Izinhlobo zezitebhisi, izinto ezakhelwayo kanye nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenzisiwe. Ukubalwa kwamapharamitha. Izindawo zendabuko zokubekwa kwezitebhisi efulethini noma ekotashini.
b. Izitebhisi ezivela kumashiya we-countast namasayithi ekuphakameni kwaphansi kwe-2.8m
ku. Stair Mashi ngensimbi cosome
G. Idizayini yezitebhisi ezivela ezintweni ezithile
Isitebhisi asisisizi nje sisuka esitezi esisodwa siye kwesinye. Imvamisa iba uphawu lokuxhumeka kwanoma imaphi amazinga, ngokwesibonelo, "Izitebhisi zenkonzo" ... Lokhu ukuxhumana okuthe mpo kungasiholela (hing) noma phansi (kufakwe). Ezinye izimfihlo zezitebhisi esizokwembula emakhasini amaphephabhuku ethu.
Izitebhisi, izindiza ezithambekele (ama-ramp) kanye neziphakamiso zemishini (ama-lifti, ama-escalators) asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezitezi, amapulatifomu namakamelo akhiwe emazingeni ahlukene. Kuvame ukusetshenziswa izitebhisi okuvame ukusetshenziswa nge-BUMP HISS. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi kanye nokubaluleka kokwakheka kokuhlelwa kwesakhiwo sokuhlala, izitebhisi zihlukaniswe: Ukungena, okutholakala ngaphandle noma eshawini (niche) yendlu; Main- yokuxhumana okungapheli phakathi kwezitezi; Isibonelo, esizayo, okuholela egumbini elingaphansi, nasezindlini ukuphakama kwabacishimlilo abangaphezu kwe-10, okuvame ukutholakala ku-facade futhi kuholele ophahleni.
Izitebhisi kumele zibe ntofontofo futhi ziphephe, zihlala isikhathi eside, zibe ne-bandwidth (ububanzi) ukudlulisa ifenisha kanye nemishini, zikhiphe abantu emacaleni aphuthumayo, kanye nokwanelisa izidingo zomlilo.
Lapho ukhetha futhi eklama izitebhisi, indima yazo ebalulekile ekuhleleni isakhiwo sokuhlela okuzungezile kanye nokwakheka kwezakhiwo njengoba kugcwele kufanele kubhekwe. I-Comfort ekhaya, ingaphakathi lezakhiwo zalo ezinkulu, ukwakheka kwe-facade kuzonqunywa kakhulu yindawo, usayizi, ukwakheka, ukuqeda izitebhisi. Konke lokhu kucatshangelwa kufanele kubhekwe kusukela ekuqaleni komklamo.
Izitebhisi ziqukethe izinto ezimbili eziyinhloko - amapulatifomu kanye nemishini yezitebhisi. Amasayithi ahlukaniswe phansi, (ezingeni eliphansi lesitezi ngasinye) kanye ne-Intermediate (Intermediate). IMashi iyinto esebenzayo nesakhiwo esixhuma izitebhisi ezimbili futhi uncike kubo. Siqukethe uchungechunge lwezinyathelo, eziqinisiwe ngokuvamile ezimbili, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kugongolo olulodwa oluthambekele. Uma imishayo ethwala itholakala ngaphansi kwezinyathelo, ibizwa ngokuthi amaKosomers, futhi uma ezinhlangothini (emaphethelweni) izinyathelo. Imashi yezitebhisi nezindawo zokudlala kumele kube nokubiyela ku-Handrails, Rading, 800-1000mm Height.
Kuya ngenani lama-Marches axhumeka phansi okubili eziseduze, izitebhisi azishadile, ezimbili- noma ezintathu - isikhathi (ngedivaysi ephakama noma ekuphakameni kwezitezi ezivela ku-4.2m). Kufakwe uhlobo lwezitebhisi kuncike ekufezekisweni kwemishini namapulatifomu futhi kungaqondile, ngokujikeleza, i-curvilinear, kanye nesikulufa, esibizwa nge-fan. Izithako zivame ukuhlangana ngokuqondile ezinhlakeni eziqondile noma ezisontekile nezitebhisi zezinsuku ezimbili.
Izitebhisi ezihlala isikhala esiningi, ngakho-ke omunye wemisebenzi yomakhi wezakhiwo ukubenza baphatheke ngokwengeziwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, emaphepheni, zivame ukuklanywa hhayi kuphela ngokujika futhi ngaphandle kwesikhulumi esiphakathi sokuzilibazisa, kodwa futhi nezinyathelo ezimbalwa okuthiwa zibalekile. Lezi ze-wedge ezakhiwe ngokwemibandela yesinyathelo njengokungathi ziqhutshwa wedwa ngaphansi kwesinye. ISampula yendawo emincane (indlela yangaphakathi yokujikeleza) ububanzi besiteji akufanele bube ngaphansi kwama-80mm, kepha kangcono ngo-120mm.
