I-PREPT NEKULANDELA YOKWENZA I-Monolithic Construction

Izinzuzo zeMonolithic House Geeping, izici nezinhlobo zezindlu zeMonolithic, imibono yezobuchwepheshe.

Namuhla, ukwakhiwa kweMonolithic kungenye yobuchwepheshe obuthembisa kakhulu bokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala. Umbono wakhe ulula kakhulu futhi mhlawumbe ujwayelene kwabaningi, kwisisekelo esifanayo sesithulu sendlu. Esakhiweni sonke, kubukeka sengathi kwakhiwa izakhi zezakhiwo ezivela kunhlanganisela equkethe ukhonkolo usebenzisa amafomu akhethekile ngqo endaweni yokwakha. Ukuxoxa ngezinto eziphilayo zeMonolithic, sacela isisebenzi soMnyango Wezinhlelo Zokutshalwa Kwezokwakha, umhlaziyi ofanelekayo wemakethe yezezakhiwo ye-Russian Guild of Realres Viktorovich

Umlando omncane

Ezweni lethu, iminyaka eminingi, kukhethwe izindlu ezilungiselelwe. Yize ngawo-1930s, ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, okuhlangenwe nakho okuthile kokwakhiwa kweMonolithic sekuvele kutholiwe. Kepha kwathola ukusaba kuphela eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule. I-ITO, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokwakhiwa kweMonolithic, njengenengqondo ngokwengeziwe, amathemba okuncishiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuthembeka kwezakhiwo kuhlale kuhlotshaniswa. Ngakho-ke, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s, ukwakhiwa okunezitezi eziyi-15 kwehhotela eMonolithic Technology kwakhiwa e-SoChi. Ifomu lokushelelayo kanye nokhonkolo kusetshenziswa ngokuya ngohlelo lwe- "Krane-Badja". Imisebenzi kakhonkolo yaqedwa ngezinsuku eziyi-15 kuphela. Ukwakhiwa kwehhotela elinjalo kusuka kukhonkolo we-precast kungadinga ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kokhonkolo ngo-30,7%, i-metallulas - ngo-24%, bese kuthi izindleko zazo zizokwanda ngo-20%. Kepha isimo sezulu esibi nobuchwepheshe obuphansi buye kuphele isikhathi eside ukusetshenziswa kweMonolithic Construction eMiddle Lane yaseRussia. Izinkinga ezinkulu bekungukuntuleka kwefomu elisezingeni eliphakeme kanye nokunakekelwa kokhonkolo okuyinkimbinkimbi ebusika, kufunwa ukusetshenziswa okuningi kokushisa. Kwakungeyona incade eyodwa, ngaphambi kokuba ubuchwepheshe bokwakha iMonolithic bangene phambili kangangokuba kungenzeka ukuthi bakhulume kakhulu ngezinzuzo zalo zezomnotho.

Ukukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwe-monolithic ebhendini eliphakathi kweRussia kwaba khona ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo ezikhethekile ezisheshisa ukusetshenziswa kokhonkolo kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ngesikhathi sokushisa esilinganiselwe . Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto zanamuhla (yize kunentengo yazo iphansi), kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuvikela ukhonkolo emazingeni okushisa kuya ku-to -15с futhi kukhulisa kakhulu imali ebekiwe yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zeMonolithic.

Ukusakazwa kwe-monolithic ukwakhiwa kube nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwefomu lokusungula, elingahanjiswa ezigabeni ezintsha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Lokhu kwenze kwakwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko ezibonakalayo, ngcono ukukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi kanye nejubane lokwakha.

Izinzuzo zeMonolithic House-Building

Kodwa-ke, umthamo wokwakhiwa kwezindlu zeMonolithic bekungeke kukhuphuke eminyakeni yamuva nje uma lobu buchwepheshe bungakaze babe nezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nePhaneli House-Buding. Phakathi kwabo, okokuqala, ukungaphenduli kwezinyathelo zezakhiwo kufanele kuphawulwe. Ukwakhiwa Kwezemvelo, Yonke Imiklamo inobukhulu, abaningi kwimodyuli ethile. Ubuchwepheshe bemiklamo yokukhiqiza efektri ayikuvumeli ukuthi ushintshe ngokushesha ukwakheka kwe-Snap. Kungakho ama-Architects kanye nabaqambi beboshelwe ezinhlotsheni ezithile zosayizi futhi bakhawulelwe ekutholweni kwezinqumo zephrojekthi.

