Isisekelo: Ukuncika kwesakhiwo kusuka kuhlobo lwenhlabathi, izakhiwo ezinconyiwe zokuzalelwa okuncane futhi kunciphise ukulungiswa kokwakhiwa kwesisekelo se-bell.
Gxila ngokusika nomgede ngaphansi kwesisekelo esiseduze
Amafomu ngaphansi kwepuleti lesisekelo se-swampy abhekisa hhayi kuphela i-contour, kepha futhi ahlukile epuleti
Ukuqinisa amandla okufaka amanzi efomini
Ukubukwa Okujwayelekile Kokwenza Amafomu Afakiwe Ngokuqiniswa Okuhlobene
Ukubopha ukuqiniswa ukunikeza umklamo we- "Openkwork" wesimo esithile nobulukhuni obunele
Ukwemukelwa Kwendabuko Kwabakhi- Kusetshenziswa Amafomu "Ashukumisayo" Lapho ugcwalisa ngokhonkolo odongeni olungaphansi
Ukufakwa kwe-mesh kusuka ku-valve ngaphambi kokugcwaliswa kwepuleti lesisekelo
Ukugcwalisa ezansi kwechibi elizayo
StryProekt "
Ukuvimbela amanzi isisekelo kungaba lapho uthela imisebenzi yohlobo olungasuswanga
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokwakhiwa kwendlu ekhewini, kudingeka ucabange ngokwakha isisekelo saso. Ngemuva kwakho konke, isisekelo sinquma kakhulu amandla, ukuthembeka nokuphila isikhathi eside kwesakhiwo. Ngayinye yazo ihlukile ngendlela yayo. Akudingekile ukuthi uphuthume lapha: okukhethwe kahle, ukwakheka kokusekelwa kubalwa futhi kufakwe isikhathi eside, isakhiwo sizoba isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, isimo esizungeza indlu ngezandla zabo - cabanga ngezigaba eziphambili, nezinkinga ezivela ngakunye.
Amahlandla ayisikhombisa faten ...
Inkulumo ethi "indlu eyakhelwe esihlabathini" efomini elingokomfanekiso lisilethela umbono wokuthi ngaphandle kokusekelwa okufanele esakhiweni kuya ekubhujisweni. Kepha kukhona kula magama nangenye incazelo: Indlu ingakhiwa ngaphandle kwesisekelo, futhi izothanda nje isikhathi esithile. ISampula, Ukwakhiwa Okufanelekile ukwenza ngcono izindleko zokwakha okuthembekile, kepha futhi kungabizi kakhulu ukwesekwa kokwakha. Imvamisa, i-cottage enezitezi ezimbili, inani lomjikelezo we-zero lingu-15-20% wezindleko zohlaka lokwakhiwa konke, futhi ngokuhambisana nesisekelo, kuze kufike ku-30%. Kepha kubiza kakhulu kungabiza isisekelo se-cottage eduze kwethambeka elinamatshe noma elifakwe endaweni yokubhukuda. Idizayini yesisekelo ihlala ihlukile ngendlela yayo. Isimo esizungeze indlu ngezandla sazo sakhiwa ngezigaba. Into esemqoka akuyona ukwenza amaphutha.Ngingathanda ukuhlala engqondweni eyodwa egcwele kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukubala ukunciphisa ukulungiswa, amakhasimende akhetha iphrojekthi ejwayelekile noma eyenziwe ngomumo yendlu. Kuyamukeleka impela kuze kube yilapho kungaphezu komqondo ojwayelekile, ngoba izisekelo zivame ukwenza imidwebo ebolekwe. Avot vele angenzi lokhu. Akunandaba, uhlobo noma iphrojekthi ekhethekile kuxoxwa ngayo, "ecaleni lothando, amakhono kanye nokunakekelwa kobunjiniyela kanye nocwaningo lwezwe kuyadingeka, lapho izakhiwo zenhlabathi ziphenywa khona endaweni yokwakhiwa okusolwayo. Maye, kungenzeka ukuthi unikeze izibonelo eziningi lapho omakhelwane bemi ngokujwayelekile, futhi ama-novice ahlale ngokuzumayo. Ngakho-ke ungagcini penny, hlola inhlabathi. Njengomthetho, ukukhethwa kwenhlabathi kwenziwa ngosizo lwe-probe ephethwe ngesandla ekujuleni kwama-shurts ku-5m ngendlu ephansi yokhuni kuze kube yi-7-10 m - isitini noma itshe. IShurfov idinga okungenani ezine (phambili kulayini emakhoneni wesakhiwo esizayo).
Ukubopha kahle iphrojekthi kule ndawo, sidinga izinkomba eziningi, phakathi kwazo uhlobo lomhlabathi, ukujula kokuqhwa kwalo kanye nokugcwala kwamanzi enhlabathi, izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, njll. Futhi-ke, umsebenzi womjikelezo we-zero ubuchwepheshe obubaluleke kakhulu bamakhosi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuphambuka kuphrojekthi, kufihlwe emehlweni emhlabathini, ekuqaleni akukwazi ukuzikhombisa ngaphandle.
