Ophahleni kanye nama-Rafters: Ukuhlukaniswa, izici ezihlelekile, izimiso zokukhetha uhlobo olulodwa noma olunye ophahleni lwe-cottage. Uphahla ophahleni olubekiwe.
Siyaqhubeka nomjikelezo wezindatshana ezinikezelwe ekwakhiweni kwendlu yangasese yezwe. Izinombolo ezisetshenzisiwe zomagazini wethu njengoba zikhetha iphrojekthi, izisekelo, izindonga kanye nokugqagqana. Manje ake sixoxe ngophahla.
Ekugcineni, kwakhiwa izindonga zendlu, kwabekwa izindonga, sekuyisikhathi sokuphuthuma futhi wakhe uphahla. Kuyadingeka ukuvikela indlu kusuka ekuguqukeni kwezulu, kuncibilike amanzi, kusuka ekushintshashintsheni okubukhali ekushiseni, emoyeni, ukukhanya kwelanga ngokweqile kanye nokushisa ngokweqile, kusukela ekulahlekelweni kokushisa ebusika. Ukwakhiwa, izakhiwo ezivalelwe ezivela phezulu, izinhlobo ezimbili ezimbili:
- khuhloka noma Okukuthambekela;
caba noma E-Sessane lapho uphahla futhi i-attic inqola ihlanganiswa khona (okubizwa ngokuthi izigqoko ezihlanganisiwe). Lesi sakamuva siqukethe isakhiwo senkampani yenethiwekhi (ngokwesibonelo, imishayo noma iqiniswe ngamakhonkrothi wekhonkrithi owenza ngasikhathi sinye umsebenzi wophahla) kanye nekhaphethi yokufakelwa kwamanzi.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhanjiswa kwezulu, ophahleni kuhlale kwenzeka. Ngokuya ngesidingo sokwakhiwa kwe-coating kufaka omunye ukufakwa kwe-vapor kanye neletha lokushisa lokushisa. Caba Ama-Coatings ane-bescaneous asetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zokuhlala ezi-multi-streaty kanye nezomphakathi, ezakhiweni zezinjongo zezimboni nezolimo. Ama-Looms wohlobo lwe-cottage umkhuba wasekhaya ayaqabukela kakhulu. Vele, kukhona ophahleni lwezindiza kanye ne-curvilinear, ukwakheka kwe-arched, ngokwesibonelo emachibini, ejimini kanye nasekubonisweni kombukiso.
Ezindlini zeCottage, njengomthetho, zisebenza Okukuthambekela noma Uphahla lwe-Scof . Ziqukethe ingxenye engenhla (igobolondo), ebizwa ngokuthi ophahleni, isisekelo (amakhreyithi noma okuqinile phansi), okuxhasa ngqo ophahleni, kanye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, okuvame ukuncika ezindongeni zangaphandle nezingaphakathi.
Uphahla kufanele lwenziwe ngezinto zokwakha ezikwazi ukubekezelela i-motheriting ngesikhathi nangesikhathi eside, vimbela amaconsi abukhali amazinga okushisa, izinto ezinolaka eziqukethwe emkhathini ongekho ngaphansi kokugqwala. Uphahla lungaphezu kwezinye izinto zendlu zitholwa emathonyeni asemkhathini, futhi izindleko zokulungiswa kwazo nokulungisa zikhonjiswa kakhulu ngezindleko zokusebenza kwendlu yonke. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kophahla kufanele kube nokuqina nokuqina, okuhambelana nesigaba sokwakha. Izinhlobo eziphambili nezinhlobo zophahla olumisiwe, izingxenye zazo, amagama nendawo ekhonjisiwe kwimidwebo.
Ukuze sinciphise izindleko zokwakha zophahla kanye nokwehliswa kwezikhathi zokwakha, imisebenzi eminingi yokukhiqiza yayo ifuna ukuyisa ezitshalweni, esetshenziswa kakhulu izinto ezenziwe ngesandla. Ngaphezu komthwalo oqhubekayo kusuka kwesisindo sayo, ukwakhiwa kophahla kufanele kubekezelele imithwalo yesikhashana: ikhava yeqhwa (umthwalo wokulawula ebhendi eliphakathi nendawo laseRussia lisuka ku-70 kuya ku-200 kuye ku-200KG / M2 Umfutho womoya ovela ohlangothini lwamanzi futhi uthulula, ohlangothini lwe-leeward. Ukuhlasela uphahla kufanele kubekezelele imithwalo evela ekusebenzeni (ukulungisa, ukuhlanza iqhwa nabanye).
