Ukuvimbela amanzi isisekelo nezingxenye ezigwinyiwe zesakhiwo. Izinhlobo zokufaka amanzi manzi ngokwendlela yokufaka isicelo kanye nomgomo wokusebenza. Ochwepheshe.
Isizathu sokwakheka kwama-stalactites emaseke ezakhiweni zezakhiwo zokuhlala kuyafana nemihume yemvelo, ukuvuza kufanele kusolwe.
Izigaba zokulungiswa kwama-coating materproofing:
a) Ukuhlubula ingaphezulu kwebhulashi lensimbi;
b) ukuletha ibhulashi kwi-armature yensimbi yeKema Armafix anticorrosion coating;
c) ukusebenzisa ungqimba lwe-fasi fm engangeni manzi (3 mm);
d) Ukubuyiselwa kongqimba oluvikelayo lwekhonkolo usebenzisa ingxube elomile ebomile ye-FASI RM.
Amapuleti e-Styrodur awavikeli nje esingaphansi kwamanzi avela emanzini, kodwa futhi agcinwe emakhazeni.
Amanzi ayisisekelo sempilo, ngaphandle kwawo, umuntu ngeke aqhubeke nezinsuku ezinhlanu. Kodwa-ke, ukubukeka komswakama egumbini elingaphansi lendlu alikwazi ukonakalisa umnikazi wesimo somoya, kodwa futhi nokufaka ubuthi le mpilo.
Kwamashumi ezinkulungwane kwakhiwa eminyakeni yamuva (futhi evame ukubiza kakhulu amakamelo, abantu abaningi asevele badinga ukulungiswa okungathi sína kwezitezi ezingaphansi kwesisekelo nesitezi esingaphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu lungiso lokulungisa alunangqondo ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kwalo lonke uhlelo lokufaka amanzi kabusha isisekelo kanye nezingxenye ezishaywayo zesakhiwo. Isizathu sokuvuza "okunjalo" kumaphutha esiteji sokuklama, lapho kungekho khona okuhlangenwe nakho noma abakhi abanamandla, emsebenzini osezingeni eliphakeme, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ekuzijabuliseni ngokweqile konjiniyela.
Imifula engaphansi komhlaba, okogwini lobumba
Izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba (AGB) lincike ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zenhlabathi. Isibonelo, ukuze isifunda saseMoscow siyi-loam ejwayelekile. Kuhlukaniswa ngokubhekelwa kwamanzi okubuthakathaka nokujula okungalingani kokuqhuma kwamabhomu. I-fancy yezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba iyaphoqeleka ukuba zinqotshwe ukwakhiwa kocwaningo lwe-hydrogeological. Uma isithiyo esithile siyoba se-capillary lift sone (ngokwesibonelo, isisekelo sokhonkolo sekhaya lakho), imithombo engaphansi komhlaba izoyigeza. Ukuncibilika kwentwasahlobo yeqhwa neqhwa, ukugeza kwehlobo, imvula encane yasekwindla, inhliziyo enhle yezinkondlo, - konke lokhu kwakha ukungenisa okwengeziwe kwezikhukhula zendlu.Isimilo senhlabathi "ububanzi = silungisiwe
Kwenye indawo lapho, ekujuleni, kukhona ungqimba lomhlabathi olwenziwe ngamanzi. Kuyo, umswakama ukhuphuka yonke inhlabathi ngezinga elithile noma elinye ingabe amanzi avumelekile futhi, njenganoma iyiphi impahla ye-porrous, ezama ukudonsa uketshezi uqobo lwalo. I-denser ngokwengeziwe inhlabathi kanye ne-finner yama-pores kuyo, akhuphuka akhuphuke emanzini. Ngisho nobumba obukhulu obunamafutha buhamba kancane, kepha luphakamisa umswakama ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe-12 m nokuningi ngaphezulu kwe-aquifer.
