Amamodeli wempahla nezinhlelo. Yisiphi imodeli engcono, imaphi amadokhumenti adingekayo ukuthola imalimboleko, ukuthi ungayenza kanjani inkontileka kahle.
Thola owakho ifulethi noma ukhuphule indawo esele ekhona, uthuthukise ikhwalithi yayo, ukuhambisa kwenye indawo noma idolobha ezweni lethu manje selingacishe kube ngokuthengisa nokuthenga okuthengayo. Ngokungabizeki, ekwakhiweni kokungajwayelekile, izinto zasekhaya kanye nezinto zisetshenziswa, amanani entengo ezindlu awohlali aphezulu kuphela, kepha aqhubeke nokukhula. Ekuseni, indawo yokuhlala entsha inesidingo esikhulu nokuthandwa. Kepha thenga ifulethi esakhiweni esisha, ngisho nokuthengisa, akuyena wonke umuntu oshibhile. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, ungathatha imali ezikweletini phakathi kwabangane (uma kukhona okunjalo), zama ukuthola imalimboleko emsebenzini (uma benikeza imalimboleko yempahla ebanjiswayo, kepha ngokwemvelo ngokuphelele entshonalanga.
Qaphela. Ngo-594 BC. I-Archont yasendulo yamaGreek Solon yayibambe izinguquko zayo ezaziwayo: ikhansela izikweletu ze-Loamal futhi yethula inkululeko yentando, ngenxa yokuthi impahla enenkohliso yayingasadingeki ukuzwa uhlobo. Okusho ukuthi, wonke umuntu uthole ilungelo lokulahla "impahla" ngokubona kwalo: ukwenza futhi anikeze isikweletu. Ngaphambi kwe-Athene, okweletayo okungekungakwazi ukukhokha isikweletu, wawela ebugqilini. Ukuze uhumushe umthwalo wemfanelo wakho siqu kuleyo ndawo, uSolon wacela ukubeka icala emhlabeni (imvamisa endaweni yomngcele) insika enombhalo wokuthi le mpahla isebenza njengemali ethile. Insika enjalo yabizwa ngokuthi yizezimali. Greek hypotetheca- ukuma, isipele.
Izindlela zokubolekwa kwemali
Amamodeli amakhulu wokubolekwa kwemalimboleko yempahla ebanjiwe kuphela, yize ukuhlukahluka nezinhlelo kungaba isethi enhle. Imodeli elula unxantathu: Umthengi ungumhwebi - okweletwayo. Obolekayo, ungumthengi, uthatha imali mboleko ebhange evikelwe ngefulethi elitholwe. IBhangengodla livula i-akhawunti yezindawo zokuhlala nabathengisi bezindlu kanye nokuqinisekisa iziqinisekiso zokubalwa lapho uthenga ifulethi ngesikweletu. Umthengi ngokusebenzisa ibhange ubalwa nomthengisi wefulethi elithengiwe futhi athole ilungelo lobunikazi, ngemuva kwalokho kukhona imali mboleko nentshisekelo kuye ngesikhathi sesivumelwano. I-AESLEY ayiphumeleli kulowo obolekayo, lapho-ke kukhokhiswa imali mboleko, uncishwa efulethini. Ukulula kwenhlangano yemodeli enjalo kwenze kwadlalwa ekwakheni, futhi emazweni athuthukile, ngokwesibonelo, e-UK, eFrance, eSpain. Ukuthandwa okukhulu kwendlela enjalo yempahla ebanjiswayo (vvide yerejista yokonga imali yokonga) sekunqobile eJalimane.Kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe yimodeli yokubolekwa kwemali ebolekwe ngemali ezimbili. Ukungena kwemali okuyinhloko kwezimali zesikweletu kuza ngokuqondile kule makethe yezokuphepha yesibili ehlelekile enikezwe yimpahla ebanjiswayo ethengiswayo. Imodeli enjalo esebenzayo iba kuphela ngengqalasizinda yemakethe ebanjiswayo ebekiwe futhi esungulwe kahle. Akudingekile ukukwenza ngaphandle kosizo lombuso futhi, okungenani, ukulawulwa kwayo okuyingxenye kokukhishwa kwezokuphepha ezikhanga emakethe yesibili. Le modeli yempahla manje isisatshalaliswa okukhulu kakhulu e-United States, ngakho-ke ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ingeMelika. Isici salo esikhulu ukuthi amanani empahla ebanjiswayo ahlobene namazinga athile kwezinye imalimboleko yasebhange, noma izindleko zama-deposits.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuphela kwe-xixvek nangaphambi kwemvume, kwahlelwa uhlelo olufanayo lwemali futhi lwasebenza kahle kulo lonke elaseRussia. Ngemuva kwenguquko mayelana nempahla ebanjiswayo, ngokwemvelo, kwadingeka ngikhohlwe, ukukhuluma ngakho kwaphinde kwavuselelwa ngo-1991 kuphela. Iphakethe lokuqala lemithetho yempahla ebanjiswayo yamukelwa ngonyaka we-1996, kodwa muva nje, ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 2001, uNdunankulu uMikhail Kasyanov wasayina imithetho yokuhlinzeka ngeziqinisekiso zezezimali. Indiza isho ukuthi bazovela emakethe yezokuphepha, futhi ukwakheka kwangempela kwempahla ebanjiswayo kuzoqala eRussia eModeli yayo engezansi. Amanani we-Agotum kwimalimboleko yemalimboleko yemalimboleko azokwehla, futhi inani elikhudlwana lamaRussia lizokwazi ukusebenzisa le ndawo yokuhlala kwezindlu.