Ukwanda kwezinyathelo zokuklama uma kuqhathaniswa nokwakhiwa kwabagibeli abakhulu kusuka ku-12 kuye ku-15-16 m, futhi kuvame ukuba ngu-20m kudale ukuthi kuvela izixazululo ezintsha zokuhlela ngokuphelele zamafulethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokunyuka kobubanzi besakhiwo, kungenzeka hhayi kuphela ukusindisa izinto zokwakha, kepha futhi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kokushisa kokushisa indlu ye-monolithic nge-20-30%. ITO ngezimfanelo ezifanayo zobunjiniyela zokushisa zezakhiwo ezifakiwe.

Ukwakhiwa kweMonolithic cishe akunazo imithungo, futhi okubuye kwandise izinkomba zokushisa kwayo kanye nomsindo waso. Ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa ukufakwa okusebenzayo, kukuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise indlela yokusebenza kwendlu ebusika, yehlise isisindo kanye nevolumu yezinhlaka ezifakiwe (ubukhulu bezindonga kanye nokubheja kuncishiswa kakhulu). Ngenxa yalokhu, izakhiwo zeMonolithic zilula ngo-15-20% kunezitini. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yokukhululeka kwezinhlaka, ukuqina okubonakalayo kwezisekelo kuyancishiswa futhi kuncishiswe idivaysi yabo.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwe-monolithic ukuthi wonke umjikelezo wayo wokukhiqiza wenziwa ngqo esizeni sokwakha, ngokungafani nokwakhiwa kwephaneli, lapho zonke izinto zenziwa efektri, bese zilethwe kusayithi futhi zibekwe kusetshenziswa ama-cranes namanye amasu anzima . Ukwakhiwa kwendlu ye-monolithic kuqukethe izigaba eziningana: Ukulungiselela kanye nokulethwa kukakhonkolo (amabanga 200-400), Ukulungiselela ifomu nokhonkolo uqobo. Leli cala lilula kakhulu, uma ungakha indawo ekhonkolo khona ngqo esizeni. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kaningi lapho kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa kwamaphuzu, ukuthunyelwa kanye nokugcinwa kwamaphaneli akunakwenzeka, kubeka amathrekhi wesitimela ama-cranes. Impahla ekwenziweni kwezakhiwo ezenziwe ngezakhiwo ezenziwa kabusha ithathwa njengokubekezelelana ngazo zonke izigaba zobuchwepheshe, yingakho izindleko ezengeziwe zabasebenzi zenzeka lapho kuqeda amalunga. Ngakho-ke uma ukwakhiwa kweMonolithic kwenziwa ngohlelo olusetshenziswe ngokusobala, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwenziwa ngesikhathi esifushane. Kubalulekile ukuthi umsebenzi owenziwe ngokufanelekile eMonolithic Construction uqeda isidingo sezinqubo "ezimanzi" nophahla zicishe zilungele ukuqeda kokuqeda.

Ngenxa yezinto zayo zobuchwepheshe, izindlu ze-monolithic zivikeleke kakhulu emiphumeleni yezenziwe ngabantu nezinye izinto ezingezinhle zemvelo, ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Futhi, okungokwemvelo ngokuphelele, okuhlala isikhathi eside. Uma impilo eqokiwe ye-Design Yempilo Yezindlu Zanamuhla ziyiminyaka engama-50, kwakhiwa ubuchwepheshe be-monolithic akuyona ngaphansi kwama-200.

Izici nezinhlobo zezindlu zeMonolithic

EMonolithic Conchnish Kunezimpawu zalo. Kuze kube manje, azikho amafemu amaningi kangako akwazi izindlu ezisezingeni eliphakeme ze-monolithic. Ngemuva kwakho konke, lobu ubuchwepheshe obusha obudinga ulwazi ngamasu akhethekile nezindlela zokwakha. Kudingeka uhlelo olusha lokuklama. Isikhathi eside esidlule ngaphambi kokuba izinkampani ezifuywayo ezibandakanyeke ekwakhiweni kwe-monithic zithole isipiliyoni esanele.