Ukuphakama kokuphakanyiswa komswakama ngaphezulu kwezinga le-aquifer
| Isimilo senhlabathi | Ukubuka kwenhlabathi | Ukuphakama kokuphakamisa i-capillary, m |
|---|---|---|
| Intuthuke kahle | Ukuqwashisa ukugezwa, amatshe | 0 |
| Kupelwe | Isihlabathi se-sand coarse | 0.3-0.15 |
| Isihlabathi simi kahle | 1,1-2 | |
| Kukhiqizwa amandla | Isipilingi | 1,1-2 |
| I-Suglink Easy | 2-2.5 | |
| Suglok medium, esindayo | 3.5-6.5 | |
| -Ngenamampuloo | Suglok fat, Clay | 12 noma ngaphezulu |
Izisekelo zihleli ngasikhathi sinye nokwenqatshelwa (ihlaya)
Izindleko zesisekelo zivame ukuba ngo-15-20% wezindleko eziphelele zendlu, kanye nezindleko zokufaka amanzi kabusha isisekelo ngu-1-3%. Kepha ama-miscalcums kanye nokusebenza kwekhwalithi engemihle kuzodinga ukutshalwa kwezimali ngokuzayo ngokufanele.Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kuqala ngebhukumaka lesisekelo. Izisekelo ze-block ezivame kakhulu ezinikezwayo zinezinzuzo eziningi, phakathi kwazo ziningi kakhulu nendlela ebiza kakhulu yokubeka. Kepha kusukela lapho umbono wokubuyisa amanzi angavunyelwanga amandla kungcono kakhulu kusisekelo seMonolithic. Ukuntuleka kwemishini yokuhlanza imishini kuqeda isidingo sendlela yazo, okungukuthi, ukugcwalisa ngodaka kasimende. Uphuthelwe kancane amalunga ngaphezulu (okukhawulelwe, njengomthetho, ama-brigades abakhi abavela ezifundeni eziseningizimu) ukuze uthole umucu ophakathi nobusika bayo obunzima abunele.
Akukho ukwakhiwa okwenziwa ngaphandle kokukhubazeka (isibonelo, umbhoshongo odumile edolobheni lasePiza, e-Italy). I-heterogeneity yenhlabathi, ukutholwa komswakama wesizini, ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa kubangela ukungalingani inquma emhlabeni futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izingcindezi zangaphakathi entweni engaphansi. Umswakama osuke kuma-pores kakhonkolo uyanda ngesikhathi sokuqanda (ngo-9%) bese uyaphula. Ngakho-ke kwakhiwa ama-microcracks, evula umgwaqo oya kumanje wamanje wamanzi. Le nkinga yavela nanamuhla, futhi izindlela zomvume zayo kukhona abaningi.
Ngokwendlela yokufaka isicelo kanye nomgomo wokusebenza, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokufaka amanzi manzi zihlukaniswa: ukunamathela, ukungena, ukungena, ukungena ngaphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona: izingoma eziqinile ezisheshayo zokulungisa ukuvuza okuphuthumayo; Amabala ahlanzekile; izingoma ze-hydrophobic zokupha inkambiso ngokhonkolo kanye nezitini zamanzi aphindayo; I-antisole, i-anti-grapple imprenation nokunye okuningi, okuningi.
Ubuwula Bangeniswa Ngamanzi
Sekuyiminyaka engama-5000 eyedlule, izakhamizi zasendulo i-Interfluve ekwakhiweni kwezindlu endaweni enamanzi asebenzisa imvuthuluka yezemvelo yokungena ngaphansi kwamanzi. Futhi manje, izinto zokubopha nezinto ezimbi kakhulu zivame kakhulu, zaziwa, zijwayelekile, zisebenziseka kalula. Kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukubuyela emuva kwalezi zinto zokwakha: Impilo yabo yenkonzo ikhawulelwe eminyakeni emihlanu noma eyisithupha. Iqiniso ngukuthi ithabutumen ngokwalo lilahlekelwa ukuqina futhi libe buthaka ku-0 ° C futhi livelele kuleli lokushisa le-deformation liholela ekubonakaleni kwemifantu. Ukuhlanganisa kube yilapho kuphuka noma kunciphise. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza ngesikhumba esishisayo se-bitumen (lokushisa lokushisa lapho kufakwa okungenani ama-120 ° C!) Akunakuthandeka kakhulu futhi kuyingozi.
Ukuphaphama kwezinto ze-petrochetum kuholele ekuqubukeni kwabaqhudelana kwabo, ama-sonthetic resins (ama-polymers) nezinto zokwakha ezisuselwa kubo. I-Bitumen-Rubber ne-Bitumen-Polimeric Masts yokusetshenziswa okubandayo ku-organic solvent nayo yenziwa.