Uhlelo lokubolekwa kwemali yasebhange
Enye yezindlu zokubolekwa kwemali ezikhangisiwe ezikhangiwe yi- "Deltacredit", eyakhiwe yi-USA Investment Fund. Ngokwalolu hlelo, isiKhwama sihlinzeka ngezimali zesikhathi eside kumabhange ozakwethu aseRussia ngokukhishwa okulandelayo kwezimali ezibolekwe ezokubolekwa kwezindlu kubantu abangafika eminyakeni eyi-10. Nazi izindlela zokubolekwa kwemalimboleko yemalimboleko kufanele zihambisane ukuze zinikezwe ngohlelo lwesiKhwama:
- Isikhathi semalimboleko esiphezulu semalimboleko siyiminyaka eyi-10;
- Isikweletu (e-US) singama-70% ezindleko zezindlu, futhi uma umnikelo wokuqala ongenhla unga- $ 15,000, angaba ngu-80%; Izinga lenzalo liqoshwa wonke umthwalo wenkontileka;
- Izinga lenzalo kwimalimboleko - imakethe (i-IMANDLA LOKUPHEPHA LESITOLO); Manje lilingana no-13-15%;
- Ngemali mboleko ngayinye, impilo yombolekayo, amafulethi engcupheni yokulahleka, ubunikazi befulethi;
- Ukuvalwa kokukhokha ekuqaleni (siphawula ukuthi ama-moores anjalo azokwethulwa kungekudala kwezinye izinhlelo).
Uhlelo alunaso isidingo esiphoqelekile sobhaliso eMoscow noma ukuba yisakhamuzi saseRussia Federation, isiqinisekiso sabanye abantu asidingeki ekukhetheni kwefulethi (ngaphandle kwezindlu zokhuni) noma indawo ethengiswayo Inkampani. I-Intercom ngohlelo "Deltacredit", lapho uthenga ifulethi emakethe yesibili, kuyadingeka ukuhlola enkampanini ekhethekile yokuhlola. Lapho wenza imalimboleko yempahla ebanjiswayo, ngaphandle kweholo elisemthethweni (ukulahlwa okuvela endaweni eyinhloko yomsebenzi), ezinye izikimu ezisemthethweni zokwenza imali zingabhekwa, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhokha komshuwalense, ukuphepha, ukuphepha, kusuka ekuqasheni izindlu ezikhona nokunye izinhlobo eziqinisekisiwe ezitholakele.
Uhlelo Lobumba Umshuwalense
I-PSK kanye ne-CEMI RAS kanye nokwesekwa kohlelo lombuso kwakhiwa uhlelo lokubolekwa kwemali kazwelonke "Ikusasa Namuhla". Lolu hlelo luqukethe inkontileka yomshuwalense wesikhathi eside wamakhasimende wesikhathi eside yesikhathi esiyiminyaka eyi-10. Lapho inani lamaphrimiyamu omshuwalense akhokhelwe lifinyelela ingxenye yesithathu yezindleko zendawo yokuhlala yesikhathi esizayo, iklayenti lithola imalimboleko enkampanini yomshuwalense edingekayo ukuthenga ifulethi. Lo nyaka kusukela ngesikhathi sokukhanga imali mboleko, inkampani yomshuwalense ifaka isabelo sokwabelana ngezindlu, ngemuva kwalokho obolekayo asevele ethola indlu entsha empahleni yakhe ibeka inkampani yomshuwalense kuze kube sekupheleni kwazo zonke izindawo zokuhlala ne Umshuwalense. Ukuxazulula (ukudluliswa kwamandla nokubhalisa) efulethini elisha, obolekayo uyaqhubeka nokukhokha amaphrimiyamu omshuwalense ngaphansi kwenkontileka. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindleko zokuhlinzeka imali mboleko zinikezwe yona, ngokuya ngemigomo yohlelo, ngeke yedlule i-8% ngonyaka ngohlobo lwemali. Ngakho-ke, impahla ivikelekile. Uma obolekayo engakwazi ukukhokha, kuyakhishwa, futhi ifulethi liyathengiswa. Iklayenti libuyisa umnikelo wokuqala kanye nezinkokhelo ezilandelayo zisusa izindleko zenkampani, inani lekwehla, njll. (ku-Percents).Inzuzo yohlelo ngenani eliphansi lenzalo kwimalimboleko (kwimodeli yemalimboleko ye-vbankov icishe yasonteka ngenhla). Kukhona obolekayo neziqinisekiso ezithile zenhlalo. Noma ngabe yena, nganoma yisiphi isizathu, amisa izinkokhelo, futhi indawo yakhe iba ubunikazi benkampani yomshuwalense, ngokuya ngomthetho wamanje, ihlinzekwa indawo yokuhlala esikhwameni sokuhlala esikoleni samakhulu.
Lapho kwenzeka umcimbi womshuwalense (Ukukhubazeka, ukukhubazeka, ukukhubazeka, ukulimala noma ukucekela phansi izindlu ezibolekiwe), inkampani yomshuwalense uqobo ibuyisela isikweletu sobolekayo phambi kobolekayo. Ukubhula okukhulu ekuqalisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwalolu hlelo eMoscow - kuvimbela obolekayo ekukhetheni kwezindlu, okungukuthi, ekukhetheni indawo kanye nohlobo oluthile lwesakhiwo. Kepha emadolobheni esifundeni le nkinga ayikho.
