Ungayakha kanjani igalaji le-skeleton kusuka esihlahleni ngezandla zakho

Sifihla izinzuzo nokubi kwesakhiwo sohlaka, khetha indawo efanelekile esizeni futhi sinikeze imiyalo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokwakhiwa kwegaraji.

Yakha igaraji yohlaka ngezandla zakho kulula. Ukuze lokhu akudingeki ube namakhono akhethekile. Ukuze wenze ukubalwa kwezobuchwepheshe, kwanele ukuba ne-Calculator, iphepha nepensela eliseduze. Yenza iphrojekthi ngemidwebo esikalini futhi incazelo eningiliziwe yazo zonke izingxenye nayo ayikho isidingo. Ngokuvamile dweba umdwebo lapho kukhonjiswa khona ubukhulu bezakhi. Isisekelo yisibani esibonisa umthwalo ophahleni nasesisindo saso. Kuncipha ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ukubeka ukufakwa kanye nokufakwa okuzwakalayo kumaseli. Isakhiwo singaba yingxenye yesakhiwo noma sime ngokwehlukana kukho.

Ukwenza igalaji lezinkuni

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kokuklanywa kwezinkuni

Izidingo zendawo yokwakha

Ukulinganiselwa ngosayizi

Ukukhetha kwezinto zodonga

Ukukhetha uphahla

Izinketho zesisekelo

Imiyalo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ekwakhiweni kwegaraji

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwezokwakha

okutholuzayo

• Isisindo esincane uma siqhathaniswa nezindawo zamatshe, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, izingodo kanye nezitini. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise isisekelo esilula futhi senza lula ubuchwepheshe bokwakha. Ngokufakwa kwezinto ezenzelwe ukuqalwa, awudingi crane ephakamisa, imishini ekhethekile nendawo okufanele ibekwe kuyo. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi uhlu lunzima kune-tube yephrofayili noma ekhoneni lensimbi.
• Ijubane eliphakeme lomsebenzi. Izindonga ezingenalutho ezivela emininingwaneni emikhulu zibekwa emasontweni ama-2-4. Asikho isidingo sokulinda lapho uSumemu odaba ubamba. Izigaba kulula ukuzifaka, kanye nekhreyithi yensimbi exhumeke isikulufa. Ngasikhathi sinye, imiphetho ethambile kulula ukuyilinganisa ngosayizi.
• Ukuqina - Impilo yenkonzo ebuchwepheshe obukhethwe kahle yiminyaka eminingana.
• Lapho uqeda, kwanele ukubeka ungqimba olulodwa lwe-putty. Ukubuka indawo akudingekile.
• Ukuntuleka kwe-shrinkage, okuvumela ngokushesha ngemuva kokwakhiwa kokwakhiwa ukuze kuthuthele ekuhlolweni kwangaphakathi. Izindonga zokhonkolo eziqinisiwe zinikeza i-shrinkage emakwe iminyaka emithathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, kungcono ukungazibandakanyi eShtlock nokulungiswa - ukuhlanganiswa kuzokwembozwa ngenxa yokuqunjelwa kwesisekelo.
• I-Parry Permeability yokhuni kanye ne-plywood trim - lapho izindonga "ziphefumula", zikhululekile kakhulu.
• Amandla okusebenzisa ukushisa okuseqophelweni eliphezulu nokufakwa okuzwakalayo ngaphandle kokukhulisa ubukhulu bezakhiwo ezivalelwe. Ukhonkolo kanye nesitini uchitha kangcono kubanda kuneseli eligcwele amapuleti amnandi.
• Ukufakwa kungenziwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ngenkathi i-Brickwork, ukugcwaliswa kweBelt Foundation neminye imisebenzi ehlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kosimende kasimende, izama ukuyenza emazingeni okushisa afanele, ngaphandle kwalokho ingxube ayithathi amandla wevintage. Ukuxazulula inkinga, kudingeka ukufudumala njalo ngesikhathi sokuqonda.