Izinhlobo zokukhiqiza i-mastic zasekhaya
| Ukubuka kwe-mastic | Ukushisa kohlelo lokusebenza,Ukusuka | Ukushuba Mm. | Ukusetshenziswa okumaphakathi kg / m2. | Intengo 1 KG, hlikihla. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bikaminius | I-120-160 | 4-5 | isihlanu | 3-6 |
| Irabha le-Bituminious | 80-95 | 4-5 | isihlanu | 10-20. |
| I-Bituminous Polymer | -20 ... + 50 | 2-3. | 2-3. | 15-35 |
Isibonelo, i-Bituminous-latex emulsion "Blam-20", okuyi-AOZT "Ryazan Cardboard Rubiboard Trap" ikhiqiza kahle. Izinto ze-polymeric zokukhiqizwa kwamanye amazwe zicishe zibe kathathu noma ezine ezibiza kakhulu kunemikhiqizo yaseRussia.
I-Centme-Polymeric mastic ehlanganisa ingxube elomile ka usimende nge-mineral filler ingeyamanyeli ahambisanayo. Ingxube ikhiyiwe ngamanzi, i-emulsion ekhethekile ebophayo noma i-aqueve yokuhlakazwa kwama-polymers (acrylic, silicone noma i-vinyl). Ngenxa yengxenye kasimende, lezi zimbozo zinama-adhesion amahle esisekelweni. Izithasiselo zepulasitiki zisiza lokho okusebenza ngempumelelo ngaphandle kwezindawo eziqinile kuphela, kodwa futhi nasezindaweni ezivezwa ukonakala nokudlidliza. Izakhi ezibophayo zokubopha amanzi zingena kuma-pores wesisekelo bese ziziqinisa ziqinile. Ubukhulu besendlalelo bamajazi abancane buncane - 1-3 mm.
Ukusuka ezintweni zokwenziwa lolu chungechunge ungashayela ikhava CASH RAPED kusuka ku-Index (unama-adhesion ngaphezu kwama-40kg / cm2 nokumelana kwamanzi), i-thorooal thoro, i-barralastik eyenziwe nguHeidelberger Zement. Ukuvimbela amanzi okuvela ku-Osmolastic (Index) ne-Aquafin-2K (Schomburg) ebekezelela ukuvulwa kokuqhekeka esisekelweni kuya ku-2 mm. Izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme zinamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi angaphansi kwe-w10, okungukuthi, angamelana namanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ku-10thth. Vele, awekho amajezi anjalo emhlabathini. Kepha ingcindezi yezixazululo zikasawoti ukungena ngaphakathi kwesisekelo (ukucindezela kwe-osmotic) kungafinyelela ezingeni eliqhathaniswa.
Izinto ezifanayo ezifuywayo ziyi- "Lacht" (LLC "hydrogen"), ukumboza kwe-hydrogen (i-naizb), "heotozAstic" (aootozss). "Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kufanele kufake izingxube ezisuselwa kuchungechunge lwe-hydro-s. Kuliqiniso, ukushuba kwesendlalelo kwaleyo ndlela kufanele kufinyelele ku-30-50mm.
I-coating materproofing isetshenziswa, njengomthetho, ukuvikela izindawo ezivela ku-capillary umswakama (ngaphakathi endlini) kanye namanzi enhlabathi (ngaphandle) ngenhlabathi edonsa kanye nengcindezi eyayingu-0,2thm.