Indiza evundlile yesiteji ibizwa ngokuthi i-kucatshangelwe, futhi ibanga phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili eziseduze - i-riser, elingana nokuphakama kwesigaba. Ngokusho kwamazinga, inani lezinyathelo ezisendaweni eyodwa yezitebhisi kufanele okungenani libe yi-3 hhayi ngaphezulu kwe-18. Kodwa-ke, ngokuzijwayeza lapho kukhona amamashi futhi ngamanani amakhulu. Kwamakhethini, ecabanga ngesidingo sokugcina isikhala, lesi yisixazululo esamukeleka ngokuphelele.
Ububanzi bemashi wezitebhisi, obunqunywa ibanga phakathi kojantshi noma phakathi kodonga kanye nojantshi, kufanele okungenani babe ngama-900mm, ngaphandle kwalokho abantu bazohlangana khona kuzoba nzima ukwehla. Ukuzijwayeza kukhombisile ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwangasese, leli Zinga alihlonishwa njalo (ngenxa yendawo encane yezakhiwo). Kodwa-ke, akunconywa ukwenza ububanzi obungaphansi kuka-700mm.
Ububanzi bezitebhisi akufanele bube ububanzi obuncane bemashi, kanye neplatifomu eyinhloko (yesiteji), ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kube lula ukuthola indawo elula yeminyango yezakhiwo nama-liftetors (uma ikhona). Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kube lula ukusebenzisa izitebhisi kunomthambeka wayo, okungukuthi, ukuhlobana kwesiphithiphithi kuya ekunamathekeni noma isilinganiso sokuphakama kokuphakama kwayo. Lapho uphakamisa, umuntu kufanele achithe amathuba amahlandla amabili kunalapho eshayela ngokuvundlile; Isinyathelo esimaphakathi singama-570 kuya ku-640mm. Ngakho-ke, ukugcina isigqi esiguqukayo sokuhamba ezitebhisini, ithambeka laso kufanele kube cishe ngo-1: 2 noma cishe ngamacala angama-27. ububanzi obungu-300mm. Ukuphakama okuphindwe kabili kwe-riser kungu-150 2 = 300 mm kanye nobubanzi be-sticky - 300mm ngenani kungukuphindwa okujwayelekile komuntu - 600 mm.
Lapho ukhetha futhi eklama izitebhisi, indima yazo ebalulekile ekuhleleni isakhiwo sokuhlela okuzungezile kanye nokwakheka kwezakhiwo njengoba kugcwele kufanele kubhekwe.
Emsebenzini wokwakha izakhiwo zokuhlala, izitebhisi zekhonkrithi eziqinisiwe eziqinisiwe ngokukhetha kwangoMashi 1: 2 kwakuvame kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwazo, zisetshenziswa kakhulu izitebhisi ezintekile emaphepheni (i-nculon 1: 1.75; 1: 1.5 kanye nokuphoqelela ngokwengeziwe), okuthatha isikwele esincane kakhulu. Ukuphakama kwezikhukhula ezinezitebhisi ezinjalo kungaba ngu-180-190mm nokuningi, futhi ububanzi buhlala - 250mm futhi buncane. Isitebhisi esiholela egumbini elingaphansi noma egumbini elingaphansi lingaba ne-1: 1 emthambekeni, okungukuthi, 45.
Ukuze kube lula ukuhamba uzungeze izitebhisi, ukulahlwa akufanele kube ngaphansi konyawo lomuntu. Ukwanda kobubanzi besiteji ngo-30-50mm kungenziwa ngenxa yokudla noma ukunamathela ngokunamathela ngaphezulu kwe-opponse.
Izitebhisi zinezinyathelo zamatshe (ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni zasendulo, kanye nokungena ngaphandle, ukungena), ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, ngokhuni kanye nensimbi. Kubandakanya umlilo-facade, kanye nezitebhisi ezinezitezi eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ubude obukhulu bemashi, lapho abahleli bebekwe ngensimbi (ukuvakasha noma iziteshi noma iziteshi noma iziteshi) ukhonkolo oqinisiwe) noma kusuka etsheni eliqinile lamatshe. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yikuphi okuqukethwe, umthwalo wokulawula wezitebhisi zezakhiwo zokuhlala kufanele ube ngo-300 kg / m2.