Izinhlelo Zokubolekwa Kwezezimali "Umphumela" kanye "Nezindlu ngesikweletu"
Uhlelo lokubolekwa kwemali ebanjiswayo "umphumela" lwakhiwa ochwepheshe besikhungo senuzi senuzi se-sarov. Iminyaka emibili, wahlolwa emadolobheni amane: sarov (nizhny novgorod esifundeni), iRyazan, uPenza noZarechny (Penza.). Ngemuva kwale mizi, la madolobha ahluka kakhulu ngenani lezakhamizi (ezingaphezu kuka-600 izakhamizi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-64. Re-stream. Refum), kanye nesikimu esihlongozwayo sokuthola amafulethi kubo bonke bathola zikhange futhi zingabizi. Manje uhlelo "umphumela" lwethulwa ema-ruble angaphezu kwama-20 weRussia Federation, kufaka phakathi iMoscow, iVolgograd, i-Vologda, i-KALININGRAD, NIZHNY NOVNOROD, TYUMEN, I-IRKUTSK COUND. Umphumela wohlelo lokusebenza oluphumelelayo walolu hlelo ukudalwa kohlelo lwe-Federal "izindlu ngesikweletu".
"Izindlu ngesikweletu" zinezici eziningi ezihlukile. Eyokuqala yalokhu ukuthi amafulethi athengiswa ngezindleko, kusukela kwiSikhwama, okuyinhlangano engeyona eyezentengiso, imisebenzi yayo engahloselwe ukwenza ukuphathwa kanye nokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalolu hlelo. Ingxenye yokufakwa kwemali ekhokhwayo yefulethi elithengiwe ihlinzekwa ngaphansi kwamaphesenti aphansi (5- 10% ngonyaka), nesikhathi sokukhokha kwaso yiminyaka engu-7-15. Ubukhulu bemalimboleko obuphezulu bunqunywa yimali engenayo yanyanga zonke yabathengi. Esinye isici siphansi, kepha okungenani i-10% yezindleko zefulethi elithengiwe, imali yokuqala yokuphoqelela. Uhlelo lunemvelo egxile emphakathini futhi lwenzelwe izakhamizi ezinosayizi wendawo ephelele ngelungu lomndeni elingeqi izinkambiso zenhlalo, kanye nalawo adinga ukuthuthukisa izimo zezindlu kanye nalokhu.
Izinkokhelo ngokufakwa zenziwa njalo ngenyanga, amasheya alinganayo futhi ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo esungulwe yimithetho yokuthengisa izindlu ngesikweletu. Usayizi wokukhokha okuphoqelekile ngenyanga ukukhokha imali yokufaka akufanele yedlule i-20% yemali yomndeni oqongelelayo. Ushintsho olusezingeni lenzalo lubhekisela ekhono elihlukile leBhodi Yabaphatheli besisekelo. Ukugcwaliseka kwezibopho ngaphansi kwenkontileka kuqinisekiswa ngokhiye kwisakhamuzi esiphethwe yisakhamuzi esishukumisayo sempahla eshukumisayo nengenakususwa, isiqinisekiso sabanye abantu, umshuwalense, kanye nangezinye izindlela.
Uhlelo luhlinzeka ngokutholwa kwezindlu ezi-4 - Ukuthenga ngokufakwa nokunikezela ngefulethi lakho kwinkokhelo etholakele; ukuthenga ngezitokwane ngaphandle kokubeka ezakho indlu; Ukuthenga ngaphandle kokufakwa ngokuqashwa kwefulethi lakho ekukhokheni izindlu ezithengiwe nokuthenga izindlu ngaphandle kokufaka futhi ngaphandle kokunikezela okwakho efulethini. Izindlela ezichaza ukulandelana kwezicelo, okulandelayo: Ilungelo lokusebenzisa lokuthenga izindlu ngokufakwa lijatshulelwa ngumfakisicelo odinga inani elincane lemali enikezwe ngesikweletu; Ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganayo, umuntu othengisa eyakhe izindlu kuyinzuzo kwinqubo yokuqala, inzuzo isetshenziswa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganayo, kwinqubo yokuqala neyesibili, kukhethwa ukuthi kube nosuku lwangaphambilini lokubhaliswa ohlwini lokuthuthuka okuswele izimo zezindlu.
Ukwakhiwa kweMoscow kanye nokonga
I-OJSC "Yokwakha I-Savings Cashier" (SSC) yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1998. Isimemezelo sikahulumeni waseMoscow N896. Umsunguli wakhe unguMnyango Wezakhiwo Zomasipala Wezombuso waseMoscow. I-SSC isebenza ngohlaka lokuhlolwa okwenziwe esifundeni saseNtshonalanga ekwakhiweni kabusha kwama-quart kabusha okuhlala endaweni yokuhlala okudala ngokuzibandakanya kwezakhamizi ezifuna ukubanda ngaphansi kwemodeli yempahla ehlongozwayo. Kuyimodeli ye-SSC, ngokusho kochwepheshe, kungaba inketho ethembisa kakhulu yokuboleka ekwakhiweni nasekutholeni izindlu ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kweMoscow kanye nempahla ebolekile yaseRussia.Abantu ababhaliswa unomphela eMoscow naseSifundeni saseMoscow, bekhokha umnikelo wokuqala we-5% wezindleko eziphelele zezindlu, bangagcina indawo yokuhlala ethile kwelinye lamazwe aseyunivesithi yezindlu nangesikhathi sokwakha (izinyanga eziyi-14-16 ) ukwenza okulinganayo kuhlanganyela enye i-45% yezindleko. Emva kwalokho, ifulethi njengemalimboleko yemalimboleko yempahla yempahla yenziwa empahleni enomsebenzi wayo ophoqelelwe ekukhokheni okugcwele kwemali mboleko yamaphesenti amahlanu iminyaka emithathu ngaphansi kuka-8% ngonyaka. Ukuqaliswa kohlelo kubalwa iminyaka emihlanu futhi kuqukethe izigaba ezinhlanu. Ingxenye yokwakha yabokuqala yabo yaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1989, lapho umphathi osemthethweni ebeka itshe lokuqala e-Lobachevsky Street, Eminyakeni engu-5 nje kuya ku-73ga, izinkulungwane ezingama-530. Izindlu ezingama-M2 kufanele zakhiwe, ama-37tytors adilizwa, futhi abakhileyo nabo baphinde babuyiselwa emakhaya amasha. Manje kuqeda ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziyisishiyagalombili zesimanje zokuhlala eziphakeme. Amakamelo kwabayisikhombisa awo muscovites angathenga ngokuya ngohlelo lwe-SCC. Lezi izindlu zezitini ze-monolithic ezinezitini ezithuthukisiwe, ophahleni oluphezulu nendawo enkulu yamafulethi. Ekugcineni, izidumbu zesishiyagalombili zizosusa izakhamuzi ezakhiweni ezinezitezi ezinhlanu zidilizwe.
Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kweminyaka emibili yomsebenzi, i-SSC esifundeni saseNtshonalanga yakha umqondo wemodeli yedolobha eliphakeme, enikezela ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yedolobha kanye nezakhiwo zezwe ze-SCC.
Ukuze uhlelo olunjalo lusebenze ngempumelelo, sidinga imininingwane yolwazi olulodwa, uhlelo lokulawula oluqinile, inqubomgomo yamanani eguquguqukayo kanye nokuxhasa ngokwakhiwa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene. Konke lokhu kusho ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esisenkingeni yedolobha eline-SCC, eliqukethe ihhovisi eliyinhloko kanye namahhovisi wezwe ezifundeni, ezizokwandisa kakhulu isisekelo sezezimali seklayenti futhi sihehe abanye abatshalizimali. Ngenxa yalokhu ngokuvakashela igatsha le-SSC eza ekhaya lakhe, iklayenti elingaba khona lizokwazi ukukhetha indlu kuye noma kuphi eMoscow, ukuthola izeluleko ezidingekayo futhi kuzonikezwa yonke imibhalo edingekayo.
Ukubambisana Okuqinisayo Ngokholo
Le miqondo namanje ayijwayele kabi ngisho nabahlali benhloko-dolobha. Ngakho-ke ake siqale ngohlaka lomthetho. Umqondo, inqubo yokwakheka, imisebenzi kanye nokupheliswa kwemali yokubambisana okholweni (amaComdients) alawulwa yi-Civil Code (Art. 82-86). Ubambiswano udaliwe futhi usebenza ngesisekelo sesivumelwano sendawo. Ukuphatha imisebenzi kwenziwa ngabalingani abagcwele. Abagcini (izinduna) abanelungelo nje kuphela ukubamba iqhaza ekuphatheni nasekwenzeni amacala, kodwa futhi baphonsela inselelo yezenzo zokuhlangana okuphelele kokuphatha kanye nokuziphatha kweNdaba Yokubambisana. Umthelela ekubambisaneni okholweni kunomthelela ekwabiweni kwemali, okuqinisekiswe isitifiketi sokubamba iqhaza (isitifiketi se-Depositor). Amalungelo okufakelwayo anqunywa yisivumelwano sendawo (isivumelwano sediphozithi) kanye nomthetho osebenzayo.
Ukubambisana kokuqala eMoscow lapho kukholwa "DSC-1 kanye nenkampani" yadalwa ngoMeyi 1997. Ekuqaleni kweJSC DSC N1 njengomhlanganyeli kuphrojekthi yokushayela imali ebanjiswayo ebolekwe eMoscow 13, 2001, ikomidi lesibili lavela yiKomidi Lesibili, iSu-155 noC... Kwakheka izinhlangano ezinjalo .. Okokuqala, ukubiza ukuthi umlingani ogcwele (umsunguli) noma ama-comrade (uma kunabasunguli abaningana) ekwehlulekeni ukufeza izibopho zabo, hhayi ngemali egunyaziwe. "I-DSC-1 ne Inkampani ", ngokwesibonelo, lena yi-4th GBC, inemicabango emi-5 neyekhiqizwa kanye namahhovisi ezobuchwepheshe. Izindleko zale mpahla zibaluleke kakhulu kunosayizi ovumayo ophezulu wenhloko-dolobha efanayo. Ngakho-ke inguqulo yephiramidi yezezimali endabeni yokubambisana ekhuthele ayidluli. I-ecrome yalokho, lapho kufaka isandla ekubambisaneni okuhlaselwe, ungagcina imali ku-akhawunti isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iklayenti lithembela ukubambisana kwakhe, okubonisa le nhloso ngolunye usuku (ngonyaka noma iminyaka engu-5 ukuya kwezi-5) ukuthenga ifulethi elisha.
Ubambiswano oluhlaselayo alufaki imikhawulo yalabo ababambe iqhaza kwinani lediphozithi, inqubo nenani lezinkokhelo. Ngokwenza inani lokuqala, iklayenti lingangeza imali entsha kulo, liqoqele ku-akhawunti kuze kube yilapho inani liqoqelwe ukuthenga ifulethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubamba iqhaza emalini ekwakheni izindlu, umgcinimishi uthola ingxenye yenzuzo ekuthengisweni kwamafulethi. Uma iklayenti licabange ngokuthenga indlu, i-pai yakhe futhi inzuzo yenziwa kuyo izofakwa kuhlu nge-akhawunti yakhe phakathi nezinsuku ezingama-20b.
Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2001. Ingxenye yesibili ye-Codexarf yentela, okuthi (Isigaba esingu-1020 "Ukubola kwentela yempahla") (Isigaba 2020 "Ukubola kwentela yempahla") Izakhamizi ezithengiwe ngemali ekhokhelwa imali ngenani lamanani hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-600. (cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-20 $). I-Asami isho okuhloswe ngayo ukukhokha inzalo kwimalimboleko yemalimboleko yempahla etholakala kwintela. Ukudonswa kwentela kwale nzuzo kungenziwa kuze kube ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuphelele.
Izakhamizi ezazisebenzisa ekubambisaneni okuhlaselwe ukuze ziqoqe imali futhi zithole ukwahlukaniswa kwezimali zenhlangano kanye nezomnotho zenhlangano, yenza isivumelwano somnikelo, esibonisa inqubo yokubambisana kwe-COMDAT kusuka ekubambisaneni okuhlanyisayo futhi ethola a Idiphozithi ngokheshi (izinkuni), ukuthola izinhlaka zemiphumela yonyaka wezimali (izinkuni), isikhathi senkontileka kanye nenqubo yokwanda kwayo, kanye nesivumelwano senqubo yokuqongelelwa komnikelo ku Ukuthengwa okwengeziwe kwefulethi. Isivumelwano ngenqubo yokuqongelelwa komnikelo sithi izinhloso zamaqembu mayelana nesikhathi nosayizi wokonga kanye nezephulelo lapho uthenga indlu. Isibonelo salesi sibonelo sizonikeza izimo eziphambili zokuthengwa kwefulethi ngesikweletu (ukuphishekela inkokhelo kanye nesibambiso sempahla ethengiswayo) ku-Opremod Commandoter Pregebapn "DSC-1 neNkampani". Usayizi womnikelo wokuqala wama-30% wezindleko eziphelele zefulethi; Ukukhokhwa kokufakwa - kuze kube yi-10Let; Inani lokukhokha inzalo lincike empilweni yenkonzo kanye nenani lomnikelo wokuqala; Amanani wenzalo awekho ngaphezu kwe-10% ngonyaka; Amafulethi anikezwa kuphela izakhamizi zaseMoscow kanye nesifunda saseMoscow esikhwameni sezindlu zokubambisana; I-solvency yomthengi iqinisekiswe ukuhlinzekwa kwemibhalo efanele. Lapho ubheka ukuthengwa kwamafulethi ngesikweletu ngenkontileka yokufaka isicelo esihambisanayo sokuthengiswa kwamafulethi ngesikweletu, ngenkathi efulethini kudonswa empahleni yomthengi futhi kubhekwane ngokugcwaliseka komthengi igcwaliswe ngokuphelele inkontileka.
Hhayi-ke, uma unemali ephakeme "engekho emthethweni", ungahle unikezwe izikimu eziningana "Quasi-Dint". Njengomthetho, ahlukile kwi-nuances, kepha umbono oyisisekelo uwukuthi: Iklayenti likhetha ifulethi, likhokha ama-50% wezindleko zalo kanye nabantu abaningi. Ngokulandelayo, ukhokhela ukuqasha, okungukuthi, ingxenye engakhokhelwa yezindleko zefulethi ihlukaniswe izinyanga ezingama-24 kumasheya alinganayo. Izinga lenzalo 10-13% ngonyaka ngohlobo lwemali. Ngemuva kokubuyisela imalimboleko, ifulethi liyakhiwa kwiklayenti.
Yini imali oyibolekayo?
Lokhu kungabonakala kungabaza, kepha kumthengi, uhlelo lwaseMelika lisathandwa. Okungenani ngenxa yezizathu ezintathu. Okokuqala, kungenzeka ukuthola imali mboleko yemali ukuthola noma iyiphi ifulethi, ngenkathi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokusho kwenketho ye-SSC, ukukhetha kukhawulelwe yihhovisi lebhokisi lezokwakha nelonga. Izimali zangempela zenza ukuthi zikwazi ukubamba iqhaza kwimpahla ebanjiswayo ukuze zithole izindlu emakethe, hhayi kumanani asunguliwe e-SSC futhi ajwayele ukwehla kwamanani. Kepha, mhlawumbe, inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yenguqulo yaseMelika yesikhathi sokubolekwa kwemali. I-WMOSkow, njengoba sekushiwo, imali mboleko ikhishwa yiminyaka eyishumi, futhi ngokuya ngohlelo lwe-SCC, obolekayo kufanele akhokhele iminyaka emi-3, ephezulu yeminyaka emi-5. Akuyona indima yokugcina futhi edlalwa yi-US Scheme, umuntu obolekayo unelungelo lokulahla isikweletu sakhe: othandweni nesikhathi sokuthengisa isefulethi (imali ebanjiswayo ngokubeka isikweletu. (I-UNAS, iqiniso, imisebenzi enjalo ayikajwayelekile.) Alikho i-SSK yamathuba anjalo: Ngathenga ifulethi, akunakwenzeka ukuyithengisa kuze kube yilapho zonke izikweletu zikhokhwa. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwawo wonke amaphutha, uhlelo olulula lokubolekwa kwemali ebambisekweni lwendlu yababambiqhaza bempahla ebanjiswayo lusaqondakala kakhulu, lungabizi futhi lushibhile.Imicabango efihliwe kakhulu
Ukunquma ukuthola imalimboleko yempahla ebanjiswayo, kungcono ukwazisa kahle amakhono ayo kusengaphambili. Ukuze wenze lokhu, siphakamisa ukuthi uphendule imibuzo eyishumi.
munye. Ingabe unayo imali eyanele yokukhokha umnikelo wokuqala (imvamisa yi-30% yezindleko zefulethi elithengiwe)?