Uphahla lwe-Attic (Scanty) luvame ukuvame ukuba nezindiza ezifuywayo ezifuywayo, ophahleni oluhlanganisiwe. Ubukhulu bomthambeka buxhomeke ohlelweni, ububanzi be-span kanye nokwakheka kwezokwakha kwesakhiwo, kusukela ezintweni eziphahleni, kusukela ezimeni zezulu zendawo yokwakha.
Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi okuhlukahlukene, ukuvezwa kophahla, i-dome, amatende kanye nabanye kwakuyinto yobuciko bokwakha yaseRussia. Kwanele ukukhumbula iziphathimandla, amasonto, ama-monastic meadowers, kanye neziteshi zesitimela, ngokwesibonelo, i-Leningrad eMoscow.
Uphahla lwembula i-silhouette yendlu ye-cottage, kube sengathi umqhele, inika ukubukeka okuqediwe nokubonisa isixazululo sayo sokwakha. Yena, njengesigqoko esihle, eqeda futhi evame ukuchaza isithombe sendoda yemfashini.
Ngingathanda ukuthemba ukuthi ekwakhiweni kwamanje kwezindlu eziphansi, lapho ukuvuselelwa kokwakhiwa kwangasese sekuqalile, kumaphrojekthi amasha kanye nezakhiwo zokubonisa kwangempela kophahla kuzonakekelwa ngokwengeziwe.
Lapho uthuthukisa uhlobo lwe-cottage lwefomu yophahla, kufanele lunake kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukuheha kwalo kwangaphandle.
Ngasikhathi sinye, akufanele kuvunyelwe futhi kuvunyelwe ukubonwa kophahla okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuthi, ngaphandle kokungeza ubuhle endlini, kunciphise isisombululo esakhayo, kubiza kakhulu ukwakha, ukusebenza nokulungisa. Kungase futhi kuholele ekwakhekeni kwezikhwama ezinkulu zeqhwa ophahleni futhi ngenxa yokuvuza.
Ukudlalwa kophahla kukhombisa ama-degree maqondana nendawo evundlile, ngokwesibonelo, ama-27, ama-45 noma amaphesenti. Ama-comboling ane-beskane ane-bias yophahla kuze kufike ku-3-5% abizwa ngokuthi ifulethi. Ngezinye izikhathi bakhiwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, kufaka phakathi isitezi esiningi, ikhaya noma ngaphezulu kwengxenye yalo ehlukile. Uphahla olunjalo lungasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwamathala, ezemidlalo, izindawo zokudlala, izingadi, nokunye. Isibonelo sokusebenza okunjalo kungaba ophahleni oluyisicaba lwesakhiwo esidumile esakhelwe eMarseille kuphrojekthi yezakhiwo zeLe Corbusier (okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Radiant House "). Ophahleni lwayo kunezinto ezinhle nezinkundla zokudlala, indawo echibini "ne-chapel.
Lapho ukhetha ukwakheka kophahla, kufanele unake ngokukhethekile amathuba okugeleza okusheshayo nokugeleza okuphelele kwemvula nokuncibilikisa amanzi. Ukunciphisa imithwalo yeqhwa (ngaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo ojwayelekile weqhwa ungaphezulu kwe-100kg / m2) ngama-rosas anezinsimbi ezicebile kufanele aqambe ama-slides angaphezu kwama-30. Njengoba kuboniswe inani leqhwa elikhulu kakhulu Izinduku ezimboziwe zophahla ezinobandlululo olungama-30, kusukela ngesikebhe somoya, iqhwa lishaywa umoya, lidluliswa ngehhashi kanye nediphozithi ku-Scath ethepha. Kodwa-ke, ukujwayela amaphrojekthi ezindlu zeCottage House kukhombisa ukuthi ezimweni eziningi, ophahleni, ngeshwa, abe nokukhetha okungama-30 (mhlawumbe kulula kakhulu ukudweba kumalahle). Ophahleni, imithambeka yayo inkulu kakhulu kunengaphansi noma ngaphansi kwama-30, inani leqhwa lizoba ngaphansi, kusukela ngomthambeka othe xaxa, ngokwesibonelo, iqhwa kalula lingena ophahleni, futhi lapho umoya ubumnene. Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi uma izihlahla eziphakeme zikuvikela kumoya zikhule eduze kwendlu ekhewini, kwakhiwa ama-snow seddiments ophahleni.