U-Illy Ngemuva kwesikhashana kuvela ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukungcola kwe-granite lapho uthele isisekelo seRabbon kwathathelwa indawo yi-lime, kanye nokuqiniswa kwamakhonkolo kakhonkolo kakhonkolo we-fodcrete. Noma uthenga ikotishi elenziwe ngomumo, kuyadingeka ukuzama ukuthatha amasampula weSisekelo Masonry (izibalo zomnikazi, vele) nangosizo lochwepheshe ukuze ahlole ukunemba komjikelezo we-zero.
Uma nje ukwakhiwa okusha, ikhwalithi yesinqumo sokwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwalo kwayo kwayala. Kulesi simo kuphela, umniniyo angaphola ngokwethenjwa kokwesekwa kwendlu ngemuva kokubhaliswa okusemthethweni kwe-bug noma ngemuva kokuba abaklami nabakhi bazokhohlwa ukudala kwabo ngemuva kokuphela kwewaranti emibili.
Izici zenhlabathi
Imininingwane yokuqala ngezinhlelo zokuklama okungenzeka ezisekelweni (itheyipu, umlobi, uthayela, inqwaba, njll.), Sesivele sinikezwe "ezixazululweni ezakhayo zendlu." Kwakukhona futhi ngesimo sezinhlobo zenhlabathi (idwala, i-Great-block, iSandy, ubumba, obunjiwe, inqwaba) futhi kuxoxiswane nemiklamo yesisekelo esezingeni elifanelekile ngasinye sazo. Manje ake sigxile ekutheni izimo zesimo sezulu zikuthinta kanjani ukukhetha kokwakheka.
Kwabaningi bendawo yaseRussia ebusika, inhlabathi ihlaba ukujula okukhulu. Akuthina kuphela ezixhumanisweni zendawo yendawo, kepha futhi ezingeni lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngemuva kwakho konke, umswakama owengeziwe ngokuhambisana nokushisa kwenhlabathi futhi kuyimbangela yokuqandeka kwawo. I-APACK, iphendukela eqhweni, amanzi akhuphuka ngenani elinganiselwa ku-10%, ukukhuphuka (ukuncipha) kwezingqimba zenhlabathi ngaphakathi kokujula kwama-drainage kwenzeka. Inhlabathi ifuna ukusunduza isisekelo esivela emhlabeni ebusika futhi, kunalokho, "ukubambezeleka" ngokuncibilika kweqhwa entwasahlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenzeka ngokungalingani nxazonke emngceleni wesisekelo futhi kungafaka ukonakala kwayo ngisho nokubonakala kwemifantu, kanye nokubhujiswa. Amandla okupompa ayakwazi ukuveza cishe noma iyiphi ikotishi, noma ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zesayithi elinamandla ahlukile (cishe ngo-120kn nge-1M2). Ungabanqabisa kuphela ngokusebenza kwekhono lesisekelo.
Zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi zamukelwa ukuze zihlukanise ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: inhlabathi iyabhalwa futhi ayinalutho. Ukuswayipha kukhona ubumba, uthuli olunesihlabathi nokuncane, kanye ne-block enkulu, okuqukethwe kobumba okuhlanganisiwe okudlula ku-15%. Inhlabathi enothuli enothuli enomswakama ophezulu ibizwa ngokuthintana futhi ayisetshenziswa njengesisekelo ngenxa yamandla ayo aphansi. Inhlabathi enkulu ye-cap ene-sandplane, ama-sands athuna, amakhulu futhi aphakathi, aqukethe izingxenyana zobumba, abhekwa njengezingezona ezingezona ezenziwa kunoma iyiphi ikhava. Ukusungula ukwakhiwa kokuxhaphaza kwenhlabathi kuhlale kuqondiswa yi-regher (ebalwe) ukujula kokuqhwa (sikucacisile). Ngakho-ke, esifundeni saseMoscow akwenzeki ngaphansi kwe-1.5m.