Izinto zokuqapha ezisuselwa ekuxubeni okuvaliwe okuvaliwe
| Umenzi | Ibizo | Ukusetshenziswa, kg / m2 | Intengo 1 kg, rub. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thoro, belgium | Thomaseal. | 3-4.5 | 66. |
| UHeidelberger Zement, Germany | U-Barlalastik | 1.5-2 | 59. |
| Kema, eSlovenia | Ama-Hidrotes-94. | 3-4 | 38. |
| Inkomba, i-Italy | Osmoflex | 2. | 62. |
| ISchombuburg, eJalimane | I-aquafin-2k. | 3-4.5 | 37. |
| LLC "hydrogen", eRussia | "Ukuqapha" | 3-4.5 | 40. |
| Ama-Glims, eRussia | "Glims-Waterstop" | 6-12. | ishumi nesishiyagalolunye |
| INiizb, eRussia | "Hydrothex-b" | 4-5 | 24. |
Ukuvimbela amanzi angangeni manzi
Isembozo saso esingenamanzi senziwa kusuka kuma-rolled noma ama-film materproofing wezinto ezifakwe ngaphansi kwesisekelo futhi komunye nomunye usebenzisa i-materproof mastic. Indlebe ejwayele kakhulu yigama elithi Rubkeroid, i-Pergamine kuphela. Lezi zinto zokwenziwa azizukuzala, ezingezona aphesheya futhi, ngokufanele, zihlala isikhashana. Kancane kancane bathathelwa indawo abamele isizukulwane esisha sokugoqa amanzi: i-Isoelast, ISPLAST (i-Isoflex Plant, i-LLC Kirishinefteintez), Ecofleks, i-Tekhnoflex Card). Njengesisekelo, izinto zokwenziwa (i-polyester, i-choleste yengilazi, i-fiberglass) zisetshenziswa kulezi zimbozo. I-bitumen iguqulwa ama-polymers ama-sbs (Styrene-Buthadiene-Styrene) kanye nohlelo lokusebenza (i-atactic polypropylene), eyandisa kakhulu ukuqina kwayo nokuphikiswa kokushisa.Izinto ezisongwe ezingenisiwe (kusuka kwi-ICOPAL, Index, i-Firestone) zihlukaniswa ngekhwalithi ephezulu nezinzile, kepha zibiza kane kunesi-Russian.
Ukwakheka kanye nodokotela Qaphela ukuthi ukugoqa okungangeni malini kuthembekile futhi kuhlala isikhathi eside, kepha ama-capcacives awenziwe. Kudinga indawo elungiselelwe ngokucophelela-engamukeleki engaphezu kwe-2mm, kudingeka isisekelo esomile, i-primer i-emulsion ye-bitumen, ukunamathela okuhlanzekile kakhulu noma ukunamathela ngokweqile. Endabeni yokusebenzisa amanzi anjalo angaphandle kwangaphandle (ngengcindezi yamanzi enhle), kuyadingeka ukukuvikela (ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa izikrini, amaphaneli noma i-geootellilles) kusuka ekulimaleni okungenzeka kwemishini.
Izinto ezivuthiwe zasekhaya
| Umenzi | Ibizo | Igcina ukuqina emazingeni okushisa, nge | Intengo 1 m2, hlikihla. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ifektri "iSoflex" | Isoelast | -40 ... + 90 | 70-80 |
| I-isoplastic | -25 ... + 90 | 60-90. | |
| I-CJSC "Tekhnonikol" | Unfiflex | -15 ... + 110 | amashumi amahlanu |
| Ukuchutshwa | -25 ... + 100 | 40-70 |
Isenzo sokungena emanzini
Ukuvunyelwa kwamanzi okuvuselelwanga ekuvutheni kosimende okuvuthayo (kusuka esiNgisini. Ukungena ngaphakathi kwezinto zokwakha. Izingoma zokuqala zalesi sigaba zathuthukisa inkampani Vandexintertttd. (Switzerland) kuma-40s we-Xxvek.Izinto zokungena ezingena ngaphakathi kosimende namashevu wezinto ezingamakhemikhali kanye nesihlabathi esikhethekile esichotshoziwe. Isetshenziselwe ukunciphisa ukuthuthuka kokhonkolo. Izithasiselo kanye nomswakama we-capillary uwela ngama-pores avulekile ebunyeni bezisekelo ezingezansi, lapho baxhumana khona nezingxenye zokhonkolo bese bekha amakristalu esimo sentambo. Ama-pores ancishiswe kakhulu, ukuvela kwamanzi kuba phansi. Futhi lokhu yize kuneqiniso lokuthi ukuvumela i-Vapor kuncipha kancane kanye nekhono lezindonga zokuthi "ukuphefumula" ligcinwa. Ubukhulu bokungena ngaphansi kwamanzi okuvela ku-1: 3mm. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zinto zokwakha zingasetshenziswa zombili ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
Izingoma zokungena zingena kahle ngokhonkolo okusha. Lapho ulungisa ukhonkolo wakudala, lapho ama-pores angaphandle afakwe ngaphakathi noma avalelwe nge-limestone, kuyadingeka ukugeza ubuso ngokucophelela kusuka ku-plaster futhi ukucekela phansi, ukuvula ukufinyelela ohlelweni lwe-capillary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-scraper noma ibhulashi le-wire kulokhu kusebenza akwanele. Kudinga ukuqhuma okudutshulwa noma indiza yamanzi, isebenza engcindezini okungenani engu-15-20thm.