Amaminiya

• Ukumelana komswakama okuphansi kokhuni - ngaphansi kwethonya elimanzi, kuqala ukubola futhi ngokushesha ukuwa. Ukuyivikela emathonyeni angaphandle, uhlu lungafakwanga ngama-antiseptics futhi lumbozwe nge-varnish noma ngepende. Ukwenza izesekeli eziphansi ezingafinyeleleki, ezingezinyonga ezingapheli, zisebenzisa ukufakwa okukhethekile kwezinqwaba nezinye izingxenye ukuxhumana namanzi nenhlabathi. Ukucubungula okugcwele kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. I-Corner and Profile Pipe itheshwa ngosuku olulodwa.
• Ubungozi bomlilo - I-ARRAY ivutha ngisho nangemva kokufakwa kabusha nge-antipirens - izengezo ezinciphisa ukuthambisa. Le mpahla inganquma, ngoba ngaphakathi kwemoto nezinto ezivutha kalula.
• I-casing ayikwazi ukumelana neshalofini elisindayo - idinga ukunamathiselwa ekusekelweni kwangaphakathi, ukuthola akulula. Kuthatha indawo encane.
• Amandla aphansi ngokuqhathaniswa nezinhlaka ezinkulu ezenziwe ngezitini, ukhonkolo kanye namalogi.

Izidingo zendawo yokwakha

Esiteji sokulungiselela uhlelo, kubalulekile ukubheka indawo yento esizeni. Akufanele aphazamise omakhelwane, ukunqwabelana ukuhamba, ukudala ezinye iziphazamiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezidingo eziningi eziboniswe ku-SNIP 2.07.01-89:

• Ibanga lamafasitela angomakhelwane - kusuka ku-6 m.
• Emingceleni yensimu - kusuka ku-1 m.
• Ezindongeni zesakhiwo esikhulu esinezitezi esisodwa - 3 m, ngendaba ezimbili - 5 m. Ukulinganisa kwenziwa kusuka esisekelweni noma kusuka ezindongeni uma isisekelo singekho.
• Ngaphambi komgwaqo - okungenani ama-3 m.

Ibanga elivela esakhiweni lithathwa kucatshangelwa izidingo zokuphepha komlilo. Uma into inesithambeka evuthayo sophahla, ukulinganisa kuholela ekuqageleni kwayo. Izidingo zithinta izinhlaka zezimali kuphela ngeSisekelo. Izakhiwo ezilula ezingadluliselwa kuzo.

Imikhawulo eyengeziwe ingakwazi ukwethula ukuphathwa kwezindawo uma zingaphikisani nemithetho nemithetho yezobuchwepheshe.

Izidingo ziyimvelo encomayo, kanye nokwephulwa kwazo, umninindlu akanacala. Endabeni lapho ukwakhiwa kuphazamisa nomakhelwane, baqinisile ukufaka isicelo enkantolo. Uma itholakala eduze kwenkundla yokudlala noma ivala amafasitela esakhiwo sendawo yokuhlala, isinqumo senkantolo sizovunyelwa abamangali.

Ukunciphisa ibanga ukuya endlini engomakhelwane, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuphethe isivumelwano esisemthethweni nabanikazi baso. Lo mbhalo uvuselelwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Isivumelwano esinjalo sizokwenzeka uma ukwakhiwa kuhambisana nemithetho yokuphepha komlilo. Kufanele ihlinzekwe ngekhabethe elinesihlabathi nereservoir lamanzi, bese ilenga isihlangu nge-yokusungula kanye nokucisha umlilo odongeni. I-wiring kufanele ibe kuma-hoses ahlanganisiwe. Izibani zizodinga ukuvalwa ngamalangabi nama-lattices. Amandla enziwa ngephaneli ehlukile yokuhambisa. Kuvinjelwe ukusebenzisa amalangabi avulekile kanye nama-radiator okushisa anezakhi zokushisa ezingavikelekile.

Lapho uthengisa uzungu lomakhelwane, inkontileka ikhanseliwe, futhi kuzofanela uphethe nabanikazi abasha.

Ukulinganiselwa ngosayizi

Ngokusho kwamazinga okuhlanzeka kanye nezobuchwepheshe, igalaji lezinhlaka kusuka kubha elisendaweni yokubambisana kumele okungenani libe ngu-7 m ngobude. Ukuphakama okuncane kungu-3 m. Lezi zindinganiso nazo zithinta izindawo zokupaka zasendlini ezindaweni ezenzelwe ngokwakhiwa kwazo.