Iqhaza elikhudlwana elokwakhiwa kwe-monithic lidlala ifomu. Kunjalo ukuthi inquma isikhathi nekhwalithi yokwakhiwa kwezinhlaka. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zesimanje zamafomu ezenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwandisa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kweMonolithic Constrability, ukukwenza kube nokuncintisana. Namuhla, izinhlelo zezinhlelo zokwakha zihlukaniswa yisilinganiso sohlelo lokusebenza (ezindongeni, zokweqa, amakholomu, izici, ifreyimu, ukuziphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa), osayizi nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenzisiwe. Ngenkathi uhlelo lwendawo yonke lungakadalwa ezweni lethu, ngakho-ke abakhiqizi befomu langaphandle abaholayo balwa nemakethe yokwakha yaseRussia.

Abakhi bamanje bafaka ubuchwepheshe obukhulu obukhulu: ngefomu lesihlangu kanye nefomu lomsebenzi. Ijubane lokuqala elithe xaxa, likuvumela ukuthi uthole amabhlogo aphelele amafulethi futhi wakhe ngasikhathi sinye izindonga zangaphakathi kanye nokuqedwa kwanoma yikuphi ukucushwa. Ngosizo lwefomu lobuchwepheshe besibili, ungakha izakhiwo zohlobo lwezinhlaka ngaphandle kwama-beam. Njengoba umphumela uba ngokoqobo noma yikuphi ukuhlelwa kwamafulethi. Ngakho-ke, umthengi angahlelela ukwakheka okudingekayo esigabeni sokwakha, noma ahlele ingaphakathi ngemuva kokuphothulwa kokwakhiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usayizi wefulethi kuphela ongaba yimikhawulo ye-fantasy.

Ngokohlobo lokwakha, izindlu ze-monolithic kanye neqoqo - izindlu ze-monolithic zihlukaniswa. Waqala ama-moniths enza izinto ezithwala izinto, futhi izindonga zangaphandle zenziwa ezintweni ezijwayelekile, njengezitini noma amaphaneli. Uma ukusetshenziswa kwezitini kukuvumela ukuthi wandise izakhiwo zabathengi zento, izinzuzo zamaphaneli ziyinto ethandekayo, okufanayo nemisipha nezinye izinkinga zezakhiwo ezinkulu zephaneli.

Ekuqaleni, izindleko zokwakhiwa kwe-monithic zaziphakeme kakhulu kunephaneli. Lokhu kwakha izindlu zasendlini zeMonolithic for theich. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni edlule, izindleko ze- "Monolith" sehle kakhulu, manje sekungama-20- 40% aphakeme kunama "amaphaneli". Imiphumela yekhaya yaphenduka ebizeleka umbuthano obanzi kakhulu wabathengi, ngoba umehluko osele ngentengo ngenzalo unxephezelwa yikhwalithi yezindlu ezinjalo. Ukunciphisa isikhathi sokugcina okwenziwe ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zeMonolithic.

Ukufeza ilungelo lokwakha njalo ngonyaka futhi kube nzima ngokwengeziwe, uma kuphela ngoba inani lamapulatifomu amahhala edolobheni lincishisiwe. Ama-Outrovors afuna ukusebenzisa indawo ephumela ekubuyiselweni okuphezulu.

Amaqiniso eMoscow

Ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu kakhulu kokugcinwa kwendlu kweMonolithic kwatholakala eMoscow. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu. Okokuqala, ukwanda okukhulu kwezindlu ezakhelwe eMoscow. Kuphela ngonyaka owedlule enhlokodolobha engama-3600,000 yakhelwe. I-M2 Ingqikithi yezakhiwo zokuhlala. Amandla eMoscow DSC akhawulelwe, akunakwenzeka ukwandisa ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli. Ngakho-ke, inani lezindlu zephaneli alikwazi ukukhula. Le ndlela kungenzeka ukuthi uchaze kanjani ushintsho kumaphesenti aphezulu phakathi kwezakhiwo ezintsha zeMonolithic nephaneli. Uma eminyakeni emi-3-4 edlule kwakungu-10: 90, kwathi ngo-1999- 30:70 kuvumela "iphaneli", kwathi ngo-2001 kwaba ngama-50: 50. Ukudalulwa kwe-10-15% kulindeleke okokuqala ngqa ukuthandwa kweMonolithic Construction.

