzi. Sizokwehlisa amabizo angajwayelekile, iziphawulo kanye nezenzo zamakhasimende anikeza umklami ophakaka kakhulu nabekhi, bese ubuyela ohlangothini lwezobuchwepheshe lwecala.
Kwavela ukuthi kwakungekho angle 90 phakathi kwezithwali zodonga no-d, i-angle ibiwubuwula ngesokunxele esisele sekhabethe (eceleni kwekhabethe langaphambili) lisuka endongeni echithwe endaweni yazo. Udonga lwebhokisi le-plasterboard labakhi be-boiler kagesi baphawulwa ngezindonga. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, lolu donga lwalungaphansi kwe-angle ebukhali ku-D (amadokhumenti eKhabinethi). Ngakho-ke, icala elingunxande leKhabhinethi alikwazanga ukulingana nokufana okuphumela. Konke bekungeke kube kubi uma izindonga nophahla bengasilona i-monolithic (ukufakwa kwenkampani othwala kwavulwa ngemuva kokhonkolo we-50mm) noma okungenani abunjiwe. Lapho-ke ubukhulu be-niche ngaphansi kweKhabhinethi buzoba nabalobi bezobuchwepheshe obumile nabavundlile (funda inombolo yenombolo 2), okuvumela ukuthi ungathinti ifenisha uqobo lwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ufaka ama-plaster beacons, abakhi bangakubona nakanjani "ukugcwala" kophahla, ingxenye yenkinga izosuswa. Kepha izindonga nokugqagqana kwakuyinkohliso futhi ibanzi kuphela. Ngakho-ke, kwakudingeka ukuhlukanisela ibhokisi lepulangwe lefolda kagesi ngayo yonke imiphumela elandelayo, kufaka phakathi esimweni sekhasimende.
Into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi kwakufanele adluliselwe hhayi nje kuphela ukubambezeleka kwamasonto amabili ekulethweni kwento nokulimala kokuziphatha, kodwa futhi ukukhokha konke okwenzekayo, njengoba abakhi bebelokhu bebeka ubukhulu bokuklama, kanye nomakhi Kungenzeka ukuthi kuphela ukuthatha imali yabo, wayesethole isikhathi eside futhi ekhokha izindleko bebengahlose "ukudilizwa kwezimali kwesikhashana." Sekela naye ngenxa yamakhulu amaningana amadola amakhasimende athathwa njengento engadingekile.
Umdwebo 2 uzosisiza ukuba siqonde esinye isimo esijwayelekile esingesihle, ngaphandle kobuhlungu "sibhubhise" ukuthi kungenzeka sibe khona usayizi "wamahhala" ku-chain (bheka umthetho 2). Izinkomba zosayizi ziyefana naku-Fila1, futhi zibonise futhi indawo yokufaka efulethini. Ukuphazanyiswa okuyinhloko komdwebi wezakhiwo kwakungu- "engacaciswanga" ama-kilf (angena kuwo wonke amafulethi) futhi aphethe ukugcwaliseka kwe-monolithic. Ngemuva kokuhlushwa isikhathi eside, lo mqondo onezikhala ezihamba kahle zasephangini, ekhishini nasendlini yokuhlala ehlukaniswe yizimbali zodwa zazalwa futhi zimfashini namuhla. Ekhishini nasekwenziweni kwehholo, kwanqunywa ukubeka ithayela egumbini lokuhlala - i-parquet. Umugqa we-tile ne-parquet kufanele ngabe uhambisane ne-eksisi yokulula. Kuliqiniso, isigaba esivela ephasishi saya ekhishini satholwa kancane, kodwa sahambisana nobuncane obuvumelekile ngokuya ngamazinga 850mm. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nobiso lwamabhokisi okufaka umoya omncane kunqunywe ukwenza isitini futhi kuguqukele. I-niche ebambekayo eJalimane yayala ikhabethe lasekhishini. Umakhi wayo we-Worth ubaliwe, ubalekele ukubekwa kwamanani okumaka kwama-3050mm wokulungisa okulula (20mm), ububanzi bendawo (850mm), ubukhulu bokuhlukaniswa kokulungiswa (igebe lezobuchwepheshe (10mm) kanye ubukhulu bodaka lwesitshulu (20mm). Ukulinganisa okukodwa phakathi kodonga nento elula kunazo zonke kwaba sengathi kuye kwanele, ikakhulukazi njengoba ezinye ezindalo zezilinganiso zivimbela uthango oludala lwama-ventcec.