Uma ukwakhiwa kuyingxenye yesakhiwo sokuhlala, ukuphakama kophahla kuthathwa okungenani 1 m kusuka ophahleni lomshini. Ibanga elifanayo lithatha ezinhlangothini ezindongeni nasema-racks. Kuyadingeka ukuthi iminyango yemoto ivulwe ngokukhululekile kuzo zombili izinkomba.

Ukulungiselela izinto zodonga

Njengomthetho, kusetshenziswa ibha ngesigaba se-15x15 noma i-10x10 cm. Uma kunesidingo, kungafakwa kuhlu lwamabhodi. Baphinde basebenzele ukudala isisekelo sezindonga ezikhanyayo, trim and floor. Sebenzisa amabhodi ngesigaba sesiphambano 5x15, i-2.5x15 ne-5x10 cm. Ubude obujwayelekile bokungenalutho - 6 m.

Lapho ukhetha izikhala, ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe kwikhwalithi yazo. Imikhiqizo ayivunyelwe ukusebenza ngomonakalo owenziwe ngomonakalo odonsa izingcezu kanye nama-resin anciphisayo. Ebusweni akufanele kube khona iminonjana yokubumba. Uma zinjalo, kufanele zibhekwe futhi zifakwe ngama-antiseptics. Kwesinye isikhathi isikhunta singena sijule kakhulu. Kulula ukuqeda imininingwane enjalo kunokuzama ukuzisindisa.

Uhlu kufanele lome. Imicu emanzi ingaphansi kokukhubazeka okuqinile lapho yomile. Ngisho ne-batch ehambelana nawo wonke amazinga kuzodingeka yome, kepha imikhiqizo enjalo ayiguquli ukwakheka kwabo nosayizi. Ngemuva kokumiswa nokubukwa, bakugcina ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Ukwakhiwa kuvame ukusebenzisa amakona ensimbi namapuleti aqinisa izingxenye zokhuni ezinhlangothini. Insimbi inamandla aphezulu, kepha ngaphansi kwethonya lomswakama wasemkhathini, ngokushesha ukugqwala. I-Primer nopende abakwazi ukuhlinzeka ukuvikela isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke kungcono ukukhweza izingxenye ezigciniwe - akusongeli ukugqwala. Ngaphandle nangaphakathi kubukeka kahle okubukeka kahle ku-iron yensimbi. Azigwiki futhi azifani mandla ngensimbi esezingeni eliphakeme.

Imininingwane yohlaka inamathiselwe kwizikulufo zokuzishaya - izinzipho zinokubukeka kahle okungagcinwanga kahle ezintweni ezibonakalayo. Zisetshenziselwa ukunqunywa, ezingaboni imithwalo emikhulu yemishini. Izipikili, ama-screws kanye namanye ama-fasteners kufanele abe nenhlamba ehleliwe ebavikela emiphumeleni yokuswakama komkhathi.

Izinto zophahla futhi isisekelo zikhethwe ngokuya ngomklamo wazo.

Izinketho zophahla

Idizayini yayo inqunywa esigabeni sokulungiswa komklamo wegaraji yohlaka. Uphahla olulodwa lufanele isandiso. Uma wenza izindiza eziningana, kufanele zehle esakhiweni esikhulu - ngaphandle kwalokho kwakhiwa ukujula, lapho kuzohlala khona khona amanzi kanye nodoti.

Ukwakhiwa okuhlukile kuvame ukuvalwa ngeziketi ezimbili - ngaphandle kwalokho odonga olulodwa kuzofanele kwenziwe ngenhla. Lokhu kuzoholela ekungezithelo zezinto zokwakha. Ngama-akhawunti angaphansi komhlaba okuvame ukususa iqhwa.

Ukukhetha Isisekelo

Ngohlaka lwamapulangwe, izakhiwo ezingasindi zezinhlaka ezinomthamo ojwayelekile zifanelekile:

• I-Slab Foundation iyipuleti ekhonkolo evundlile evundlile, yenza amafomu.
• Isizinda esilethelwe umbhobho okwesibhakabhaka siwumucu wokhonkolo oqinisiwe eceleni kwe-contour of the wall.
• Scres Piles kanye nezinsika lapho uhlaka lwe-bearing lubekwe khona ngaphezulu. Ukuxhaswa kungenziwa ngamathayi agcwele isihlabathi kanye nemfucumfucu futhi eboshwe ngodaka.

Manje cabanga ngemiyalo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokwakhiwa kwegalaji le-skeleton ngezandla zakho.