Umbono wodokotela »Ububanzi =" Luhleliwe
Enhliziyweni yecala ngalinye lokwakha, naphezu kwezinketho eziningi zokuqaliswa kwalo, kuhlale kuvamile, izixazululo ezijwayelekile ezikhiqizwe iminyaka yokuzijwayeza. Yilokhu ochwepheshe abalulekwe yi-CJSC Connent Center amacala amabili okwakha okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kulokhu, ubungozi bokumunca kwe-capillary kanye nengcindezi ephezulu yamanzi emvula aphezulu. Ngakho-ke ukuvikelwa kwesitezi esingaphansi kufanele kuhlanganiswe nohlelo lokudonsa amanzi ngokufaka amanzi angangeni manzi. Okokuqala, baphonsa kuphela isisekelo bese bebeka ukuqiniswa kwezindonga zawo. Lapho-ke i-perimeter yenziwa amapayipi amadeshi, babeka izindonga zesisekelo bese baphonsa phansi. Phansi kwenziwa i-multilayer futhi ibekwe ku-sandy (kanye ne-gravel engcono). Emhlabathini we-saba, ukugcinwa kumbozwe nge-geokon. Ithayi eliqinisiwe lukakhonkolo elinobukhulu be-100-150mm elibekwa engxenyeni ye-polymer-bitumen membrane (i-flexter tetudo). Amashidi akhe afakwe i-shirter kagesi nge-anlap 100mm. Okulandelayo ukufakwa okushisayo, ungqimba wokuhlukanisa futhi, ekugcineni, kuklanywa ukhonkolo ngenxa ye-trim. Ngaphandle, isisekelo siphathwa nge-bitumer ye-bitumer ehlanganisiwe (Indulela) bese ubeka amashidi wokuzama okungangeni manzi, ukusuka epayipi lokudonsa amanzi aze afike ku-300-500 mm ngaphezulu kwezinga lomhlabathi. Usendlalelo wokufakelwa uvaliwe ngamaphaneli we-geocal noma avikelayo futhi wenze i-backstage. Umjikelezo wokwakha uhlala okungenani amasonto angama-4-5.
Ukungena okuguquliwe okuguqukayo
| Umenzi | Ibizo | Ukusetshenziswa, kg / m2 | Intengo 1 kg, rub. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vandex International Ltd., Switzerland | Vandex Super | 1-1.5 | 95. |
| Inkomba, i-Italy | Osmoseal | 3. | 46. |
| I-LLC "Ubuchwepheshe obusha", eRussia | "Callatron" | 1.6-3,2 | 45. |
| I-Xpex Chemical Corp., Canada | Xype | 0.8-1. | 182. |
| LLC "hydrogen", eRussia | Ipanzini | 1,2 | 159. |
| "I-Lachta" ingena " | 1,2 | 60. |
Kufakwe amanzi
OLUNYE ubuchwepheshe obungenamanzi ukudala izikrini ezivikelayo. Kusukela isikhathi eside, ubumba oluhlanganisiwe (ungqimba 40-50cm) lusetshenziselwa le nhloso - impahla igcwele futhi itholakala kalula.Ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo komqondo kwakungukuthi okuthiwa yi-bentonite materproofing. Ubumba lwe-bentonite, olubize izakhiwo ze-colloidal, luyakwazi ukudlala iqhaza lesihlangu selinobukhulu obungu-1-2 cm. , e-Rawmat HDB Bentonite Mats). Igobolondo lekhadibhodi ngesikhathi sokusebenza libola enhlabathini. Ngenxa yalokho, yonke indawo yensimbi izungezwe ubumba.