Lapho abakhi behlasela lokhu uthango ngalokhu bezama ukuthumela okusha, kwavela ukuthi ukulula akuyona into ehambisanayo. Amabanga aphakathi kwabo, alinganiswe ngaphesheya kwe-torotov, ahlukaniswa ngu-50mm: 3050 no-3000mm (bona ubugebengu.2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSanta 'wagcwala' odongeni ngo-20mm, ngokufanele, "adle" yonke isipele sodaka ilula. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukubala izindonga - ngemuva kokudiliza i-Venturobov yakudala, ukuphambuka kwalo okuyinqaba endizeni kwavulwa. Ukuthi ngisho nokwakhiwa kodaka okungu-20mm kwaphenduka okuncane, kwadingeka ngidubule ukhonkolo. Yehlisa ibanga phakathi kwe-a no-e ngaphandle kokuvumela amazinga nekhasimende.
Indlela elula yokuphuma kulesi simo ingabonakala ukwakhiwa kokuhlukaniswa okufana nokulula nokufaka udonga oluseceleni lwe-niches ehambisanayo yekhabethe. Amasentimitha amaningana ezitini, "Ukuhamba nge-flashering" ngasikhathi sinye ku-ventcourt, kungadilizwa phansi. Kepha akukhona noma kuphi ukusuka e-wedge on the tile. I-Wedge iyi-non-pawula yethayela lomthungo (amabhodi, i-Parquet Riveting) Udonga (noma ifenisha), okungukuthi, ibanga elihlukile ukusuka kumthungo odongeni olusezingeni layo. Lapho ukwahlukaniswa kwe-tile kufana nokulula, ububanzi be-wedge odongeni kwakungu-120 mm, kanye nodonga noM- 50mm. Lapho umaka, izindonga ze-parallel wedge eduze kwesampula zizoba ngu-50mm (bheka i-CRIS.2). Okwamathayili ngosayizi 2020cm, kunjalo, akwamukeleki.
Vele, ngalesi sikhathi, amaJalimane aseqalile ukwenza iKhabhinethi futhi yenqabe ngokucoca ngokushintsha ubukhulu bayo. Usayizi okuwukuphela kwekati lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthola okungekho 5cm, kwavela ukuthi ubukhulu bokuhlukaniswa. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izitini nengxube elomile sezivele zithengwe entweni, ukwahlukaniswa kwanqunywa ukwenza ubukhulu be-160 - 50 = 110mm kusuka ku-drywall, kanye nokulula ukusabela ekufanisweni kwezindonga. Manje cabanga ukulahleka:
- Umehluko phakathi kwentengo yokuthenga nokuthengiswa okulandelayo kwezitini:
1200pcs.1.3 ama-ruble. = 1560 rub.;
- Ngokuvumelana nalokho, ingxube elomile:
25 izikhwama20 rub. = Ama-ruble angama-500;
- EzokuThutha: Ama-ruble angu-1500;
- Ukulayisha nokulayisha umsebenzi: ama-ruble ayi-1600.
Ingqikithi: Ama-ruble angama-5160.
Njengokuhlala kunjalo, ngikhokhele ikhasimende. Ukulahlekelwa yimali nokwanda komnqamulajuqu womnqamulajuqu womsebenzi womsebenzi wakhe bekungakhungatheki kakhulu, into esemqoka ukuthi inkinga yaxazululeka.
Kepha kwavela kuphela ekuqaleni. I-Gypsum Coils ebekwe ekwahlukaniswe amabhokisi namabhokisi wethayela, enikeza amapayipi kuphela ukufinyelela kokukhuphula indle. Lapho uzama ukuminza ipayipi lokukhipha esikhwameni ezindongeni zamapayipi, ngathola ukufakwa kwamandla kuwo. Udonga lwaphenduka umthwali, lusika ukuqiniswa okukulo - anginandaba nokuthi yini okufanele ngiyibone i-bitch ohlala kuyo. Ikakhulu selokhu ifulethi lalisesitezi sesithathu esakhiweni esinezitezi eziyi-16.
