Izitsha ze-porcelain: umlando wokuvela; Izinhlobo zanamuhla ze-porcelain ezisezingeni eliphakeme; Izinto ezinquma inani lezitsha.
"IsiRussia esisha" sikhononda komunye: "Ngathenga ngolunye usuku i-porcelain vase ye-Sun Era, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi - iChina yangena!"
Eqinisweni, wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi i-porcelain yasungulwa eChina. Amakhulu amabili eminyaka, ababusi baseChina 'babengabasabalalisi abakhethekile' izitsha ze-porcelain emhlabeni wangezikhathi zakudala. Zingaki izinkanuko ezihlotshiswe ezizungeze imfihlo yalesi sibonakalayo esibuthaka! Kepha amaShayina akwazi ukugcina izimfihlo, futhi abaseYurophu abashiya nalutho, ukuthi bayivula kanjani iresiphi yabo yokwenziwa kwe-porcelain. Lokhu kwenzeke egcekeni leSaxon Emperor Agasti ngo-1708. I-Ivskore kulo lonke elaseJalimane, khona-ke wonke amaYurophu aqala ukuvula ama-porcelain ama-porcelain. Eminye yemikhiqizo ekhona yaseYurophu njengamanje yavela ngaleso sikhathi. I-avot yenkazimulo ye-shriser porcelain yahlala esikhathini esedlule - Esikhathini sethu i-China enhle kakhulu ikhiqizwa eYurophu.
IJalimane kanye ne-United Kingdom Halle lapha, futhi umncintiswano ngokuphelele uhlala ngemuva kwamaJalimane. Ukukhumbula ochwepheshe, ukushiyeka kwe-cuisine yesiNgisi akunakuthinta izitsha zesiNgisi (teapot ngaphakathi). Isondo ngeke likhohlwe ukuthi lise-UK ukuthi "ithambo elithi" ithambo elithi "porcelain-obala, lincane futhi lihlala isikhathi eside e-UK. AmaBrithani ambiza ngokuthi uBoneshina. Ngakho-ke, njengoba usubonile ilebula enjalo ezansi, ungacabangi ukuthi wena "China wehla". Endleleni, ake sithi: Okungabizi kakhulu futhi okubiyelwe ngodongeni, okuvele eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kepha azikho izitsha ezibonakalayo eziya e-chorcelain "yamathambo". Yenziwe nge-Glass Mass futhi itholakala esiteji esingezansi sekhwalithi.
Inani le-porcelain linqunywa yizinto ezine: izinto ezibonakalayo, ukwakheka, ukuhlobisa nokukhazimula. Ekhuluma ngezinto ezibonakalayo, ngithanda ukubona ukuthi "ubumba" igama elijwayelekile layo yonke imikhiqizo evela kubumba olushisiwe. Leli gama lihunyushwa. I-Ceramics ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, phakathi kwazo kukhona i-porcelain kwasekuqaleni, nasehlazweni lokugcina. Izinga le-porcelain mass lincike kokuqukethwe kwe-kaolin (ubumba olumhlophe oluthinta umbala womkhiqizo), kusukela ekunciphiseni kokugaya kwempuphu, okubonwa yibumba, kanye nezici eziningi zobuchwepheshe. Umbala wezitsha ze-porcelain kumele ube mnene futhi ufudumele (umbala wekhilimu). Uma izithunzi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zilawulwa kuyo, zikhuluma ngekhwalithi ephansi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ubumsulwa bokugaya nobumsulwa be-porcelain mass kulula ukubheka ngokucwebezela ebusweni bezitsha, "Noma yikuphi ukungcola" kufundwa "kuyo uma kunjalo. Kungakho i-porcelain enhle ingeke yamboza umdwebo ngokuphelele. "Umzimba omhlophe we-porcelain", njengoba kubizwa ngokuthi ochwepheshe, kufanele bagcizelelwe, futhi abafihliwe.