Enye into eyakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwe-monithic ukuthi eMoscow yayingekho cishe azikho izindawo eziningi ezilungele ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu abaningi. Kunomthelela omkhulu kulokhu kanye nesinqumo seziphathimandla zedolobha ngokuvinjelwa ekwakhiweni kwezindlu ezijwayelekile zephaneli engxenyeni yomlando yedolobha. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ubuchwepheshe bokwakhiwa kwe-monithic okuvumela ukuthi usebenzise izixazululo zokwakha kanye nokuhlelwa okujwayelekile kakhulu zokuhlela nokuhlelela, zibhale ngempumelelo izinto ezisunguliwe endaweni yezwe kanye nesakhiwo esikhona. Imiphumela yokwakhiwa kwezindlu zephaneli yaxoshwa ngokuqinile emaphethelweni eMoscow. Kepha lapha, izakhiwo zeMonolithic zakha umncintiswano omkhulu wephaneli, hhayi ezindaweni zokuthuthukisa amaphoyinti, kodwa futhi nasezindaweni zokwakhiwa kwabantu abaningi. Amaphrojekthi ngamanye ezindlu zeMonolithic asetshenziswa ngempumelelo eMitino, eNorth Buthovo, Marimino, Kuzminakhh, Textiles. Ikakhulu kusukela eMonolithic Construction, izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-Reule Izinto azisejwayelekile. Emqondweni ekhaya, lapho, ngokusho kwabathengisi, iqoqo lezindlu ezifunwa kakhulu ngemuva kwabathengi zisetshenziswe ngempumelelo. Konke kuwumugqa, ikuvumela ukuthi unciphise kakhulu izindleko zokwakhiwa nokwakha.

Ukukhula kokuthandwa kwe-monolith phakathi kwabakhi kanye nabatshalizimali kufaka isandla esifisweni sokwandisa izindawo ezikhona, kwandise ukwenziwa kwezindlu ezintsha futhi uthole inzuzo ephezulu ngokuthengisa (ngemuva kwakho konke, abathengi baya ngokuya benentshisekelo ngamafulethi asezingeni). I-Monolith ivumela ukuthi unjiniyela athi "anciphise" esikhaleni esisha sokuhlala esiphezulu ngenxa yokuncishiswa kwezakhiwo zenhlalo. Ngakho-ke ngokwesiko amafulethi amakhulu ezindlini ze-monolithic, - Kprimeru, ifulethi elilodwa lokulala linendawo eyi-90m2 ephelele. Umphumela wezixazululo ezinjalo zokuhlela yizindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zezindlu.

Esinye isici seMoscow sincipha kancane kancane ngenani lezindlu ezintsha ezishibhile. Kulonyaka kulindeleke ukuthi kulo nyaka indawo ye- "typovyshek" enhlokodolobha izokwehla ibe yinkulungwane eyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,200 m2 (inombolo yangaphakathi 4000 000). Kepha noma ngabe indawo ye-New Panel Heading izohlala ingashintshiwe, ibhekene nemvelaphi yokuqhubeka kokukhula kokwakhiwa kwezindlu eMoscow, isabelo sayo sizoncipha nakanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zemitha yesikwele zendlu yeMonolithic nephaneli enhlokodolobha kancane kancane zisondela. Manje izindleko ze-1M2 zendlu yephaneli ejwayelekile zicishe zibe ngu- $ 250, kanye ne-monolithic- $ 330, kanti eminyakeni emi-2 eyedlule, lo mehluko wawuphindwe kabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yiyona kahle ezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa kwabantu abaningi ukuthi umehluko emakethe yemakethe yemitha yesikwele yephaneli ne-monolithic House uphenduke umehluko ngezindleko zabo - $ 80-100.

I-Monolithic Housing kancane ijwayele. Ezinye zezindlu ezindlini ezinjalo zithengiswa ngo- $ 450-500 nge-1m2 (ngokwesibonelo, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMoscow, lapho izindlu ze-monithic, ezinjengephaneli, zithengwa kabi). Izindawo ezihlonishwayo, zijabulela ukufunwa okuphezulu futhi zithengiwe vele esigabeni sokutshala imali esingu- $ 800 nge-1m2.

Kodwa-ke, ingabe ababambiqhaza bezezindawo ezithengiswayo bangabamba iqhaza ezindlini zeMonolithic ngobuningi obunjalo? Ikak izothinta ukukhula kwemithamo yokwakha ngentengo yokunikezwa? Yilokhu umbono onale akhawunti A. Kuzriyaynova: "Umnotho ukhula kahle, ngaphandle kokuwohloka. Imakethe iziphatha ngokuzolile, ukunciphisa izici zayo, ukuthengiswa kwezentengiso akukabi njalo. ungalindele kepha isidingo sendawo yokuhlala esezingeni eliphakeme sizohlala siphakeme ngokungaguquki. "