Futhi, kwakudingeka ukubheka okungekho 35mm (ngokuvamile, ububanzi be-PVC Drain Pipe e-squab - 60mm, kepha basindise udaka lwe-20mm nokhonkolo ongu-10mm ekuqinisweni). I-Isnov ukuphela kwendawo lapho ingatholakala khona, yaphenduka ubukhulu bokuhlukaniswa. Sinqume ukuwukhipha, sithathe isikhundla sephrofayili ye-75 Izindonga zazinqunu ku-35mm ukufihla ipayipi elibiwe. Kschastina ngokwakhe, ikhasimende mayelana nawo alwenzanga lutho. Umakhi wancenga abakhi ukuthi babuyise konke ngezindleko zakhe, bethembisa ukubababandakanye ezintweni zabo ezizayo futhi bavale amehlo abo emaphutheni athile ngekhwalithi. Umakhi osemusha wakhunjulwa ngokuphila:
Rule inombolo 3.
Ezindongeni ezivuneni kusuka kukhonkolo we-monolithic, indle namapayipi amanzi ngeke acashe. Ngeke sisakhathali umfundi ngezibonelo ezivela empilweni futhi simane anikeze ezinye izincomo ezimbalwa zokwakhiwa okuqinisekisa inqubo yokwakha kusuka ekulweni nasezinguquko.
Rule inombolo 4.
I-niche ngaphansi kwefenisha kumele yenziwe ngesitoko esihambisanayo sokufakwa kwayo (kuchazwe kusuka kubaqoqi befenisha).
Rule inombolo 5.
Izingxenye ezisanda kuklanyelwe lapho amapayipi, indle nokunye ukuxhumana okufihliwe, kufanele kube nobukhulu obuqinisekisa ukuthathwa kwabo nokufakwa okuzwakalayo kwamakamelo ahlobene.
Rule inombolo 6.
Izindawo zokufakwa okufihliwe kwezimo zomoya kanye namabhulokhi womoya wonke kufanele zibe nobukhulu obukuvumela ukuthi ubeke lezi zivimbi ngokwazo kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-autoon, amashubhu we-freen, ukuhambisa amandla), kucatshangelwa i-radii yezobuchwepheshe ye ukugoba.
Rule inombolo 7.
Lapho uklama izakhi zophahla omisiwe, ama-ducts asophele nokunye ukuxhumana, kuyadingeka ukubheka ubukhulu bephrofayili yokufaka i-plasterboard.
Rule inombolo 8.
Ngokubekwa okufihliwe kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe (kwinani lamanje lama-valve), ukufinyelela nokulungiswa kufanele kunikezwe.
Rule inombolo 9.
Izibani zeHalogen zigxile ophahleni omisiwe, ezifudumele ngezinto ezivuthayo (Foam, Foam, ukushisa nabanye), kufanele zihlukaniswe ngaphandle kokufakelwa.
Rule inombolo 10.
Ubukhulu be- "Cake" of the parapet of the parapet of loggia (insulation + iphrofayli + 2 sec castocton) kufanele okungenani ibe yi-100mm.
Umthetho №11.
Ukuxhuma ama-SantEchpriclers ekuhlinzekeni kwamanzi nasekukhuculweni kwendle (osayizi be-Waste) kumele kubhalwe kuphrojekthi futhi kudluliselwa entweni ekuqaleni komsebenzi wokwakha, ngoba i-gasket yezokuxhumana yenziwa ngokuyinhloko. Lezi zinhlelo zitholakala kuma-acleatelliers wemishini efanelekile. Amamojula wemishini yokuhlanza, afakwe odongeni (abanye abaxube bamakhabethe okugeza, amabhavu, izinhlelo zokufaka zezitsha zendlu yangasese, njll.) Kufanele zinikezwe entweni ngaphambi kokuqala kokulungiswa.
Kuyo yonke le mithetho engenhla, engeza isixwayiso sesivunguvungu "Isiphepho":
Izinkinga ezingenakulindeleka futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokwazo ziyaziboleka ngokwazo inqubo yokusebenzisa izinto ezikhethekile zokwakha kanye nezindawo ezizungezile, ezindaweni ezizungezile ezibizwa nge- "nonloves" (ethathwe yimisebenzi yobuciko "engapheli. Kukhona lonke ungqimba lwezinkinga ezizodingidwa kwi-athikili ehlukile. Manje sizozikhawulela esikhumbuzi ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwento eyodwa "engandizi" encane kakhulu futhi kulula ukubonakala, kuvame ukwedlula izindleko zokuqeda lonke igumbi.
Siyethemba ukuthi ukulandisa kwethu kuzoba wusizo namakhasimende kanye nezakhiwo. Ngingathanda ukuthi bengesabi ubunzima, befunda le ndatshana, futhi bamane bathola isimo sengqondo esibucayi ngephrojekthi.