Emsebenzini wokwakhiwa kwanamuhla, ukwakhiwa kwezitebhisi kwenziwa ikakhulu kusuka ezintweni ezijwayelekile zokhonkolo eziqinisiwe, kubalwa ekuphakameni kwesitezi esijwayelekile 2, 70; I-2.80; 3.00; 3.30m nokuningi. Ezomnotho futhi zilula kakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekufakweni kwesitebhisi esikhulu se-Third-element, okubandakanya ama-Marches anemininingwane emibili ezayo kanye namasayithi amabili ohlobo olulodwa. Kwenziwe ngokhonkolo ongu-200 we-Brand 200 ngokuqinisa ozimele kanye nocingo. Imashi iqukethe izicathulo ezimbili nezigaba ezibekwe phezu kwazo, ezibunjiwe efektri yemikhiqizo ekhonkolo eqinisiwe ibe yinto eyodwa eyandisiwe. Ukuze kube lula ukubekwa amamashi namadivayisi, ujantshi phakathi kwabo ushiya igebe le-100mm. Isitebhisi senziwa ngesimo sepuleti eboshwe eceleni kwe-contour engezansi ngemiphetho eqinisiwe, esekelwe kumashi wezitebhisi ezimbili (ukufinyelela phezulu naphansi). IMachi neplatifomu nazo zinamathele ezingxenyeni zokubolekwa kwemali ye-welding. Izitebhisi ezivela ezinhlangothini zokugcina zivame ukuba nama-protole akhethekile wekhonsoli - "izindlebe", ezisuselwa ezidlekeni ezindongeni zeziteki eziseceleni kwezitebhisi. Endabeni yecala lemiphetho yendawo contours lilele emathefini "afakwe ngqo ezindongeni.
Imashi yezitebhisi namasayithi aqhamuka ezitshalweni zendawo yokwakha enezinyathelo ezibunjiwe. Ukuze ububanzi obusebenzayo bezitebhisi buncishiswe, amapuleti ensimbi okufakwayo kwe-welding abeka eceleni. Ngemashi ebanzi ye-Stairse (1200mm noma ngaphezulu), ama-racks ensimbi angaqiniswa ezisekelweni nge-prom namasayithi. Ngemuva kwalokho izidleke zibekwa uphawu ngodaka kasimende. Kunokwakhiwa kwezitebhisi ezinamakhanda, ngokwesibonelo, amathayili e-mosaic noma ama-ceramic, aza. Lezi zinto zibekwa kwikhambi ngemuva kokufaka izinyathelo.
Izitebhisi ezifakiwe ezenziwa ngaphambili ezilethwa kwisiza sokwakha ezinezinyathelo ezihlukile namapulatifomu futhi zibekwe ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezindonga, ngesikhathi sokwakha kufanele kugcinwe ngephepha noma ikhava ngamabhodi. I-Outlapses imvamisa ihlinzekwa ngeminyaka. Ukusetshenziswa kwezitebhisi eziqinisiwe eziqinisiwe ezinezigaba zohlaka olugoqwe kuvumela i-15% ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kokhonkolo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Marches enesigaba esiqhubekayo.
Ezindlini zohlobo lwe-cottage, iladi ayikufanele njalo ukungena esitebhisini. Yize kunjalo, wonke amakamelo asondela ekuphumeni, inani lendlu lincane, ngakho-ke, ukufaka izitebhisi ezivela ezingxenyeni eziqinile zohlobo olungahlelwe ngokuqinile ezidinga ukusetshenziswa kwama-cranes anokuphakamisa amandla angaphezu kwa-1.5t , hhayi njalo umusa.
Izitebhisi ezinengqondo nezibucayi, ezivulekile zohlobo oluhlukahlukene namafomu angaba nengqondo ngokwengeziwe futhi kube nobuhle. Amacala amanzi, angahle aqukethe ama-cosomes ahlukile, kwezinye izimo, anabane, kanye nezinyathelo, imishayo kanye nezitofu zezitebhisi. Kuqiniswa ukhonkolo kanye nokhuni oluncane lwezezinto ezitebhisini zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni okuphansi, ngenkathi ompompi enendawo ephakeme efinyelela ku-500kg. Kuliqiniso, ukwakhiwa kwezitebhisi ezinjalo kudinga izindleko ezibalulekile zabasebenzi futhi zibiza kakhulu kunezakhi ezinkulu cishe ezingama-40%.