Imininingwane mayelana nenhlabathi esifundeni saseMoscow
| Isimilo senhlabathi | Ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ukudonsa | Ukwanda,% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uhlobo | Ukujula, uM. | Isimo | Isihlobo () *,% | Ugn ungabi ngaphezu kwe-2m | I-cov ingaphezu kwe-2m | -Nke |
| Ibhulokhi enkulu, idwala, semi- | 2-3. | Empeleni awekho | Ngaphansi kuka-1. | 0,3. | 3,1 | 3,4. |
| USandy (Otmelko- kuya kuma-coarse-grase) mnene | 5-6 | -Ngenamandla | 1-3.5 | 17. | okukodwa | ishumi nesishayagalombili |
| Isihlabathi sobumba | 5-6 | -Vamile | 3.5-7 | 26,1 | 36.7 | 62.8 |
| Ubumba, uthuli olunesihlabathi namancanyana, lukhululekile | 5-6 | -Namandla | 7-12. | 3. | 1,6 | 4.6 |
| Ccelay | 2-4 | -Qileyo | Ngaphezulu12. | 9,2 | 2. | 11,2 |
Kuyaziwa ngokwakha isisekelo esinokuphakama okungaphezu kuka-H. Kulokhu, indiza yaso ephansi (i-sole) ithembela ezingxenyeni zenhlabathi engalokothi. Kepha okuhlangenwe nakho kokubonwayo kwaphakade kukhombisile ukuthi ukwakheka okunjalo kusebenza kuphela ngomthwalo we-120kn, khona-ke isisekelo seRibbon, okungukuthi, ngenxa yezakhiwo ezisindayo ze-Ribbon. Ngodonga olukhanyayo kusuka kubha, uhlaka lwamapulangwe, ukhonkolo wegwebu, umthwalo ungo-40 kuphela. Kuzobufakazi, amabutho ezingqimba zenhlabathi eziseduze, esebenza esisekelweni ngesikhathi sokugoba, angahle adale ukuguquguquka kwawo, kodwa alahlekelwe amabutho ahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esimweni sezindlu ezingezona ezisindayo, amandla okuphatha okujulile kuvame ukusetshenziswa nge-10-20% kuphela, okungukuthi, ama-80-90% wezinto zokwakha kanye nezindlela ezitshaliwe ekusebenzeni komjikelezo we-zero.
Ngakho-ke, kumakhaya angewona amakhulu, esinye isixazululo senkinga siphakanyiswa: ukubeka isisekelo esingathandeki noma sokufuya okuncane ngqo engxenyeni ebabazekayo yenhlabathi, kodwa ngaphezulu ekhoneni. Amacala ahlanganisiwe asetshenzisiwe ukwakheka kuyindlela eqinile yokuthi unyaka nonyaka ebusika - isikhathi sentwasahlobo "izintambo" kanye nekhaya elilula. C1987. Izinkulungwane zezakhiwo eziphansi kakhulu ezweni lonke zazakhiwe kubuchwepheshe obunjalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, uma kuqhathaniswa nesisekelo esicwengekile, ukusetshenziswa kokhonkolo kwehliswa ngama-50-80%, kanye nezindleko zabasebenzi ezingama-40-70%. Esifundeni saseMoscow, amazinga wokwakha wezwe we-TSN MF-97 MO ekwakheni, ukubalwa kanye nedivaysi yezisekelo ezinjalo, futhi asetshenziswe ngempumelelo ezinhlanganweni eziningi zokwakha. Isinyathelo sesifunda saseMoscow cishe yenhlabathi ebhubhisayo. Ngokusho kwalezi zindinganiso, ukuphela kwesisekelo kutholakala ekujuleni kokuphela kwe-0.5-0.8m okuhlobene nesitembu sokwakha (esikhundleni sendabuko 1.5-1.7 m).
Lapho kukhethwe umjikelezo we-zero, okuthandwayo kufanele kunikezwe ezindaweni ezinemihlabathi ecishe ibe yize zingenalutho noma okungenani ezibuthakathaka, ezinobukhulu ekujuleni kwaleyo ngxenye yenhlabathi eqhwa, ezosetshenziswa njengesisekelo sesisekelo. Ngaphambi kokugcwaliswa, kwaneliswe yi-Alignment Piclew enokuphakama kwe-HP = 0.3-0,5 m we-angeli engeyona engelutho (ingxube yesihlabathi esikhulu se-grafur, esinamafutha amaningi), nayo iyadlala Indima yesendlalelo sokudonsa emhlabathini omanzi. Ukulalela isisekelo esincane sofuzo, kungahle kube yiminyaka emibili futhi kufanelekile ngqo ebusweni.
Emaphethelweni wesisekelo kanye nokungangeni manzi okudingekayo ukuvikela umswakama we-capillary, kulandelwa ukuphakama okungenani okungu-0.5 m. Yisiphi isidingo sokusa ku-IV.don.e. Ngabhala "ezincwadini eziyishumi 'zezincwadi eziyishumi mayelana nokwakhiwa kwe-" Roman Architect Mark Vitruvius. Isisekelo senziwa kusuka ezintweni ezingezona ze-hygroscopic - iBooton, itshe lemvelo, i-Red Eshisiwe isitini esigcwele noma esiqinisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwedlule kusebenza kakhulu nge-ry of the outter macala ngesisombululo se-liquid ngokushesha ngemuva kwesikhulumi.