2. Ingabe unayo imali yokumboza izindleko ezihambisana nokuthengwa kokuthengiselana kokuthengiswa kwamafulethi? Lokhu kungu-1.5% wezindleko zefulethi lesitifiketi sakwa-azerized senkontileka, imali yokubhaliswa kwenkontileka ku-GBD, imali ekhokhwayo yebhange ngokuphela kwesivumelwano semalimboleko lapho kuphetha khona Yezinkontileka zomshuwalense (obolekayo ngezindleko zayo kufanele ziqinisekise impilo yakhe nokukhubazeka, impahla etholakele, ubungozi bokulahleka kobunikazi (isihloko) sefulethi elitholwe). I-Summe lezi zinkokhelo ingasukela ku-1.5 kuye ku-5% ngonyaka.
3. Ingabe unemali eyanele yokugcina izinga lokuphila lomndeni elidingekayo ngemuva kwezinkokhelo zanyanga zonke zokukhokha imali mboleko futhi ukhokhe inzalo kuyo? Ngemuva kwakho konke, lezi zinkokhelo zingafinyelela ama-35% wesamba semali yomndeni oqongelayo.
ezine. Ingabe unayo isipiliyoni somsebenzi esiqhubekayo kule minyaka eyi-2 edlule? I-Aesley yayixoshwa futhi iqhuma emsebenzini, ubachazela kanjani?
ezinhlanu. Ngabe uhlola kanjani ukuqina kwesikhundla sakho nemali engenayo eminyakeni engu-5-10 elandelayo?
6. Ngabe uma kwenzeka ulahlekelwe ngumsebenzi uthole enye inkokhelo engekho ngaphansi kwangaphambili, okungukuthi, ukubuyisela i-solvency yakho?
7. Uke wasebenzisa imalimboleko noma imali mboleko nokuthi bazibuya ngesikhathi esifanele? Ingabe usebenzisa amakhadi wesikweletu? Ngamanye amagama, ingabe unomlando omuhle wesikweletu?
eziyisishiyagalombili. Ingabe uyakhokha izinsizakalo zokusetshenziswa, ucingo, ugesi, njll?
eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ingabe unayo impahla eshukumisayo noma engashukunyiswa (elinye indawo yokuhlala, indlu yezwe, njll.), Okungaba isiqinisekiso esengeziwe sokwenza isikweletu sakho?
10. Ungakwazi yini ukuhlinzeka njengesiqinisekiso esengeziwe sebhizinisi elisemthethweni, njengomqashi, isiqinisekiso sasebhange noma okuthile okunje?
Cabanga uma ngelinye iphuzu uzozithola ungakwazi ukufeza izibopho zakho ukuze ukhokhe imalimboleko etholwe ukuthengiselana kuwe i-bank kungadinga ukuthi ubuyisele imali mboleko nokukhokha ifulethi Ukuthi ifulethi elikufake ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamanje ngenxa yalokho, lizothengiswa, futhi wena nabo bonke abaphilayo nani baxoshwa kulezi zindlu. Yebo, ngisho nangemva kokuthengiswa kwefulethi ukuthola imali eguqukayo ukuze kubuyisele izibopho ngaphansi kwesivumelwano semalimboleko ngeke kwanele, obolekayo angadonsa inhlawulo nenye impahla yakho. Ngakho-ke thatha imali esikweletini, ungazethembi ekwazi ukuwubuyisela ngesikhathi futhi ngokugcwele, ngokuqinile.
Uma uphendule yonke le mibuzo kahle, uzokwazi ukuhlola ubukhulu bemalimboleko ongathembela kuyo. Esikhathini esiningi sezingosi ze-Intanethi ezihlinzeka ngemalimboleko, kukhona umshini wokubanjiswa kwemali e-inthanethi, wenza idatha emholweni wayo, umuntu anganquma inani eliphakeme kakhulu lemalimboleko etholakala kuwe kanye nenani lezinkokhelo zanyanga zonke kulo.
Imiphi imibhalo edingekayo
Inqubo yokuthola imalimboleko yempahla ebanjiswayo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi inde. Okokuqala, kubhekiswa kunoma iyiphi inhlangano enikezela insizakalo enjalo, kuzofanele ugcwalise isicelo sesitatimende sempahla ebanjiswayo yezindlu futhi unamathisele inani elithile lamaphepha azocubungula ngaphambi kokufaka kwakho Uhlu lwabafakizicelo bemalimboleko. Uhlu lwamadokhumenti luhle futhi alufani ncamashi nakumafemu ahlukene. Ingatholakala futhi kwi-Intanethi.Into yokuqala izodingeka amakhophi amaphasiphothi (wonke amakhasi), hhayi kuphela obolekayo uqobo, kodwa nakuwo bonke abantu abahlala ndawonye, kanye nalabo abangaphileli uma lowo oshade naye (oshade naye), abazali, izingane, izingane zipelwe kwenye indawo. Kuzodingeka: Ikhophi yesitifiketi sokunikeza umbolekisi inn, ikhophi yedokhumenti okuyisisekelo sokubhalisa ukuhlala unomphela, ikhophi yokwakheka kwezemfundo kanye nabanye abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadokhumenti aqinisekisa isimo sakho somshado, impilo kanye nolwazi mayelana nokuqashwa kanye nemali engenayo kuzodingeka. Kuzodingeka ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi kanye nezinye izimpahla uma kukhona okutholakalayo. Eminye imibhalo ingahle icelwe. Ukucatshangelwa kwegama lemibuzo yohlelo lokusebenza kuvame ukusuka ngeviki le-2 kuya kwenyanga engu-1. Uma kwenziwa isinqumo esihle, uzonikezwa ukuqoqa eminye imibhalo yokungena kwisivumelwano semalimboleko. Uhlu lwabo luzonikezwa inkampani enikezela ngemalimboleko.