Imiyalo yokwakha igalaji lefreyimu kusuka esihlahleni

Ngaphambi kokwakha igalaji lefreyimu, udinga ukunquma ukuthi izosetshenziswa kanjani. Endabeni lapho kungaphakathi kunesidingo sokugcina izinga lokushisa lasekamelweni, elinohlangothi lwangaphandle luhlele ukungezwani okwengeziwe phakathi kwekhreyithi nomugqa. Kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka indawo yokuhlalisa imishini yokushisa.

Senza isisekelo

Njengesibonelo, cabanga ukufakwa kwezinsika zenethiwekhi. Kunezindlela eziningi zokukhiqizwa kwazo: umsebenzi wabo wezitini, uthele ingxube ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwensimbi enkulu yensimbi namapayipi ase-asbestos, amabhlogo ukhonkolo, ukwenziwa kwamakholomu ngefomu.

Izigaba zomsebenzi

• Okokuqala lungisa ipulatifomu. Kuyaqondakala futhi kuqinisekiswe ngezinga. Ukungavunyelwe akuvunyelwe.
• Imikhuba yokwakhiwa ibhalwe futhi yelula phakathi kwazo ngentambo.
• Isikhundla sekholomu siyaphawulwa ngokuhlangana kwezintambo ezihanjelwe phakathi kwemiphetho. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngamamaki, ama-resesses anobubanzi baka-0.25 m kanye nokujula kwe-1-1,2 m. Ibanga phakathi kwezixhaso lingu-0.8-1.2 m. Kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-Manual Drill.
• I-DNO ilala nge-rubble nesihlabathi. Ubukhulu besendlalelo ngalunye bungu-10-20 cm. Isihlabathi sidabukile, sinisela amanzi e-hose.
• Kwenziwa amafomu kusuka emabhodini noma ezintombini futhi kwehlise ku-pita ukuze isixazululo singangeni emhlabathini. Phansi kugcwele ifilimu le-rubberoid noma le-polyethylene. Umklamo uqondaniswe. Ukuphambuka okuvumelekile - 5 mm.
• Ngaphakathi kubeka ukuqiniswa okuhlangene ebusweni. Siqukethe izinduku zensimbi ezihambisanayo eziboshelwe ku-perpendicular kubakaki be-woing wire. Futhi faka ukuxhumana okufakwe i-welded.
• Ifomu ligcwele ingxube enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwemfucumfucu. Ngakho-ke ukuthi ngaphakathi akunankinga yomoya, ikhambi lihlala lithululwa ngenduku yensimbi kwinqubo yokugcwalisa.
• Isixazululo sibanjwe inyanga eyodwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, akunakwenzeka ukulayisha isisekelo.

I-concretion yenziwa kangcono emazingeni okushisa amahle. Ebusika, amafomu azodingeka afudumeke njalo ukuze ingxube ikwazi ukushayela okungenani ingxenye yamandla wevintage. Ngesikhathi esibandayo, ukwakha igalathi lamathambo elivela esihlahleni ngezandla zabo, izinqwaba zokulungiswa emhlabathini.

Inzuzo ye-Pile Foundation ukuthi kulula ukuyisebenzisa ngezinombolo. I-slab ne-rubbon kungaba nzima ukuhlanganisa isakhiwo esikhulu ngesembozo esingaphansi. Kuzoba nomthungo wokushisa, ukucima amandla kagesi ngesikhathi sokwenza. Zivela ngenxa ye-shrinkage engalingani. Indlu isivele yangena emhlabathini, futhi isandiso asikakwazi ukuhambisa isikhundla sokugcina. Uzodinga lokhu iminyaka emithathu.

Ukupheka Ukotshani Okwehlisiwe

Lapho izisekeli sezilungile, ikhreyithi ephethe iphrofayela yensimbi noma ngokhuni ibekwe ngaphezulu kwazo. Izokuma emhlabathini ingxenye yomklamo. Izinto ezibonakalayo zemishayo zisebenzela inqama 15x15 cm. Ukufakwa akuthathi isikhathi eside.

Inqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo

• Kusuka phezulu, izesekeli zimbozwe nge-rubberoid, zikubeka ngesendlalelo samashidi ama-2-3.
• Ibha ngalinye kusuka ekugcineni linqunywe uhhafu wobukhulu bawo kuya ku-15 cm. Kuyadingeka ukuthola idokodo eliminyene phakathi kwezingxenye.
• Uhlaka lumelana nemithwalo esindayo, ngakho-ke izikulufu ezinde nezikhonkwane ngeke zanele. Amalunga emishayo ezinhlangothini asetshenziswa ngamapuleti ensimbi anezimbobo futhi aqine ngokuqinile ngokuzikhandla okude. Emalongeni ahlukahlukene, kulula ukusebenzisa amakona ensimbi. Bavikela izimbambo ezixhuma umngcele. Uma uhlela ukudala umgodi wothando, kwenziwa iwindi elifanele ekhreyini.
• Uhlaka lusikwa ngamabhodi ngesigaba sesiphambano se-5x15 noma i-2.5x15 cm, ekwakheni ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphandle. Ngaphezulu kwamasondo omshini kufakwa phansi okuthe xaxa noma i-linoleum yezobuchwepheshe.

Sakha izindonga zomthwali

Isisekelo imishayo ebheke phezulu ifakwe emgqeni ongezansi. Zifakwa ekwentekeni kwe-0.6-0.8 m, ziqala ngama-engeli, bese zilungisa umucu ongaphezulu. Ngemuva kwalokho yenza umugqa wangaphandle nge-plasterboard noma amapuleti amelana nomswakama we-OSB.

Ukwandisa amandla, izimbambo kufinyelela kumazinga amabili noma amabili zitholakala phakathi kwama-racks. Amakona aqokwa ngokungenwe ngu-diagonal 2,5 cm ubukhulu. Into ngayinye esetshenzisiwe kufanele isethwe ezingeni lokwakha. Uma ukwakhiwa kuyinto isandiso esakhiweni sokuhlala, asikho isidingo sokwakha udonga phakathi kwabo. Uhlaka olumile noluvundlile lubekwe esisekelweni esimile mpo.

Khweza uphahla

Ama-rafter ahlelwe empompini ephezulu. Zenziwa ngamapulangwe angama-2,515 cm afakwa emaphethelweni anqunywe ngaphansi kwe-engela efiselekayo ezindaweni zokubhangqa kusuka ezansi nasekwenziweni. Amakhona ensimbi namapuleti asetshenziswa njenge-fasteners. Uchungechunge ngalunye lwama-raft lubekwe ngaphezulu kwama-racks odongeni. Kusuka phezulu yenza ikhreyithi lapho kufakwa khona izinto zophahla. Ihlelwe ngezipikili noma ngokuzinikela.

Sigeza izindonga

Lapho ozimele beCarrier sebelungile, ukufakwa kwabo, ukuqeda okuzwakalayo nokuqeda kwenziwa. Ukusuka ngaphandle, amashidi wensimbi abekwa, acathi, abeke ungqimba owengeziwe we-drywall noma afeze ukuhlasela. Uma kunesidingo, ingaphezulu liwumhlaba nombala.

Uma kungenzeka ukuchitha imali ngaphakathi, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuphepha komlilo, ingxenye yangaphandle ifakwa. Njengomthetho, lokhu akudingekile, ngoba izakhiwo ezikhanyayo zenzelwe ikakhulukazi ukwehla imoto. Ukushisa kuyadingeka ezakhiweni lapho kuhlelwa khona ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi, ngokwesibonelo, ama-workshop.

Ukufakwa kufakwa kumaseli avale ngefilimu ye-polyethylene. Stealth yayo nge-Overlap 10 cm bese ubopha ngeScotch. Imvamisa, izinhlobo ezintathu zokufakelwa ziyasetshenziswa: uvolo wamaminerali, i-polystyrere Foam, i-polyurethane Foam.

Inketho yokugcina iyona esebenza kakhulu. I-coatis ifafazwa kusuka esifuysheni. Ukumboza indawo enkulu, kuzodingeka imishini yochwepheshe. Inzuzo yale ndlela ukungabikho kwamabhuloho abandayo - Ama-Deleints noma ama-Hordors aqinile - izikhonkwane, izipikili nezikulufa. Amakhaza kuwo angena kalula ngaphakathi. Kusuka phezulu, okuqukethwe kuvaliwe ngesendlalelo se-polyethylene futhi kuhlukaniswe nge-plywood, i-plasterboard noma i-clapboard.