Uqedela umjikelezo we-zero wesigameko esizungeze indlu kuze kube ngu-1,5m ububanzi ngethala ngaphandle. Akuvikeleli kuphela isisekelo kusuka kumvula nakumanzi enhlabathi, kepha futhi kwenza umsebenzi wokuhlobisa ngokuhlanganiswa komhlaba kwendawo. I-breakpoint ezungeze indlu yenza ungqimba ezintathu: ubumba oluthambile oluthambile, bese kuba khona amatshe achobozekile noma isitini esiphukile, isisombululo se-super-cement noma asphalt.
Izinhlobo zezwe zokwakha ngaphansi kwemigomo yokuthambisa
| Umlingiswa wesakhiwo | Indawo yokusiza | Umthombo womswakama | Angle, m * |
|---|---|---|---|
| -Omile | Izindawo eziphakeme, izindawo ezithambile, ithafa lembewu | Ukuhanjiswa kwezulu | Ngaphezulu noma ukulingana no-H + Z |
| -Ngavuthiwe | Izindawo ezibuthakathaka ezibuthakathaka, imithambeka emnene, izimbotshana ezinezimpawu zomkhuhlane ongaphezulu | Amanzi asemoshweni namanzi enhlabathi, emhlabathini ngokwengxenye | Ngaphansi kwe-h + z |
| -Manzi | Amathafa ancishisiwe, ama-basins, ama-lowland aphansi, amaxhaphozi | Imvula yezulu, inhlabathi kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba | Ngaphansi |
* - I-Z - Ibanga elincane kakhulu ukusuka emngceleni wokuqandelwa kwezinga elisezingeni lamanzi aphansi komhlaba, lapho owokugcina ungawuthinti umdididi.
Isisekelo esingafinyeleleki noma esincane
Ochwepheshe beStrolinvest baqiniseka ngokuqinile ukuthi uhlelo olwakhelwayo lwesisekelo esincane kufanele lunqunywe kuphela ngemuva kokubalwa kobunjiniyela kwezindawo ezisetshenziswayo ezisuselwa emhlabathini (ukungathembeki okuphakathi nendawo, ngokuqinile nangokugcwala ngokweqile kwenhlabathi). Lezi zinto zokukhubazeka kufanele zibe amanani avumayo avumelekile ekwakhiweni okukhethiwe kokwakha. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye emhlabathini engenhla yendlu icatshangelwa hhayi nje njengomthwalo, kepha futhi njengento esebenzayo yesakhiwo: kuphakama ubulukhuni bokwakhiwa, okuncane okuguqukayo kwesisekelo somhlabathi.Izinto ezibonakalayo zezindlu zixhunyaniswa ngokuqondile nokubizwa kwenhlabathi: okuncane, kuhlukahluka ngokwengeziwe uhla lwezinto zokwakha. Kepha okuhlukile: Uma kungekho okusheshayo, isisekelo esishibhile kunazo zonke sokuzalela kahle kungenzeka, futhi izindonga zingavela kuphela ngokhuni. Isisekelo seteyipu sizogcina ukubhekana nezinye izitini noma ezindongeni zikakhonkolo we-foument, ukhonkolo we-ceramzite, isitini. Isidlo esibuthakathaka sokulonda amabutho okuhlukahlukana okufanayo ukudala umcamelo ovumelanayo ngaphansi kwesisekelo. Icala lokuqala nelesibili usayizi wesisekelo samakamelo ezilingweni zezitini uvame ukukhawulelwa kumanani angama-88m. I-Avot enomphakathi egoqiwe ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwamabhulokhi ahlanganisiwe ngeke kuvume izitini zodonga, ukulingiswa kuphela okubhekene nePolkirpich. Isisekelo esinamandla nesisekelo senhlabathi sikhawulele ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokhuni. Yebo, futhi isikhathi kungenzeka kuphela lapho usebenzisa amabhlokhi ahlanganisiwe ngeplatifomu ye-monolithic, futhi ngaphandle kwawo kuphela uhlaka lwezinkuni.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-Belt Foundation Fooling Belet nakho kuya enhlabathini. Ngokuthwala ngokweqile, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe weMonolithic kuphela ufanelekile. Ngamakhonkolo aqinile we-monolithic noma amabhlokhi kakhonkolo aqinisiwe, axhumene ngokuqinile. Kukhonkolo ophakathi nendawo noma amabhlokhi kakhonkolo, abekwe ekugqokeni kusisombululo. Ukuthuthunxa, ngokhonkolo obuthakathaka noma ukhonkolo (ukhonkolo (ukhonkolo okhonkolo) ubekwe ngokukhululeka, ngaphandle kokuxhuma komunye nomunye, kanye nokhonkolo we-boot, umthwalo wesimende noma i-boot. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi, ngesilinganiso esijwayelekile, esinamandla futhi ngokweqile, isisekelo seRibbon kufanele kube ngohlaka olulodwa olusungulwe uhlelo oluqinile lwamateyipu ahlangene. I-AESLI ukuqina kwezindonga zodonga kuzobe kunganele, futhi kuqiniswe amabhande ukhonkolo kufanele kunikezwe ezingeni lokubheja.