Maphakathi noFebhuwari walo nyaka, kwamukelwa umthetho wenhlangano eRussia, owenza izinguquko nokungezelelwa emthethweni osebenza kakade "opripotek". Manje kunconywa ukuthi "indlu yokuhlala noma ifulethi elitholwe noma lakhiwe kusetshenziswa imalimboleko yasebhange noma esinye isikhungo sesikweletu kubhekwa njengezithengezwa kusukela ngosuku lokubhaliswa kombuso wobunikazi." Ukucaciswa kwenziwa ku-Article 54, ukuvikela obolekayo kusuka kumuntu ongabahloli noma okweletayo ongelona iqiniso ovuma ukubambezeleka okujwayelekile ezinkokhelo. Isikhungo sesikweletu sakwazile ukufunwa ukugcwaliseka okugcwele kwezibopho, hhayi ukukhokha isikweletu esisodwa samanje. Isikhalazo sendawo yokuhlala yezindlu, etholwe noma eyakhelwe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sezezimali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubuyiselwa kwemalimboleko yasebhange, kuyisisekelo sokunqumela ilungelo lokusebenzisa i-pledger namalungu omndeni wakhe nakhiwokazi. Ukubuyiselwa kwezindlu ezibolekwe "kungenzeka zombili ngendlela yokwahlulela neyangezelelesi." Isakhiwo sokuhlala noma ifulethi, elibekwe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sempahla ebanjiswayo futhi elidonswa ekululameni, liyasetshenziswa ngokuthengisa ngokuhweba okubanjwe endalini noma umncintiswano ovulekile. " Uhlelo olusha lwesigaba 2 se-Article 78 luvikela izinhlangano zesikweletu ezivela kubabolekisi abangathembekile abafaka amalungu emindeni yabo ngemuva kokubhaliswa kokuzibophezela kwayo noma efulethini lapho belulama. Umbhalo we-Article 78 akazange avumele ukuxazulula impikiswano yokuxoshwa kwabo.
Futhi iziphathimandla zokugada nezinakekeli manje zinelungelo lokuvuma abamele abancane noma amalungu omndeni anekhono elinekhono lokuhlukaniswa noma ukudlulisela kwizakhiwo ezibolekwe ezakhiweni ezihlala ngazo uma amalungelo awo engeye avikelwe ngumthetho. Imvume enjalo kumele ihanjiswe kumenzi wesicelo ngokubhala esikhathini sezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu, futhi ukwenqaba ezweni lemvume kumele kugqugquzelwe. Umfakisicelo "unelungelo lokuphonsela inselelo isinqumo semizimba yokugada nemizimba yokugada enkantolo."
Ungayenza kanjani isivumelwano semalimboleko
Qaphela ukuthi isivumelwano sokubolekwa kwemali, ngokusho kobuciko. I-339 ye-Civil Code of the Russian Federation ingaphansi kwesitifiketi sokuphoqelela esinqunyelwe kanye nokubhaliswa koMbuso. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana okungenani nenye yalezi zidingo kuyokwenza kungavumelekile. Isimo esiqondakalayo nesiphelo sesivumelwano sokuqala semalimboleko. Njengamanje kunokungafani okuthile ngesicelo sokubhaliswa kwalo okuphoqelekile. I-Soda Party, inkontileka yokuqala kufanele iphothulwe ngefomu elisungulwe kwinkontileka enkulu (ubuciko. 429 yeKhodi ye-Civil of the Russian Federation), nakwelinye, isivumelwano sokuqala asiholeli ekuguqukeni kwamalungelo empahla futhi, Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, akuwona umsebenzi wezezakhiwo, ngakho-ke ukubhaliswa kwesimo okuphoqelekile akudingi. Kepha ngaphandle kokungabaza, isivumelwano sokubolekwa kwemali esemthethweni singaphansi kwesitifiketi sokufanelekile se-notarial (Article 18, 163,165, 339, 429 GKRF). Lapho uphetha izinkontileka zempahla ebanjiswayo, umbuzo wokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uphethe ukhona kufanelekile uma kwenzeka isihloko sesibambiso asikabi noma singathengwa yi-MortGager. Manje, umthetho wobumbano "u-Ofiyotek" wavumela isibambiso sokwakhiwa okungapheli.