Iqhwa elilele ophahleni lithatha ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa, kufaka phakathi ukungena phansi kusuka ezansi ophahleni, futhi kancane kancane lingena ngaphezulu kwamanzi, liswayinyiswe ngamanzi ancibilikisiwe. Amanzi, amabala ophahleni olufudumele, eqhwa emgodini obandayo wophahla futhi akha ama-noisses nama-icocles. Ukunciphisa ukuwa kweqhwa nokwakheka kwezimpawu, kanye ne-condensate ku-attic, kuyadingeka ukuhlela ukufakwa okuhle kwe-attic ukugqagqana kanye ne-gasket ngaphansi kwayo ungqimba oluthembekile lwe-vapor. Ngokuhambisana nokuqina okujulile. Ukuthwala (umoya omncane wemvelo) ahlinzeke izimbobo ezikhethekile ngaphansi kwe-cornice nasemgqeni wophahla, kanye nokuzwa amawindi ezinduku, ama-froones kanye nama-nipper ophahla. Amafasitela avalwa ngama-shutter, akhazimulisiwe noma anama-lattices afana ne- "izimpumputhe", umoya odluliselwe kahle futhi akwenze kube nzima ukufaka i-attic yamanzi emvula.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukwakheka kophahla kwevolumu enkulu ye-cottage -Mbaxambili . Ukuphela kwaso kungaphela ngodonga lwezitini oluqonde phezulu lwezinhlaka ezi-Trianacular nge-cornice eceleni komphetho ongenhla kanye nebhande ezansi, okungukuthi, ukuxazulula ngendlela yengaphambili. Vele, hhayi i-classic, efana, engenhla kwamakholomu we-Bolshoi Theatre eMoscow noma ethempelini leParfenon e-Athene, kodwa ezwakala kakhulu, ngokunokwenzeka ngemininingwane yokuhlobisa. Ukuqedwa okunjalo kodonga lokugcina kukuvumela ukuthi unikeze ukukhanyisa okungokwemvelo okuhle futhi uthokozise ngaphakathi endlini, futhi wenza nokwakhiwa kwe-raftly ngokulinganayo, yize kuvela ukwanda okuthile kwevolumu ye-Brickwork.
Enye inguqulo yokwakheka kophahla odongeni lokugcina Isixazululo seValm , okungukuthi, ngeziketi ezixakile ezinxantathu. Uphahla lwe-bartal, luqediwe okhalweni kuwo womabili ama-Exs, lubizwa nge-walmova. Yehlisa kancane umthamo we-brick masonry attic, kepha ukwakhiwa kwe-rafter kuyinkimbinkimbi, kuvela imilenze ye-diagonal rafting. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngokwesibonelo, ngohlelo lomakhi, umthambo wokugcina unqunywe yimikhawulo yomugqa ophahleni, kepha ingxenye yayo ephezulu kuphela noma ephansi. Kulokhu, i-skat engaphelele ye-skat ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Half-hard, nophahla lusemi-haul.
Ukuphakama kwe-attic kunqunywa ububanzi bendlu, ithambeka, ukwakhiwa kophahla kanye nesidingo sokuhlinzeka ngendima yamahhala yokucima umlilo ngokuphakama okungenani okungu-1.6 m phakathi negumbi lonke. Kubalulekile ukulandelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphakama kwe-attic ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, ezindongeni zangaphandle, okungenani zingu-0.4 m kusuka phezulu kokuphakanyiswa kwe-attic ukunqamula eMauerlat. Lesi isidingo esidingekayo sokuhlolwa kwezikhathi ezithile nokulungiswa kwezingxenye eziphansi ze-rafter, ezihlanjululwe kakhulu ekuhlanzeni, zibanda, zithambekele, kanye nokuphepha komlilo. Qaphela ukuthi ophahleni oluphezulu ludlula ngaphezulu kokubambezeleka kweqhwa, kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise isikhala se-attic kahle.