Kepha ubunzima abapheli. Kuyadingeka ukuthi unake ukuphakama ekhoneni, ngoba lapho kuyanda, inhlabathi iyaqina. Lo mphumela buthaka, ukubhekisisa phansi komsele wesisekelo se-Ribbon noma ngokuthumela amapulatifomu kwikholimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakha isikrini sokuvikela amanzi ngobumba ukuze kunciphise izihlalo zamanzi zibe indawo eqhwa kusuka ezingxenyeni zenhlabathi ezingezansi kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwamanzi enhlabathi kuya esisekelweni. Isivalo sokunciphisa ugongolo kuphela, kodwa futhi lukhulisa umthamo wokuphakelwa kwenhlabathi. Umphumela ofanayo ufinyelelwa ukucwiliswa enhlabathini yamabhulokhi ahlanganisiwe. Izisekelo zenkanyezi ezisekelweni ezinjalo ziyelulekwa ukuthi zifake izicelo ikakhulukazi ezindongeni zokhuni. Lokhu kusebenza futhi kumasisha amafushane (ama-pyramidal ne-prismatic) nezinqwaba ze-burbilling.
Emihlaleni futhi, ikakhulukazi, ezindaweni ezimanzi, kuyadingeka ukwehlisa ikhava, ukunciphisa amanzi enhlabathi kusuka kusisekelo kusetshenziswa izakhiwo zokudonsa, ukuvota kwamanzi, amathileyi, amathrenda. Kulokhu, inani le-Z likhethwe ngokuya ngethebula elingezansi.
Isikhathi senhlangano yokwakha yomjikelezo we-zero sizosukela ezinsukwini ezi-5 kuye kwezingama-30 zekhalenda (kuya ngendawo yendlu ohlelweni).
Izakhiwo ezinconyiwe zesisekelo esihle sofuzo
| Ukuthengwa kokubekwa. | Indlu yodonga lwezinto ezibonakalayo * | Isikimu esiyisisekelo esakhayo ** | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nge-UG engadluli ku-2 | Nge-ug of ngaphezu kwe-2m | ||
| Empeleni awekho | 1,2 | Ikholomu (Ama-Doxers) | Ikholomu (Ama-Doxers) |
| 1-6 | I-Ribbon (DyshGV) | I-Ribbon (DyshGV) | |
| -Ngenamandla | 1,2 | Ikholomu (DyshGBV) | Ikholomu (DyshGBV) |
| 1-5 | I-Ribbon (DyshGV) | I-Ribbon (DyshGV) | |
| 1-6 | I-Ribbon emcamelo ongaphezulu (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) | I-Ribbon emcamelo ongaphezulu (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) | |
| 1,2 | Isitembu kumcamelo olinganiselayo (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) | Isitembu kumcamelo olinganiselayo (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) | |
| 1-4 | I-Ribbon emcamelo ongaphezulu (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) | I-Ribbon emcamelo ongaphezulu (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) | |
| 1-5 | Ukushaya amabhlokhi (kalula kwe-LEFT0.5m) | I-Ribbon ku-trench ehlanganisiwe (engene) | |
| -Namandla | okukodwa | I-Ribbon emcamelo ongaphezulu (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) | I-Ribbon emcamelo ongaphezulu (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) |
| 1,2 | Ukushaya amabhlokhi nge-monolithic yesikhulumi (aft ngaphansi kwe -0.5m) | I-Ribbon ku-trench ehlanganisiwe (engene) | |
| -Qileyo | okukodwa | I-Ribbon emcamelo ongaphezulu (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) | I-Ribbon emcamelo ongaphezulu (D + HP ngaphezulu ekhoneni) |
| 1,2 | Ukushaya amabhlogo ngeplatifomu ye-monolithic (cae ngaphansi kuka-0.5 m) | I-Ribbon ku-trench ehlanganisiwe (engene) |
* - 1 - 1 - Uhlaka lwamapulangwe olubunjiwe; 2 - Izihlahla zokhuni; 3 - Uhlaka lokhuni lomshado olubheke ePolipich; 4 - Ukhonkolo we Foam; 5 - Ceramzitobeton; 6 - Brickwork in 1.5 noma 2kurpich
** - Ukujula kwesisekelo sesisekelo esihlobene nophawu lwephrojekthi, m.
Engaphansi noma i-batiskof?