Ngokuqondene nesimo somkhiqizo, kuyaqondakala lapha okokuqala hhayi umklamo (kuyingxoxo ekhethekile), kodwa ukunikezelwa kwejometri okujwayelekile. Kubhekiswe ebheke phansi ipuleti noma inkomishi kufanele kube nomthungo ebusweni betafula kanye lonke ubude be-rim futhi ungashintshi.
Ngokusho kwendlela yokudweba, i-porcelain ihlukaniswe ngopende ngesandla (noma, njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi, umkhakha) kanye ne-decol. Decal kuyinto efana nokudlulisa izithombe. Vele, nabo banezinhlobo zabo, kepha imininingwane enjalo ingaba nentshisekelo kuphela lolo ngqimba.
I-porcelain ekhiqizwayo ihlala ihlungwa ngesandla. Ikhona i-cxivwek, futhi esikhathini sethu senziwa kuphela uku-oda. Lezi zitsha azisebenzi nsuku zonke, futhi ezweni lethu aqala nje ukuvela kabusha. Intengo yale nkonzo iqhathaniswa nokugoqa amaRoyce.
Inombolo yokuqala kulesi sigaba iMeison. Ungafuneki, ukumane ubheke umsebenzi ofanayo wobuciko esitolo esidumile saseMoscow emgwaqweni wenyama, owayekade eKuznetovsky. Omunye umenzi weleveli efanayo ye-hernd, wake wadalwa e-Austria-Hungary njenge-meison exhasayo. Manje leli yibhizinisi elizimele, kepha lapha namanje asakhiqiza amaqoqo, uma esenziwe ku-Meison Prephu. I-Conservatism yasebenza inkampani insizakalo enhle: Phakathi kwamakhasimende ama-Heand asayina indlovukazi yesiNgisi neRothschild.
Ngokuvamile, eChina, ngokungafani nezinye izindawo zokusetshenziswa komqambi wacabanga, hhayi ubuciko obusha, kepha ubuntu. Ama-connoissers ashiwo ngenhla agxeka abakhiqizi baseFrance nabaseNtaliyane, abanezinto ezinhle kakhulu, bathanda kakhulu ukuhlolwa, kungaba yimfashini. Isibonelo, imikhiqizo yeTaitu Brand (Italy) igqanyiswa ngamafomu amafushane kanye nomhlobiso we-Ultra-wanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, eFrance kukhona uhlobo lweSevres, oluvezwe emakethe kuphela ngamazwi. Kepha ama-porcelain amaningi ama-fictories ama-limoges akhombisa amaqoqo amasha njalo ngonyaka. Lo mkhiqizo ubizwa ngokuthi ama-antique wanamuhla, iqiniso lokuthi ukuchazwa kwama-limoges ama-limoges e-poulsain kusebenza njalo eLouvre.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi elinye lezezimboni zama-porcel ze-limogos ekuqaleni akuyona imvelaphi yesiFulentshi. Wavulwa ngo-1842. UDavid Hawueld, America, owaqala ukukhiqizwa kwe-porcelain usezweni lakubo. Hambisa ifektri eya eYurophu, futhi yayise-limoges eyamenza ingozi: Umfundisi osekhulile wacela ukuba enze ikhophi ye-saucer ephukile. Ngakho-ke umsunguli wokukhiqizwa wahlangana okokuqala nama-limoges porcelain, owamlinqoba ngokuphelele. Manje uHeviland ungenye yezimboni ezinkulu kakhulu zokuvuza, kanye nesihloko esaphukile kunoma iyiphi insizakalo, eyake yadedelwa lapha, kungenzeka ukwenza wonke amasampula emnyuziyamu.
Isisho esithi "ama-limogo porcelain" sizwe ngamunye, kanye nenkulumo ethi "Metal Tile". Wathola igama lakhe edolobheni elincane laseBrooms eJalimane, lapho kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-xixvek yindlunkulu yeVilleroyboch. Lapha sisuka emkhakheni wobuciko obuphezulu be-porcelain yokwakha endaweni ye-decolne porcelain, okungukuthi, izitsha zokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke. Okungathandeki kangako, ngoba ukufundwa kwemibukiso yemnyuziyamu kukhangwa hhayi kubo bonke, kepha wonke umuntu uthanda ukudlela itafula elimbozwe kahle.