Isakhiwo esisekelayo sophahla lwe-attic ngophahla oluvela ezintweni zokwenziwa (uthayela, isilayidi, amashidi we-asbetic akhona nokuningi) ama-rafter noma uhlelo lwe-rafter.
Lolu hlelo lubizwa ngokuthi "ama-raffers aguqukayo" futhi luqukethe izindlu eziningi ze-Cottage ezivela ezintweni zokhuni okufanele zibe yi-antisepstrate futhi zifakwe nge-flame retardant. Imilenze yeStropy, njll. , futhi zisuselwa emaphethelweni aphansi kuma-mauerlae, kanye nokugijima okuphezulu. I-Mauerlats isekela imigoqo evundlile (100100, 150150mm), ifakwe ku-gasket yensimbi (ukufakwa kwesihlahla esivela etsheni) emigodini yangaphandle eceleni kwe-attic, bese isabalalisa umthwalo kusuka ku-stropilin ngokulinganayo nakanjani udonga. I-Intermediates (50100, 50150mm) ifakwe kuma-racks (100100, 150150mm), esimweni esincane esingunxantathu, ama-ram-fader athambekele. Amacebo owakhayo ama-Rafters, ukusikeka kanye nezinhlelo ongazibona ezithombeni. Ukwandisa ukuqina nokuqina, okubhalwe phansi phakathi kwemisele nokugijima esiqondisweni esihamba phambili kusethwe eminye imiqulu. I-angle phakathi kwe-rack kanye ne-pitch akufanele ibe ngaphezu kwama-45.
Ama-racks afakwe ezindongeni zangaphakathi njalo ngaphansi kwama-3-4m, ngenkathi ngaphansi kwama-racks, i-lining kusuka emabhodini (akhanywa) futhi kuphela. Imilenze ye-rafting ifakiwe njalo ngo-0,8-2.0 m, ngokuya ngesigaba sabo sesiphambano, impahla yophahla nezinye izimo. Imikhawulo engezansi yesikhumba sezinyawo ze-rafter ngokusebenzisa eyodwa kufanele ifakwe odongeni ngezintambo ezisontekile ukuvikela uphahla olusezingeni eliphakeme ngomoya onamandla. I-Twist ilungiswe yi-crutch noma i-ers, ithole amaphuzu emthungo kaMasonry ngo-250-300mm ngezansi kwe-maurolat.
Ngomshini we-soles, ophahleni kanye nama-eaves, ukuze ulondoloze ibha enkulu, ukuphela okuphansi komlenze wamahlumela kuyanda ngamabhodi amafushane (40120, 50100mm), okulula ukweqa amandla e-Brickwork. Ngokwakheka kwe-valm yezindlu ezibanzi, kuhlelwa imilenze ye-diagonal rafting, kanye ne-Throat Rafyed (nurseeries). Ukubhangqa izakhi ezisezinhleleni zokhuni kwenziwa kubakaki, izipikili noma ama-bolts.
Ezinyaweni ze-rafter, izipikili zithungathe ikhreyithi, ezibandakanya imvamisa emigoqweni ye-cranial (5050mm), zifinyelela njalo nge-330-600mm, ngokuya ngezinto eziqinile ezivela ebhodini (50120, 50200mm) ezindaweni eziyingozi, ama-pinches, Ukusika amapayipi, skate. Izinto eziphahleni zibekwe kwikhreyithi (imoto yamaphaneli ahlanganisiwe) kanye nosizi.
Ngaphezu kwama-raftinkling okhuni, kukhona ukwakhiwa okufanayo kokhonkolo okuqinisiwe. Ama-rafkhors akhonkolo ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisiwe futhi aqinisiwe akhiqizwa emafektri avela ezintweni ezithile ezikhulisiwe eziqoqwe endaweni eyodwa, ezakha kakhulu ubunzima bezokwakha. Ezimweni lapho ama-rafter asuselwa ezindongeni ezimbili zangaphandle (uma kungekho ezisekelweni eziphakathi), zibizwa ngokuthi zilenga futhi ziluhlobo olulula kakhulu lwamapulazi we-rafter, okumisiwe (uma kukhona) ukunqotshwa kwe-attic.