Ngokusho kwe-Article 339 GKRF kanye ne-athikili ye-Lawruf "ye-Opripotek" ye-9 ye-Opripotek ", esivumelwaneni sokubolekwa kwemali kufanele ikhombise:
- Amaqembu kwinkontileka; Ngasikhathi sinye, akuzange kusungulwe ngokuqondile ukuthi inkontileka ibingavunyelwe ukuphetha ngemalimboleko yezakhiwo zokuhlala endaweni yesakhamuzi nge-Proxy (isigaba 6 se-Article 74 soMthetho "Opripotek");
- Isibopho esinikezwe yimpahla ebanjiswayo, ekhombisa isamba sayo, isisekelo sokuvela nesikhathi sokubulawa; Uma isibopho sincike kwisivumelwano, kuyadingeka ukucacisa amaqembu alo, usuku nendawo esiphethweni;
- Into Yobabambiseko: Incazelo yento ye-Real Estate, eyanele ukuyikhomba (igama, indawo, inhloso, izici);
- Ilungelo loMbambiso entweni ebekiwe yezezakhiwo kanye negama le-Justice Authority elibhalisiwe, okungukuthi, Isivumelwano sempahla ebanjiswayo kuphela ngemuva kokubhaliswa kombuso kwamalungelo ePeledger (impahla, ukuphathwa kwezomnotho, ukuqasha) kwipropathi ngaphansi uphenyo;
- Uma amalungelo abomsebenzi abamba imali eqinisekiswe yimpahla ebanjiswayo, kufanele ichazwe;
- Ukuhlola (inani) lento ebanjiswayo ngamanani emali (ngamanani emakethe);
- Inqubo yokubuyiselwa kwesibambiso (ngesinqumo senkantolo noma isivumelwano esiboshwe amaqembu);
- Esikhonweni sediphozithi sendlu, izakhiwo, izinhlaka kufanele zikhonjiswe ngakwesokudla kwePeledger epulazini lomhlaba elihlala emhlabeni, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwesibambiso saleli sayithi (amalungelo okuqashisa) noma ingxenye yayo edingekayo ukuze usebenzise into, ngoba uma kungenjalo isivumelwano sokubolekwa kwemali sizobhekwa njengengasebenzi (Art. 340 ye-Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
- Uma inkontileka ingasunguli isikhundla esihlukile, i-sellerge inelungelo lokulahla isibambiso, kufaka phakathi ukuhlukanisa nokudlulisela kwidiphozithi elandelayo, kuphela ngemvume ye-Pledgee.
Uma impahla engashukumi inobunikazi obujwayelekile obuhlangene, idinga imvume ebhaliwe yokubumbana kwayo, futhi uma isebuninino obunikazi besabelo, le mvume ayidingeki (I-Article 7 yoMthetho "opripotek"). Imvume yempahla ebanjiswayo yempahla etholakala ubunikazi obuhlangene babalingani, kusuka komunye umlingani, kufanele kubonwe (isigaba 3 se-Article Codecarf). Uma into ebanjiswayo iyizakhiwo zokuhlala ezakhe izakhamizi ezincane, abantu abanekhono noma abangakwazi ukusebenza, khona-ke imvume ebhaliwe iyadingeka ukufeza ukusebenza kwe-Guardianship kanye ne-Guardingling Authority (P.5 ye-Article 74 yoMthetho "Opripotek") .
Umshuwalense zonke izingozi futhi ulale ngokuthula
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izindinganiso zomshuwalense wezimali ziphakamisa ubumbano nobunzima, ekusebenzeni, abakweletwayo nezinkampani zomshuwalense ngokwabo banquma isethi yengozi, lapho obolekayo kufanele abe nomshuwalense. Njengomthetho, ukubolekwa kwemali ebanjiswayo kunesivumelwano esijwayelekile ngokubambisana nenkampani yomshuwalense, enikeza uhla oluphelele lwezinsizakalo zomshuwalense zemisebenzi yempahla ebanjiswayo. Kusuka kuhlu olunzulu lwengozi okungenzeka, 3-4 kudingeka kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, amanani omshuwalense ancishisiwe, futhi izinsizakalo zomshuwalense zidlula ngombolekisi hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-3-5% ngonyaka ngenani lemalimboleko.
Ukuphela kwento okufanele inomshuwalense iyaphoqelelwa yindawo ethengiswayo yombolekisi (ngokwesibonelo, efulethini). Kuvikelekile kusuka kusethi yezingozi ezijwayelekile. Ngemuva kokuvela komcimbi womshuwalense, umthwalo womshuwalense ufaka imali yokubuyiselwa emsebenzini. Inkontileka yomshuwalense isebenza ngesikhathi sonke semalimboleko. Ozuzayo kwinkontileka yibhange lekhombe. Inani lomshuwalense lilingana nemalimboleko etholwe ngenzalo, futhi i-premium yomshuwalense icishe ibe ngu-0.6-3% wemalimboleko yempahla ebanjiswayo.
Uma ifulethi lithengwa emakethe yesibili, umbuzo wobumsulwa bezomthetho wepropathi ethengiwe ubhekene nobukhali obukhethekile. Ukulalela ukuzimela okungalungile noma ukwephulwa kwenqubo yokuthengisa kabusha, konke ukuthengiselana okulandelayo kukhanseliwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nebhange lekhohliwe elinentuthuko engelona iqiniso kusasele ngaphandle kwempahla ehlanganyelwe. Umshuwalense wesihloko ukhulisa izindleko zemalimboleko yempahla ebanjiswayo ngesilinganiso esingu-1%, yize empeleni kungahle kube okuphansi (0.5%) nangaphezulu (kufika ku-3-3.5%). Lapho uthenga izindlu "zokuqala", ubungozi bokwakhiwa okungalungile kokuthengiselana kuphansi kakhulu, kodwa kungenzeka. Uhlobo oluncane oluvamile lomshuwalense ophethweni lwesivumelwano senkontileka semalimboleko yombolekisi. Iklayenti, njengomnikazi wefulethi kanye nesakhamuzi, linesibopho kwezinye izakhamizi (omakhelwane babo) ngomonakalo angenza impahla yabo (umlilo, izikhukhula, njll).
Le yimali ebolekwe eRussia manje. Imalimboleko yempahla mboleko isatholakala kancane. Kepha izinketho ezintsha ziyavela kancane kancane, ziyamukeleke kakhulu kwizakhamizi zethu.