I-Villeroyboch, kanye no-Weimar, ithatha isikhundla esiphezulu endaweni ye-porcelain ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke. Kepha kufanelekile ukwazisa ukuthi intengo yalesi sidlo izokwenza abanikazi bakithi abaningi bakuthembele ku-parade. Izindleko ezilinganiselwe zenkonzo yasemini kusuka ku- "Bone" Porcelain ku-12Pers- $ 1000-1300, futhi isethi efanayo ye-vitro noma i-porcelain enhle izobiza u- $ 500-700. Intengo nakanjani ilungisiwe yikhwalithi nokwakhiwa kwezitsha. Akekho, ngisho nocezu lokupenda olungabaluleki kakhulu, ngeke lulahlekelwe lapho kuphinde kuphinde kuphinde kuphinde kwaphindeka, ngoba wonke umuntu edubule e-porcelain asetshenziswa kuphela ngesandla. I-Komjez, ukukhiqiza lezi zitsha zebhizinisi azinawo umlando omncane othakazelisa kunabakhiqizi be-China Bluc.
Ngakho-ke, uFrancois Boh wasungula ukukhiqizwa kwawo ngo-1748, ngemuva nje kweminyaka engama-40 ethola ubunzima be-porcelain eYurophu. Isizukulwane sesithathu saseBohov United The Enterprise nge-Manuff of the owayekade eqhubana naye uNicolas Willero. Le nyunyana yebhizinisi yahlelwa ngumzukulu kaNicholas Octavia no-Ezhen Baha. B1797 UPierre Joseph Boh wasungula umklamo okhethekile wesithando somlilo, esivumela ibhizinisi ukuthi lithathe isikhundla esiholayo esifundeni. Idizayini yesithando somlilo empeleni ayiguqulwanga kuze kube namuhla. Kulezi zinsuku inkampani ihola isizukulwane sesishiyagalombili sangemuva se-booh. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umqondisi wezobuciko wokukhiqiza futhi ummeleli womndeni u-Alexander Foblech. Ngokuvamile, ukuqonda ukuthi ngumculi obeka izisekelo zempumelelo, wavela kuleli bhizinisi ekuqaleni kwe-xixvek. Ngo-1921, kwahlelwa isikole sobuciko efektri, kwaso abathweswe iziqu esithola isihloko somqambi. Mhlawumbe baba ngabaklami bokuqala emlandweni wesintu. Manje, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amasiko esikole sakhe sokuklama, inkampani ibuye ibe nobumbano noKenzo noLuigi. Amaqoqo ahlukile wezitsha ayaqhubeka nokwakha i-Pitkasso yePaloma, indodakazi yeGreat Pubto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Villeroybook kuphela kanye ne-Wedgwood kuphele uchungechunge ngalunye lwezitsha ze-porcelain nazo zonke ezinye izilungiselelo zethebula: amatafula, izingilazi zewayini kanye nezibuko, amakhandlela yi-IT.D.D.
Ngubani okungenani owake wabeka umsebenzi ukumboza itafula elihle ngempela, uyakuqonda ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukumelana nale ndlela yebhizinisi. Sesivele sifunde ukuthi singakwazi kanjani ukucophelela imininingwane yesudi yakho, sesivele siqonde ukuthi ingaphakathi kumele liqine futhi livumelane. Kepha kungani amatafula amaholide asasebenza izibuko, ahlotshiswe ngemithambo yeSteam, namapuleti anama-vignette angacacile? Sisazozama ukungitshela imininingwane eminingi ezindabeni ezilandelayo zalo magazini. Kepha uma amafushane- zonke izinto etafuleni kufanele kube yimisindo ebuzwayo. Yini ngempela ayifaka kuyo uqobo? Kuya ngemikhuba namasiko omndeni ngamunye. Kwenye indawo obekuwukuqala ukuqala isidlo sasemini samaholide kusuka kusobho, bese udinga isobho (likamasipala ngepuleti ngalinye ekhishini, futhi ngeke ubeke imbiza etafuleni). Kwenye indawo isiphuzo esikhethekile se-Hostess - i-LaSagna, ngakho-ke udinga ifomu elikhethekile lokubhaka, lapho ungafaka khona ukubukwa etafuleni, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzolahlekelwa ngumbono "wezentengiso". Kwenye indawo kuhlala kubangani benkampani abavela kubantu abangu-16, bese kwenye indawo bagubhe kumbuthano womndeni omncane.