Ezitebhisini zokhonkolo eziqinile eziqinisiwe, izinyathelo zibekwa ngama-rosters amabili, noma ngamunye ngamunye, atholakala kwi-axis endeitudinal yemashi. Ngaphakathi kwangoMashi, imashi ibekwe endaweni ye-ladder, yabizwa kusuka kuSts. Ngokwemvelo kokuqeda, ngobude nokuphakama, azifani ngezinyathelo eziphambili. Ububanzi bezinyathelo ezivela ezinqumeni bungaphansi kokuyisisekelo, njengoba kusekelwe ngokwengxenye kuma-boosters, ngokwengxenye emishameni yesikhulumi. Ama-boosters akhonkolo aqinisiwe kanye nemishayo inesigaba sesiphambano esingunxande. Ukusekelwa kwama-cosomes ezindaweni zokubopha kwenelisekile ngezidleke.
Ezintatheli nasezinkuni ezimbili (kwesinye isikhathi amakamelo ezindaba ezintathu) zivame ukusebenzisa izitebhisi ezivulekile zokhuni, ezilingana kahle ngaphakathi kwendlu, zenza indima hhayi yokuxhumana kuphela, kodwa futhi nento eyinhlanganisela. Ukusebenziseka lula nobuhle bezitebhisi kunganikeza isigaba sokuqala esiphansi, imashi ebonakalayo kancane ububanzi obuphelele beMashi (ngokwesibonelo, okusaqanda ngokuya). Ngokuvamile kusungula i-curly rack rack, okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ngesimo kunaleyo efakiwe kwezinye izinyathelo.
Izitebhisi zokhuni zincama ukuthi zenze kusuka ku-Oak, Larch noma Pine. Ukhuni lwatha luthambile futhi lungazelelwe kalula, ngakho-ke lungasetshenziswa kuphela iKosomrov. Izitebhisi zokhuni zivame ukungadingi isisekelo esikhulu. Ngezansi, sonke isitebhisi sisuselwa ngokuqinile emishameni eqinisiwe noma ama-slabs okudlula futhi alungise ukwakheka kophahla kwephahla. Emabhodini aphansi, izitebhisi azikwazi ukunamathiselwa. Ama-kosomers nama-alets enza amabhodi amakhulu angama-50-70mm, hhayi ngaphansi kobubanzi be-200mm. Izitebhisi zeKosooge zilula kudivayisi futhi, mhlawumbe, zinhle ngokwengeziwe. Ukulala kusuka kumapuleti amade noma amabili amancanyana anobukhulu obungu-30-50mm, obekwe emathubeni angunxantathu (lokhuni, insimbi), okunamathiselwe kuma-kosomers, noma kufakwe ku-skomers e-cosomes. Iziphetho zezinyathelo zihlala zivulekile futhi zidinga ukuqeda ngokucophelela. Izimpi zingaba yi-18-25mm. Amabhodi angcono ukuxhuma izikulufa ne-glue, ngoba ukuxhumana kwezipikili buthaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Emifashini, ngaphakathi, kunemifino esezingeni eliphansi lokujula kwe-20-25mm ngesimo sezinyathelo ezinamathela kanye nezimpinda ezifakiwe. Ukuze kube lula ukwenziwa kanye nomhlangano, ama-grooves kufanele anqunywe ngephethini ekhethekile kuze kube phansi noma ubuso obungenhla kwamatende. Ungagoqa izinyathelo ekukhuleni nangosizo lwama-slats, amakhona.
Ngamandla amakhulu, i-taper kwesinye isikhathi iyaqiniseka ngentambo noma induku enobubanzi be-12mm. Uthango lwezitebhisi (izitimela) lwenziwa kusuka ezintweni zokhuni, zisethwe esigabeni ngasinye kusuka ezinhlangothini ezimbili (uma kungekho odongeni) ama-bales eyodwa noma ezimbili Ngokuya ngomklamo wangaphakathi, uthango lwezitebhisi lungabonakala obala, ngokwesibonelo, kusuka ku-plexiglass, noma amathayili abunjiwe noma afakwe uphawu. Kwesinye isikhathi kwenziwa ngezixhumanisi zensimbi noma yamathanga enziwe ngokhuni, elungiswe ngama-racks ezansi nasezitebhisini eziphezulu.
IMachi kanye namapulatifomu avela ngezansi angavulwa, axhumeke ngamabhodi noma ahlelwe.
Kukuphi okungcono ukubeka izitebhisi zangaphakathi zekotishi?