Emaphethelweni alengise, ngezindiza ezingaphezu kuka-6m phakathi kweziphetho eziphezulu ze-rafter, ukumiswa kukagogo (izingodo ezimile) kucindezelwe. Ukuze uvikele ukwakhiwa kokwakhiwa emaphethelweni aphansi ogogo, ukuqinisa okuvundlile kanye nokugijimisa ukusekela imishayo ye-attic inqampu kumisiwe kusetshenziswa i-strip clamp. Kufika ku-12m ekwakhiweni, i-rafter yethulwa yipompo enciphisa ubude obubaliwe bezinyawo ze-rafter.
I-Attic ephezulu ingasetshenziselwa idivaysi kuyo yezakhiwo zokuhlala zohlobo olubizwa ngokuthi yi-attic. I-Mansard-Room, eqanjwe nguMklami We-French French XVIIV. UFrancois Manzar, owaqala ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngaphansi kwezindlu eziphakeme zophahla lwezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambili ezakhelwe izindlu zakwaGothic. Ngeshwa, i-attic ye-attic yayigcwele wonke umhlaba.
Uphahla lwe-attic luhlobo ophahleni lwe-duplex. Ukuze usebenzise kangcono, indawo ye-attic ivame ukwenziwa ngesidlo sasekuseni engxenyeni ye-Cross. Leyo ngxenye yophahla, eyakha ingxenye ethambekele yezindonga zegumbi le-attic, iyadingeka, ngokungafani nophahla olubandayo, ukufakwa. Uphahla luhlukanisa ingxenye ephezulu ebanda kunazo zonke yezinduku kanye nama-rafter kusuka phansi ebanda kunazo zonke. Ngokubambisana, ukuqhekeka kwafakwa lapho umdwebo wophahla ophahleni lwe-attic enokwakhiwa kokwakhiwa okulula okuqiniswe ngokuqina. Isixazululo esandisiwe sophahla lwe-attic abhekwa ngokufanayo.
Uphahla lwamaphahla ahlanganisiwe
Izinto ezihlukile zophahla zifaka isicelo sophahla oluthatha isixazululo sokwakha sesakhiwo, ukuqina kwalo kanye nokusebenza kahle. Ngakho-ke, amagalaji kanye namagalaji, kunengqondo ukusebenzisa ophahla olunama-bias amancane ukusuka phambili.
Ithebula libonisa imithambeka elinganisiwe yophahla ophahleni oluhlukahlukene ngokuya ngenani lezendlalelo, ukujoyina ukubopha, okuqinisa ikhreyithi, isisekelo kanye nama-rafyles.
Uphahla lwe-Tiled ungomunye wakudala kakhulu. Ihlala isikhathi eside, iphephile ngomlilo, ayidingi ukulungiswa kaninginingi. I-cottage enophahla lwethayi, ubumba olushisiwe noma isihlabathi sikasimende, ibukeka ithandeka futhi icebe ngokwengeziwe, futhi impilo yenkonzo yophahla olunjalo ngaphandle kwe-averhaul. Qaphela ukuthi i-tile yesimende-sand yaqala ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni zesimanje zokuhlaliswa okuphezulu, ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni saseMoscow saseMitino.
Izinhlobo eziphambili zamathayili we-tiled (elula ngesimo, eshibhile) ne-groove.
Ithayela le-Ribbon Flat - Lezi ziyizilinganiso ezingama-365155mm, noma i-400220mm, ukuba nengxenye ye-spike yokubhangqa nekhreyithi. Ukuvimbela ukuvuza, kufanele kubekwe ezingxenyeni ezimbili zokuqedwa kwama-seam. Lokhu kuholela ekusetshenzisweni okwengeziwe kwezinto ezibonakalayo, okuthi, kanye nesisindo esikhulu ngo-60-80kg / M2, kungukungathandeki okukhulu kophahla olunjalo. Ifana nokwakheka okungenhla kophahla kusuka kumathayili we-asbestos-cency asayizi kahle kanye ne-eatitis kanye nesilayidi.