Konke lokhu kwenza ukuthengwa kwezinsizakalo, umsebenzi awubongi kakhulu. Kuhlakaniphe kakhulu ukukhetha izinto ezidingekayo ngobungako obudingekayo bebanga lonke elenziwa ekwakhiweni okukodwa. Amathuba abanzi kuleli cebo, njengoba kushiwo, anikeza iVilleroyboch. Iqoqo ngalinye lezinkampani limelelwa isethi ephelele yezitsha ze-porcelain kanye nazo zonke izesekeli ezidingekayo.
I-Porcelain ephezulu (i-WTACH China) ikhipha ukukhathazeka kwaseJalimane Hutschenruther, yasungulwa ngisho nango-1814 eBavaria ngumculi osemusha uKarl Magnus Houchroyer. Emakethe yethu, lo mkhiqizi wethulwa ngaphansi komkhiqizo webhubesi. Ukukhathazeka kweHutschenruther kufaka amafektri ambalwa akhiqiza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izitsha zamahhotela nezindawo zokudlela (ngisho nokuhlobisa umuntu ngamunye) kanye ne-porcelain.
Kutholakala ngokwengeziwe ngamanani entengo yeChina German Firms "Winterlink" naseKhala. Kepha lapha ukukhethwa akuyona imininingwane ye-porcelain yomhlobiso wethebula kuzofanele ukwenzele ezabo. Kuliqiniso, eMoscow kunendawo eyodwa eyingqayizivele ye- "Porfain House", lapho ungathola khona izitsha zemikhiqizo eminingi yaseYurophu, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukhetha kuye ngosizo lochwepheshe olidingayo.
Ngokuqhathaniswa nekhwalithi enhle yekhwalithi yaseCzech Porcelain. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zezitsha ze-porcelain. Lokhu "yi-Bernadot" (okungafanele kudidaniswe nomgwaqo kanye noBernardad French Brand Bernardaud) - izitsha ezimhlophe ngaphandle kwephethini, zihlotshiswe nge-baroque omhlotsheni, futhi "zwibel" - okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ngokuvamile, i-porcelain emhlophe enomdwebo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka yi-classic engenamibandela yohlobo. Lokhu kuhlobisa kwavela eChina. Kepha uma eChina, umhlobiso wawuyisithelo sepomegranate, ke abaseYurophu, engazi isitshalo esinjalo, basithatha ngenxa ye-anyanisi kunalokho futhi baqala ukuhlobisa izitsha zabo. Yingakho igama. Isibhedlela, oLwandle olukhulu lwe-porcelain esiza kithi kusuka eCzech Republic, "zwibel" ayivamile kakhulu. Umlotha, ngoba uhla lwalo lunezinto ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amane.