Kubalulekile ukuthi udonga olungaphansi lusendaweni ephephile ukusuka endizeni yangaphakathi ebheke phezulu yesisekelo sofuzo. Lokhu kuzokhipha umphumela wokufakwa ngaphansi kwesisekelo senhlabathi ezindongeni ezingaphansi. Ibanga liyakhethwa ngokuya ngamanani aphansi wegumbi elingaphansi kanye nezinyawo zesisekelo, ingcindezi esezingeni eliphansi phansi kanye nezimpawu zenhlabathi. Uma ibanga lokucatshangelwa okwakhayo kufanele kuncishiswe noma isisekelo ngokuvamile liyadingeka ukubeka elingaphansi odongeni, khona-ke eyokugcina kufanele ibelwe ukuba ibalwe amandla, ngoba izosebenza ngokucindezela kwenhlabathi efriziwe ne-hydrostatic kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba. Udonga oluhlanganisiwe lwasendlini engaphansi futhi isisekelo kufanele luxhumeke ngokuqinile.Enye ikhambi lingasebenzela indawo engaphansi enobumba obunjalo (okufana kancane nokubuka kahle kwezokuxhumana zasemadolobheni). Kulokhu, umthwalo ugoba umthwalo uguqulwa ube yingozi engenakulula okunengozi. Leli fomu lisebenza kahle ku-Sourder ephezulu, elingaphansi kakhulu noma ibanga elincane phakathi kodonga olungaphansi kanye nendiza yangaphakathi yesisekelo.
Isisekelo sesitezi esingaphansi kufanele ivikelwe emanzi aphansi komhlaba nangokugqwala, kanye nezindonga zaphansi, ngaphezu kwalokho, nazo zifaka umxhwele ukuvikela ukuqanda. Ukuvimbela amanzi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-mastic ne-mixture emelana nomswakama, ishidi kanye nezinto zokwakha amafilimu, kanye nokungcwatshwa (ukungena). Kuliqiniso, ezinye zazo (zisuselwa kuBitumen) isono ukuze zilahlekelwe yi-Easpitity ngamazinga okushisa amazinga okushisa. I-Aruta isivele igcwele ngokuqhekeka nokuphazamiseka kwale ndawo. Labo kini abafuna ukufunda kabanzi ngale ndlela enzima yokwakha nokufaka umsebenzi, sikucebisa ukuthi ubhekisele esihlokweni esithi "Ukungenzi manzi- u-Cunte". Lapho futhi ungathola imininingwane mayelana nokufakelwa okushisayo kwesisekelo. Kuliqiniso, muva nje kuya ngokuya kukhawulelwe ekufiselweni (ku-Bitumen mastic) odongeni olungaphakathi lwesisekelo se-ephansi yamashidi e-foam 20mm ubukhulu kugridi yamaketanga.
Ukuvikelwa kokugqwala kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Owokuqala ukufaka izinto ezivimbela ukuqina futhi wenza izidingo ezithile ezakhayo (ukuvikelwa okuyisisekelo). Indlela yesibili isho ukusetshenziswa kwezingubo zokufaka inyosi, ukumiswa kokhonkolo noma ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuvikela ze-electrochemical. Ukuvikelwa okuyisisekelo, izitembu zomakhazili ezikhethekile zisetshenziswa kabanzi, ngokwesibonelo usimende weSlagoportland ngokomemu we-GOST 10176-76, usimende olwavimbela i-aulfate ngokusho kwe-gost 22266-76, amadwala ahlanganisiwe noma amadwala alengisa, kanye nezithasiselo ezikhethekile ezikhulisa ukumelana kwamakhemikhali kwezinto zokwakha. Osonkontileka abathengisayo bazokunikeza ezinye izinketho zokuvikelwa okuyisisekelo.
Kepha ukuvikeleka kwesibili kungaba okuhlukahlukene kakhulu. Kuya ngenani lenkomba ye-hydrogen pn yamanzi enhlabathi kanye nokwakheka kwezithako ezinolaka ngamakhemikhali ezichazwe ngokungcola kwezemvelo kwesifunda esithile. Ngokusho kwabaphathi be-saisi, izici eziyinhloko zama-ejenti okuvikela abasezingeni lokufaka okufakwayo ebusweni bezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuqina kububanzi bezinga lokushisa okusebenzayo kanye nokulondolozwa kwezindawo isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo zeminitha ezinolaka. Ngakho-ke, kaningi kaningi ukuvikela izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba zesakhiwo esisezintweni ezintsha ezisuselwa kurabha yokwenziwa. Isibonelo sesibonelo singangezelwa kangako (1M2 kuye ku- $ 2) Umkhiqizo wesamba se-Aleast51, ebalwa ebangeni lokushisa kusuka ku--perwe + 70c kanye ne-Service Lifes of the deform evunyelwe kakhulu ye Kufika kuma-30%. Okufanayo (Kodwa-ke, izinto ezibiza kakhulu) zokwethulwa emakethe yethu ye-Semin (France), Index (Italy), ama-Remmers Bauchemie (Germany), njll.