I-Saddle Tile Inemiphetho emiphethweni emide kakhulu ye-groove, kukhona ne-eyelet (i-tide nge-wire hole) kanye ne-harkuging enkulu, enikeza isifinyezo esingesivumelwano. Ngakho-ke, i-groove tile ibekwa engqimba elilodwa. Ngomugqa (isisindo esingama-40kg / m2), ukuze ugweme ukwehla umoya, uboshwe ngesitofu kuya kwizipikili ezithola amaphuzu kumabha ekhreyithi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-2-3 ngemuva kokushaya ophahleni, lapho ifakwe, ingaphakathi kwe-slot, i-groove iyisixazululo se-groin-eseduze. Ihhashi nezimbambo zeziketi zigcwele amathayili akhethekile abunjiwe. Ukushukushwa kwedivayisi yokubhujiswa, ama-aprons avikelayo amapayipi, amawindi ahlinzekiwe, imisele yokudonsa udonga igayiwe ngamashidi ophahla.
Uphahla lwamashidi we-wavy asbetic , esetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni okuphansi, kuqukethe amashidi wephrofayili ejwayelekile futhi athuthukiswe. Amashidi osayizi wephrofayili ojwayelekile we-12008005.5mm enesisindo esingu-9kg afakwe ku-crate yamabhodi nemigoqo (5050mm), futhi umugqa ngamunye wamashidi kufanele aqambe amanga okungenani amathathu ama-obsrestines. Uphahla lwamashidi amakhulu wephrofayili eqinisiwe (1750 no-200010006-8mm) ubekelwe imigoqo yamakhreyithi ekhonkolo aqinisiwe, afinyelela cishe ama-800 mm, noma esigabeni sokhuni, esiqinisiwe. Amashidi akhulisiwe asheshisa ukukhiqizwa kophahla kuyasebenza, akha imikhawulo emincane, ethembeke kakhudlwana ekusebenzeni.
Amashidi we-wavy abeka umugqa ophezulu wamashidi unqamula ophansi ku-120-200mm. Umthambeka oqinile, omncane kakhulu. Ukuhlangana okuminyene kwamashidi ezinhlangothini kuqinisekiswa ukufuduka kwawo ngegagasi elilodwa (150mm).
Uhlobo ophahleni, izimbambo nama-slips zenziwa kusetshenziswa i-roofing iron. Amashidi kufanele anamathiselwe kwi-grade garyvanised screws noma izipikili ezinezigqoko eziningi namawashi.
Ophahleni kusuka ezintweni ezigoqiwe Kukhona iBituminous (Rubberoid) futhi yahlala kabusha (kuphela kanye nokutholwa kwayo). Kufanele zisetshenziswe ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni zezomnotho, ezinjengamagalaji, ngokuthambekela okuncane kophahla, kusukela ku-Bitumen, ama-resin, kanye nezingqimba ezinamakhaza (mastic) ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa kancane kancane. Uphahla olugoqiwe lunamandla amancane wemishini, kepha banokuqhubekela phambili okuphansi okushisayo, banesisindo esiphansi, banethezekile ekwakheni, bangafakwa imibala ngenxa yezimvuthuma Uphahla olugoqiwe usimende olunzima futhi olubushelelezi, ukhonkolo noma ngokhuni (lwezendlalelo ezimbili zamabhodi aphendukela komunye nomunye ngo-30-45) isisekelo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngomehluko omncane kwinani lophahla lwamafutha kudinga umsebenzi ofanayo kudivayisi yalo, kanye ne-rubberoid, kepha isikhathi esiphikisayo kathathu, kodwa ngisho nokunakekelwa okufanele Iminyaka engama-30.
Emini ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi, i-Runneoid noma ithuluzi kufanele ligingqiwe, linqunywe izingcezu ubude besiketi, sengeza ama-250mm ekugobeni ngehhashi kanye ne-cornice. Okulandelayo, i-spatula, ibhulashi eliqinile, noma ngophalafini, ihlanza uhlangothi olungaphansi, igcwele i-talc, futhi ukusuka ngaphandle ukuze ihlanganiswe ne-coating yeshidi eliseduze (okuqinile) ukusula umphetho wobubanzi be-100mm.