Ngaphezu kweChekhov, i-porcelain emhlophe-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ikhiqiza i-English Company Spool, kepha lezi zitsha sezivele zingenze isinqumo sokuzikhipha nsuku zonke. Iqiniso, i-porcelain spoode iyisinqumo, hhayi ukulungwa, kepha i-decol isetshenziswa kuyo ngendlela ekhethekile efana nengxabano, futhi lokhu kwenziwa kuphela ngesandla. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi intengo yenkonzo yabantu abayishumi nambili isondela ama- $ 50 izinkulungwane. Ubuchwepheshe bomhlobiso ongaphansi kwe-condrical of umhlobiso buhlala bufana njengoba kwenzeka eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili edlule umsunguli wenkampani Zhosaya Spoow. Ithalente elihlukahlukene lale ndoda, owayengusomabhizinisi kanye nomculi, wanikeza inkampani echumile iminyaka eyikhulu. Idalwe yiqoqo - "I-Blue Italian", "iBlue Tower" kanye ne- "Willow" - akhiqizwa kuze kube namuhla futhi aqhubeke nokujabulela impumelelo eqhubekayo. U-Isesl uzama ukucabanga kakhulu kwawo wonke amatafula okudlela, khona-ke inkonzo yase-Italy eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka izokuma kuyo. Mhlawumbe, ngenxa yokuzibophezela kwesiNgisi kuphela emasikweni nakwimoya ekhethekile yobukhosi, i-spode ihlala ingumkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe kakhulu we-porcelain emhlabeni.
Umklamo we-classic we-classic design of classic design futhi ufaka i-China Brands Reichenbach kanye ne-Wedgwood. Amanani- $ 3-10 ayizinkulungwane ngenani eliphakathi lezinto. Eduze kwesigaba samanani esifanayo nguRosethal, osebenza abaklami abadumile be-Versace noBulgari abasebenza ngayo. Phakathi kwamaqoqo alolu hlobo ungathatha izitsha zabaphakathi omfushane wanamuhla.
UHermes uthatha i-niche ekhethekile. Imikhiqizo esemqoka yale nkampani ibilokhu ibilokhu i-shawls, ngakho-ke iChina ayikhiqizi lapha ngokuzimela, kepha iyale ama-limogo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlobiso wochungechunge lokuqala walo mkhiqizo ubuye wakopishwa kusuka ekhanda (i-peony eqhakaza kusuka ku-bud kuya kwama-petals okugcina awile). UHermes akafuni ukudala amaqoqo aphelele amakamelo okudlela, futhi akhiqize izinto ngazinye, alungele izipho.
Ekuphetheni, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungasaphathwa i-porcelain yethu yaseRussia. Isitshalo sokuqala se-porcelain eRussia sakhiwa eduze kwaseSt. Petersburg Ngaphansi kugcizelela u-Elizabeth ngo-1744 futhi aqanjwe ngu-Imperial. Amakhosi aseRussia, nje ngaphambi kwaleyo ntshonalanga Yurophu, imfihlo ye-porcelain mass yaxazululeka. Umtholi we-porcelain yasekhaya kwakunguDmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov. Ngo-IN1750, ikakhulukazi ukuthola i-Empress efektri, i-Service "eyami" yakhiqizwa nenombolo enhle yezinto. Bonke bapendiwe yigridi ebubende enezimbali ezincane. Izici zalomhlobiso ziyabonakala ku-Teas Service "Cobalt Grid" zikhishwe ngemuva kwempi. Mhlawumbe manje lo mkhiqizo ophendulwa kabanzi we-Lomonosov Plant.
Kwabakhiqizi abathathu abaphambili be-porcelain eRussia, isitshalo esingu-Dmitry esiseVerbilki eduze kwaseMoscow (eyayikade yangaphambilini) nesitshalo e-Dulhulovo (eyayikade i-Kuznetson) - kusukela kumthengi omkhulu. Izikhundla ngokwayo, ziqala nge-sxviiiv, ne-villeroyboch. Kepha imiphumela lapho amafemu afikile khona khona kufanele aqhathaniswe. Kodwa-ke, sonke siyazi ukuthi kwakukhona izizathu zenhloso. Kusalokhu kusale ukwethemba ukuthi ukuchuma, okuyinto ye-purcelain yaseRussia eyasinda kwikota yokugcina ye-XVIIIV, ngelinye ilanga. Imikhiqizo yefektri ye-Lomonosov Porcelain ekhiqizwa muva nje iyivumele ithembele.