Isisekelo Esikhohlisayo
Ochwepheshe be-Euro Beil bakholelwa ukuthi ngezindonga ezinzima ze-cottage, "indlela kagogo wakudala" ukufakwa kwesisekelo sekhonkrithi esiqinisiwe se-monolithic ngenzuzo ngaphansi komhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba. Lo mklamo kuphela ozohlinzeka ngokuqina okuphezulu kokwakha kanye nokulinganisa njengokusatshalaliswa komthwalo kanye nokuguqulwa kwenhlabathi. Umphumela uba ukukhishwa kokuhlanekezela kanye ne-curvature yesisekelo. I-vertex yale ndlela iyipuleti ekhonkolo eqinile eqinisiwe ("kuze kube phakade") ngaphansi kwayo yonke indawo yendlu, ehlanganisa imisebenzi yesisekelo nephansi lesakhiwo sezitezi eziphakeme. Ngokwemvelo, ukwakheka okunjalo kubiza kakhulu futhi kunzima ekufakweni kakhulu, yize kususa isidingo sokubeka isisekelo sesisekelo kubhejiswa kunokwesikiwe, futhi isisekelo sodonga sikhulu kakhulu. I-Zero Cycle Inhlangano Yokwakha izoyigcwalisa ngezinsuku ezingama-45-90.
Sebeqedile ukumaka, baqala ukumba umgodi. Ngaphambi kokugcwaliseka kwesisekelo sokumisa isikhashana isikhashana akufanele kube, kungenjalo kunzima ukukhipha ukwephula nokuncipha kwenhlabathi ngaphansi kwethonya lemvula. Lapho-ke, ngokulungiswa kokhonkolo, ukulungiswa kokhonkolo kwesisekelo esinobukhulu okungenani esingu-0,1 m noma ukuhlelela ukufakwa ngaphansi kwamandla ezingqimba ezimbili ze-hydrokhotloxylazol ukuvikela inhlabathi yobisi lokusingatha ukumunca inhlabathi futhi kuphakamise umswakama we-capillary ngokuzayo. Uma inhlabathi inesihlabathi noma i-sandy, ihlanganiswa ngaphambili, ngemuva kwalokho enza umcamelo wamatshe athulwe ngo-bitumen mastic. Ngemuva kwalokho wathela isitofu bese isisekelo. Ngaphambi kokugcwaliswa kwepuleti ekhonkolo eqinisiwe, ubukhulu baka-0.25-0.3 m buyekwe ngegridi yensimbi kusuka ekuqinisweni komkhiqizo Zhвvaiii noma Zh8III. Uma igalaji libekwe kuleli zinga, kungcono ukukhulisa ubukhulu balo kuye ku-0.5-0.6 m, futhi uma ichibi, khona-ke inkomishi kanye nenkomishi yayo kuyakhonjwa ngaphambi kokuqala kodonga ongaphansi.
I-Safe Platez ephephile ekhoneni liye emngceleni wokuqandisa
| Isimilo senhlabathi | Z, M. |
|---|---|
| Ama-fat ama-fat | I-3.5 |
| UClay Skinny, uLoam, kufaka phakathi uthuli | 2,5 |
| Supses, kufaka phakathi uthuli | 1.5 |
| Sands amancane futhi anothuli | okukodwa |
Ukwehla kokwakhiwa kwesisekelo
Ungaba kanjani uma ufuna ukwenza isisekelo esiyi-blunt, kepha kukhona umkhawulo "omncane": izingqinamba ngendlela? Inkinga ingaxazululwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-tein, mayelana namakhono awo esizowasho esibonelweni sesisekelo se-columnar-ribbon. Kulokhu, idizayini ethembekile enomfutho we-sole ingaphansi kokujula kokuqhwa kungenziwa ngokuzimela noma ngesimemo sabachwepheshe, kepha ngaphandle kokuheha imishini yokwakha ebizayo. Kwanele nje ukuthenga isisekelo se-Manual "Testi-F" ngegeja lomkhankaso (silandise ngaye ngokuthi "Imakethe Yemakethe entsha"). Singashayela emhlabathini osindayo kahle ngokunwebeka kuso kuphela ngehora. Lapho-ke ukuqiniswa kufakiwe kuyo bese kuthelwa ingxenye enwetshiwe ngokhonkolo, ngemuva kwalokho okwehliswe yi- "Shirt" okuhlukumezayo (ukwehlisa ukunamathela kwensimu) bese uqhubeka nokugcwalisa phezulu. Insika enjalo ebona lo mthwalo ifinyelela ku-130kn ingaphela ngenhla kungaba yisiqu noma ngopende njengoba ipendiwe ngaphezulu komhlaba ohlelweni olujwayelekile lwefomu. Okokuqala, iqoqo lezinsika eduze kwendlu yakha isisekelo sekholomu, futhi nge-bolt-tape yesibili.