Emakethe yasekhaya kukhona ama-NAbento afaka ama-Mats (Akzo Nobel ukukhathazeka), kanye namapaneli we-bentomat kanye ne-voltex mat (CETCO). Amanani e-Bentonite Mats - cishe ama- $ 10 nge-1m2.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokugcina emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bezikrini zokuvikela - ama-polymer geomembranes. Izinzuzo zabo ezingezinhlekile - ukuqina, ukungathathi hlangothi kwabezindaba ezinolaka, ukumelana nokuwohloka kwalesi sakhiwo nokuhamba kwenhlabathi. Isikrini siqukethe iwebhu enama-spikes ayindilinga aze afike ku-8mm kanye nokuhlunga izindwangu. Izindwangu zivikela uhlelo izinhlayiya zenhlabathi ngezinhlayiya, kanye nezikhala eziyindilinga zakha iziteshi zokudonsa amanzi athunyelwa kuwo ohlelweni lokudonsa amanzi. Lesi sinqumo sivimbela ukudonswa kwesakhiwo, kuhlinzeka ngamaphesenti amaningi ezindonga, futhi futhi kusebenza njengezindawo zokuvikela zesisekelo esivela ku-capillary umswakama. Izikrini zokudonsa amanzi zisebenza ngempumelelo kuphela kwinkimbinkimbi ngohlelo lokudonsa futhi ziyeke ukusebenza lapho izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba liphakama ngaphezulu kwezinga lokususa amapayipi.
Emakethe yaseRussia, imikhiqizo ye-fundalin iyathandwa (i-ondulin, eFrance), i-protefon tex (inkomba, i-germany), i-blackline (monarflex, ulwelwesi lwe-denmer) nabanye. Intengo 1M2 . Kepha izindleko zizonke zokuhlela uhlelo lokudonsa amanzi, kufaka phakathi ama-pularlitoratory kanye noMhlaba, empeleni, kuphakeme kakhulu.
Ukufakwa okushisayo kwesisekelo
Imvamisa kunezimo lapho imizamo, imali nezinto zokwakha ezingenamanzi zichithwa kakhulu, futhi egumbini elingaphansi lisemanzi. Umsolwa ungahle uguquke uwela odongeni olubandayo "lomoya omanzi. Ngakho-ke, izindonga zesitezi esingaphansi zivela ngaphandle kufanele zifakwe ngaphakathi, nangaphakathi komoya omncane. Ungamboza izindonga ezikhethekile "ezifudumele" Plasty, ezinciphisa ukugcwala kwe-Steam endaweni ebandayo (ngokwesibonelo, ukhethe, uKema; Zitholwa ngokungeza izengezo ezakha ama-pore ku-plaster solution) noma zishumeke kwingxube eseqedile.
Ukufakwa okushisayo kwezisekelo, amapuleti aqinile avela ku-Extresion Polystyrere Foam, i-Styrodur (BASF), Expal (Expolry NO), futhi asetshenziswa futhi i-Fovery (POROS) PPP. Imisebenzi yokuqala ngasikhathi sinye njenge-materproofer, kanti owesibili, nge-pair enama-geootextellits, njengedivaysi yokudonsa amanzi.
Indlela Yezinhlelo
Izinhlobonhlobo zezimali eziphakanyisiwe zibonisa ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela engcono yokuvikela ukwakhiwa komswakama akukhona. Kuzo zombili lezi zigameko, ngokuya ngezimo zokwakha kanye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo, udinga ukudala uhlelo lwakho oluhlanganisiwe lokungena kwamanzi.Le ndlela iyisimo se-Index (Italy), imisebenzi eyomile (Netherlands), ama-Remmers Bauchemie (Germany), i-Kema (iSlovenia), i-Feb MBT (France), iSchombuburg (Germany) nabanye. Futhi uma Isibonelo, enkombeni ye-Assotyment, Vandex International Ltd. Futhi i-DELTA inezinto eziyi-1000 zezinto ezihlobene nokufaka ngaphansi kwamanzi, zingaphezulu kwanele ukuhlanganisa iresiphi ye- "ukwelashwa" kwanoma yikuphi ukuqhekeka kwanoma yikuphi ukuqhekeka. Izinyathelo eziphelele zingahle zibonakale zibizayo ($ 12-60 nge-1m2), kepha ziqinisekisa impumelelo.