Kuyinto elula impela ukubeka izitebhisi eziphambili enkabeni yendlu. Kulokhu, igumbi lisendaweni ezungeze i-perimeter yezindonga zangaphandle, futhi izibani zemvelo ezanele ziyatholakala, kanye nokwehla kanye nokuphakamisa ezitebhisini kanye nokunamathiselwe e-attic kutholakale futhi kukhululeke. Imvamisa ngokusho kokucatshangelwa kwezakhiwo nezanhlanganisela, isitebhisi sibekwa odongeni lwangaphandle, ukuphela kwalo, noma ngisho nakulo oluhlukile, kepha kule ndaba ukulahleka kwendawo akunakugwemeka: izitebhisi zizothatha indawo ekwazi isetshenziselwe igumbi ngewindi.
Izitebhisi ezivulekile zibukeka kahle egumbini lokuphumula noma egumbini elikhulu elijwayelekile, igumbi lokuhlala, indawo yomlilo, ikakhulukazi uma kuvulwa kuvulwa kophahla, okwenza ingxenye yegumbi ephakeme futhi ihlakaniphile. Isitebhisi esinjalo esinabaqali bangaba nalo ngokwalo lonke uhlobo lwencwadi ebanzi "P" noma "g". Izitebhisi ezihlukanisiwe, okungukuthi, ezisendaweni yezitebhisi ezingajwayelekile zekotishi, yenza lula izixazululo zokuqamba ze-Overlaps.
Ukubeka izitebhisi ku-veranda kunganconywa uma kusetshenziswa amakamelo amakhaza asebenza ikakhulu phezulu.
Ezindlini zohlobo lwe-attic yophahla ngaphezu kwezitebhisi ezingenhla kwezitebhisi, ungahlanganisa ophahleni lwendlu. Isitebhisi esikhanyayo noma ikhekhe, okuholela kusuka esitezi sesibili kwelesithathu noma e-attic, kuvame ukuba khona ngokwahlukana kusuka kokuphambili, kepha akukude kulo futhi kuncike emishameni yokugcwala.
Amakamelo ajwayele ukusetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni aseYurophu futhi ahlongozwa amafemu amaningi esikulufa, kanye nezitebhisi zabalandeli. Basekamelweni kancane isikhala, singabekwa odongeni noma phakathi kwekamelo, bengabizi futhi muhle, kepha lapho ukufakwa kudinga ukufaneleka kwamakhosi aphezulu. Isiphathi sokuxhaswa okuphakathi kwesitebhisi esitebhisi esivame ukusebenzela ipayipi lensimbi, lapho ziseduze kwezikhathi ze-150-200mm console zibhalwe noma ziboshwe namanye amantongomane abunjwe ngo-700mm nokuningi. Kukhona insimbi engagqwali enendiza ephezulu evuthayo, ngokhuni noma ngeplastiki. Ingozi kungenzeka ingabi, futhi igxathu lesinyathelo linamathiselwe kwi-rack yesitimela noma odongeni oluvaliwe.
Izinyathelo ze-Fan Staircase (Okwenziwe ngokhuni noma ukhonkolo) zitholakala eduze kwensika yezitini, zincike kuyo ngesitebhisi esincane, nesitebhisi esivuthayo ebanzi. Amacala amahle ehlela egumbini elingaphansi noma liphakamisa i-attic encane, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-plug-in elula kakhulu, steep (sucllon 60 noma ngaphezulu) izitebhisi zohlobo lwesitebhisi noma imisiwe. Uhlobo oluthuthukisiwe lwezitebhisi ezifanayo hlobo "Duck (Goose) Isinyathelo" uhlobo, okunamathelayo lapho (ama-risers angenziwa khona) ahlukaniswe kwesobunxele nakwesokudla futhi athole enye esiteji esibalwe icala ngalinye. Umumo oshunqiwe, ebangeni elibanzi lama-300 mm ububanzi, eyunivesithi-120-150mm, zenzelwe ukusekela imilenze engxenyeni ebanzi yesigaba. Izinyathelo, kunalokho, zinamathele kuphela, ziphumule kubahloli noma ama-boosters noma wensimbi.
Ochungechungeni lwezihloko "indlu kanye necebo", wazijwayela ngezinto eziyisisekelo zokuhlela nezixazululo eziphambili zezinto eziphambili zendlu, uthole izeluleko zochwepheshe ngokuzikhethela kanye nezakhi zezakhi zalo. Uma kukhona okuzobonakala kungacaci, kuyinkimbinkimbi, zama futhi ukubuka izindatshana zokuqala ezishicilelwe. Mhlawumbe izokunikeza usizo olungokoqobo, luzokhulisa ukuthembeka nekhwalithi yekhaya lakho.