Kuyadingeka ukushiya imvume yomoya ku-0.1-0,15m ukunxephezela ukudluliselwa, uma kungenjalo insika yeSisekelo ingaphula insika yeSisekelo ebusika. Igebe elifanayo lizohlinzeka ngokuxhumana okuncane kwesisekelo ngenhlabathi eqandisiwe futhi sinciphise ukulahleka kokushisa. Ukukhuluma ngesikhathi somjikelezo we-zero, okuncike ekutheni kwendlela yokuhlela umsebenzi, kunzima kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe kufanelekile ukumisa inqubo nganoma isiphi isikhathi (ebusika) futhi ngaphandle kokulayishwa okunconyiwe kokwakhiwa okuvela ngenhla: Ngenxa yokwanda kwedwa, umhlabathi ogcwele ngeke unciphise okuthunyelwe.
Ngoshintsho oluncane ekwakhiweni kokuqiniswa, kungenzeka ukudala isisekelo sokumelana nokuvikelwa kobuchwepheshe obufanayo. Lapho-ke ukuqiniswa kuthathwa ngemicu emaphethelweni. Ingxenye engezansi yentambo ibekwa engxenyeni esekwe yinsika, futhi phezulu phezu kokhuni. Ngemuva kokwenziwa kwesisekelo kanye nokusebenza ngokhuni, ukuqiniswa okukude, kuqinisa i-nati ephezulu, ngemuva kwalokho inhlabathi ithathelwa indawo ngenhlanganisela yesihlabathi kanye ne-porous aggregate (ubumba, isilayidi). Isici sesisekelo esinjalo ukungabikho kwengqimba yendabuko yokungena kwamanzi phakathi kodonga nomdwebi wezinhlungu. Lokhu kuqeda ukuguqukela kwabo okuhlobene nokufukula kwenhlabathi. Ikhompiyutha yekholomu ngozimele yakha uhlobo lokunwebeka okuvimbela ukudluliswa kwama-oscillation avundlile engxenyeni engezansi yensika. Insika izoncika ekuntshontsheni okunwebekile, ingxubevange, kanye nokuqina kwezinduku zokuqinisa isikhathi ngasinye lapho kuzobuyela eRuralka kanye nendlu esesimweni sokuqala. Umklamo ofanayo wokuvalwa kokuzamazama komhlaba osebenza ngempumelelo nge-Oscillation evundlile enokuphakama okungu-10mm kanye nesikhathi esingu-0.1-1.5 C, okubangela ukubhujiswa okukhulu kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba.
Izincomo Ezisebenzayo
munye. Imemo yenhlangano yephrojekthi kufanele iveze isibopho sayo ngezindleko ezingezekile ezihambisana nokuqedwa kokuqothulwa kokungalungile okutholakele kwinqubo yokwakha kanye namaphutha kuphrojekthi. Lapho uklama nokwakha amakamelo ngamabutho enhlangano eyodwa, le nkinga ngeke ivele, futhi inkokhelo yezigaba kungenzeka. Izinyathelo zingakhokhwa, ngokwesibonelo, kanjena: Umklamo kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlola, "ukuvalwa" kwebhokisi (i-zero umjikelezo, izindonga ngaphansi kophahla ngokugcwaliswa kwewindows neminyango), ukuxhumana kwangaphandle kanye nokuxhumana komhlaba.
2. Lapho ugaye imisele ngaphansi kwesisekelo, umgibeli kungcono ukwenza ukujula kwe-0.1-0.2m kancane kuyadingeka, bese uhlanza futhi uvumelanise phansi ngesandla. Lokhu kuzonciphisa ama-soles angaphansi kwesisekelo futhi aqinisekise ukulingana okuningana emhlabathini.
3. Ukusebenza komjikelezo we-zero kwenziwa ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo-ehlobo, kanti isisekelo sokuzala esincane kungenzeki ukuthulula esisekelweni eqandisiwe. Ekushiseni kwamazinga okushisa, ukugcwaliswa kumele kwenziwe ngokuqhubekayo, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezikhethekile zikakhonkolo, ukufakwa kwamafomu kanye nokushisa kwe-electro kwekhokho okugcwaliswe kuze kube kusethiwe.
ezine. Lapho inhlabathi igcwele amanzi enhlabathi enqubweni yokugcwalisa isisekelo, okubonakalayo komgogodla kufanele kuvikelwe kusuka kokusanhlamvu okungenzeka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuphathwa ngokuya nge-contour ngezinto zokwakha astringent noma zihlukaniswe nokungena kwamanzi ngefilimu ye-polymer.
ezinhlanu. Umjikelezo we-zero ongalayishiwe ebusika uzophonswa enhlabathini enkulu kakhulu kunalapho ibhokisi le-cottage lifakiwe kulo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ifakwe ngonyaka ofanayo, ngisho nangaphambi kokuqaqalwa komhlaba.
6. Ukudla kwasekuseni kungcono emgqeni ongaphambili ukushiya ungqimba olubili-ngaphandle kokugcwalisa isisombululo noma ukubeka asphalt. Ngokwezinga le-curvature yomugqa wokuthinta kwayo nesisekelo, kuzokwazi ukulinganisa ukunemba komjikelezo we-zero kanye nekhwalithi yomsebenzi owenziwe.
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