Uphahla lwensimbi Yenza i-stoofing steel ebeka phansi egayiwe (ehlala isikhathi eside) ne-non-zinc (emnyama) enesisindo esingu-3.5-6.5kg / m2, kanye namashidi e-durAlum wensimbi (iphrofayili flooring), ngaphandle kwethusi elincane ngisho Amashidi anamakhanda egolide (ngokwesibonelo, ethempelini elibuyisekayo likaKristu uMsindisi eMoscow). Uphahla lwensimbi lubiza kakhulu, ludinga amathuluzi akhethekile kanye nabasebenzi abafanelekayo. Ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni kwanamuhla, amashidi e-Galvelis anconyelwa ukuthi asetshenziswe kuphela ukumboza ophahleni olunzima, ngoba idivaysi ye-cornice icwila, i-rash, ama-aprons avikelayo wamapayimitha okuvuthayo, amapayipi amanzi, kanye nokunye. Amashidi anama-zinc anama-zinc nhlangothi zombili, ububanzi bamashidi - 710, ubude, ubude, ubukhulu ukusuka ku -0.45 kuya ku-1 mm. Amashidi afakwa ku-crate lokhuni (5050mm), akwazi ukuhamba ama-rafalines. Emaphethelweni ophahleni, unqunu nge-flooling eqinile evela emabhodini kuya ku-700mm, futhi esikebheni kanye nezimbambo zophahla - amabhodi amabili. Amashidi ophahla axhumene namanye ama-folds okuthiwa abizwa ngokuthi amafolda, avundlile, aqamba amanga, ngaphesheya kwesikebhe (ukuze amanzi ageleze abe lula) futhi ame eceleni kwe-skate. Ukuwa kwamashidi kulungiswe ngama-curvators kusuka emihluthulweni yensimbi eyenziwe nge-galvanized eduze kokuma endaweni engu-500-700mm. I-Outlet Sve igcinwa ngokudonswa kwensimbi okwenziwe ngensimbi enamathiselwe yizipikili kwikhreyithi.
Lapho idivaysi yophahla yensimbi ingcono ukwenza i-crate eqinile yamabhodi nge-gasket kusuka ePergamine. Isinyathelo sokuphepha esinjalo sibiza kakhulu, kepha sivikela uhlangothi olungaphansi lwamashidi wensimbi kusuka ekugqwaneni futhi kwandisa impilo yabo yenkonzo ngamahlandla ama-2-3.
Uphahla lwamashidi angewona amashidi angenasikezi upende kawoyela njalo nge-3. Uphahla lwamashidi egaladi adwetshwe eminyakeni engu-8-10 ngemuva kokubekwa kwalo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kwavela izinto eziningi ezintsha zophahla, zombili ezifuywayo nakwamanye amazwe. Isibonelo, ithayela lensimbi nge-polymer noma i-plastised coaties, uphahla lwe-tin ye-galvanized galvanised nge-fiberglass coatis eningi, uphahla lwe-aluminium yephrofayili kanye namashidi ensimbi nabanye. Amafemu anikeza isethi ephelele yophahla nazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo emibala ehlukahlukene. Uma kwenzeka amacala, ophahleni olunjalo, ukulingiswa kwe-tile yemvelo, ahlala isikhathi eside, ahlanzekile, amelana nomlilo futhi abe nesisindo esincane kakhulu cishe ngo-5-10kg / m2 onobukhulu obukhulu be-1 mm.
Ngakho-ke, sakha indlu, noma ebhokisini lokwakha. Manje udinga ukucubungula izinto zayo ezihlukile, njengezitebhisi, umpheme, ama-canopies, iminyango namafasitela namafasitela. Kuyadingeka ukunakekela ubuhle be-facades kanye nabangaphakathi. Ake sibhekane nalokhu emihlanganweni yethu elandelayo.
| Izinhlobo zophahla | I-angle eyakhiwe ngendiza evundile nendiza evundlile ngamadigri |
|---|---|
| Kusuka ezintweni ezigoqiwe (i-rubberoid, ophahleni, njll.) Ngenombolo yezendlalelo okungenani ezi-2, ezibekwe ku-mastic | 3- 8. |
| Okufanayo, kodwa ngone-, ungqimba olunamahlanu ngongqimba oluvikelayo lwamatshe amatshe, adonswe e-Hot Mastic | 0-22 nokuningi ezindaweni ezihlukene zophahla |
| Kusuka ekhasini lensimbi elenziwe nge-galvanized nge-solidwa eyodwa | 16 noma ngaphezulu |
| Okufanayo nge-Double Fold | 12 noma ngaphezulu |
| I-asbocated evela kumashidi we-wavy wephrofayili ejwayelekile | 18-30 |
| Kuqinisiwe okufanayo | 14-45 |
| Uthayishwe (kuya ngohlobo) | 27-45 nokuningi |