Umbono wodokotela »Ububanzi =" Luhleliwe
Ake sithi: Isakhiwo esinezinto ezinjalo isipho sesikhathi asinjalo. Hhayi ukuthi amanzi kuphela azobheka ukuslathila okuncane ekhaya, ngakho-ke nokwehluka kwezingxenye zalesi sisekelo kuzobaluleka. Ngakho-ke, isisekelo sonke siyadingeka ukubahlukanisa. Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukupompela amanzi esizeni sokwakha. Phansi kokumbiwa, ukulungiselela kokhonkolo kwenziwa. Ifakwe kwifomu lefomu lezindonga zangaphandle zesisekelo futhi labeka izinto ezingangeni manzi nge-500-700mm ezungeze i-perimeter, ukuze iqale udonga. Ukuze ungalimazi "ukhaphethi" ovuthayo ngomsebenzi owengeziwe, kuvikelwe ungqimba lukakhonkolo onobukhulu obungu-30- 40mm. Ngemuva kwalokho babeka ukuqiniswa, ukwenza amafomu bese bephonsa isisekelo sesisekelo, izindonga zalo nobulili. Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa, indlela amafomu enze kabi amanzi okuthe mpo. Kusuka phezulu, shiya isitoko sika-300-500mm ukwenza ukusika okuvundlile kusuka ezindongeni zendlu. Phansi phansi, ukufakwa okuthe mpo kufakwe ngokuvundlile. Kulokhu, ulwelwesi lokunwebeka lwe-polymer-bitumen uMefasta P4 4mm luwugqinsi, oluqinisiwe nge-polyester fiber, kungaba yinto efakwayo. Zonke izindawo ziphathwa nge-primer (indele). Ulwelwesi lubekwe ezingxenyeni ezimbili. Ukuvunyelwa okuvundlile ezindongeni kuvikelwe ngamaphaneli futhi kufafazwe ngenhlabathi. Umjikelezo osebenzayo ugcina okungenani amasonto angama-7-8, uma ukuhlukaniswa kwenziwa ngekhonkolo eqinile ngokuphelele.
Sebenza izimbungulu
Ake sithi indlu yakhiwe kancane, futhi ingaphansi selivele ligcwaliswa ngamanzi. Ngisho nakulokhu kunezindlela eziningi ezikhethekile nezinto zokwakha ezikwazi ukubuyisela induduzo.Okokuqala kwezinto zokwakha. Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwabo ekwakheni nasekulungiseni ngendlela, - ekulweni nokuvuza nokudama zonke izindlela zilungile. Embhalweni wethu, ukuhlukaniswa kwenziwa kuphela ukuze kube lula ukwethula.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukubuyiselwa kwemali yangaphandle engavunyelwanga izingxenye ze-Belly zesakhiwo kunzima ngenxa yokungakwazi ukumba. Ukuvikelwa kokukhipha ngaphakathi. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kohlelo lokungena kwamanzi kwangaphandle nokungaphakathi. Esimweni sokuqala, ingcindezi yamanzi evela ngaphandle icindezela ukuhlanganiswa kwesisekelo, kungokwesibili kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ama-bitumen mastic kanye nokugqokwa okugoqiwe akusebenzi kokufaka ngaphansi kwamanzi kwangaphakathi. Nazi izinto ezifanelekile zomakhazisi ezinezikhangiso ezinhle zokunamathela okuhle ku-ukhonkolo noma isitini esekela ukwahlukanisa. Emisebenzini yangaphakathi, namanje ukuhlanganisa, ukungenela izingoma, ukudonsa kwepulasitiki ngokususwa kwamanzi ngephampu, njll.
Izinto zokujova nobuchwepheshe
Kukhona ubuchwepheshe obungenamanzi obukhuliswe e-USSR kusukela kuma-30s we-Xxvek. Isebenzisa ngezimbobo ezindongeni kanye nesisekelo esikuvumela ukuthi upompe isisombululo sikasimende noma ingilazi ewuketshezi nge-hardener kusuka ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esingaphandle, endaweni ephakathi kwenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke kwakhiwa "ama-sarcophagus", futhi ukuphakama kwangaphakathi kwangaphambi kwamanzi kuyabuyiselwa ngaphandle kokufeza ama-Earthworks.
Inani lezinkinga ezihambisana nokufaka ngaphansi kwamanzi, izindlela zesisombululo sazo kanye nezimali ezisetshenzisiwe azikhathazeki ngohlu olungenhla. Kepha ngalokhu, ngokuzayo.
Abahleli babonga nge-athomstroy, "Gidrospetspovekt", "Connent-Center", "Spetsgeostroy", TESSEREVIS, TRIAD, Triadid, UTespeevis HoltIng Usizo Ekuhlelweni Kwezinto Zezinto Ezibonakalayo.